Preparation and Oxidation Catalysis of H5PMo10V2O40 Catalyst Immobilized on Nitrogen-Containing Spherical Carbon

Hong, Ung Gi,Park, Dong Ryul,Park, Sunyoung,Seo, Jeong Gil,Bang, Yongju,Hwang, Sunhwan,Youn, Min Hye,Song, In Kyu Springer-Verlag 2009 Catalysis letters Vol.132 No.3

Hydrogenation of Succinic Acid to γ-Butyrolactone over Palladium Catalyst Supported on Mesoporous Alumina Xerogel

Hong, Ung Gi,Hwang, Sunhwan,Seo, Jeong Gil,Yi, Jongheop,Song, In Kyu Springer-Verlag 2010 Catalysis letters Vol.138 No.1

Hydrogenation of succinic acid to 1,4-butanediol over rhenium catalyst supported on copper-containing mesoporous carbon.

Hong, Ung Gi,Park, Hai Woong,Lee, Joongwon,Hwang, Sunhwan,Kwak, Jimin,Yi, Jongheop,Song, In Kyu American Scientific Publishers 2013 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.13 No.11

<P>Copper-containing mesoporous carbon (Cu-MC) was prepared by a single-step surfactant-templating method. For comparison, copper-impregnated mesoporous carbon (Cu/MC) was also prepared by a surfactant-templating method and a subsequent impregnation method. Rhenium catalysts supported on copper-containing mesoporous carbon and copper-impregnated mesoporous carbon (Re/Cu-MC and Re/Cu/MC, respectively) were then prepared by an incipient wetness method, and they were applied to the liquid-phase hydrogenation of succinic acid to 1,4-butanediol (BDO). It was observed that copper in the Re/Cu-MC catalyst was well incorporated into carbon framework, resulting in higher surface area and larger pore volume than those of Re/Cu/MC catalyst. Therefore, Re/Cu-MC catalyst showed higher copper dispersion than Re/Cu/MC catalyst, although both catalysts retained the same amounts of copper and rhenium. In the liquid-phase hydrogenation of succinic acid to BDO, Re/Cu-MC catalyst showed a better catalytic activity than Re/Cu/MC catalyst. Fine dispersion of copper in the Re/Cu-MC catalyst was responsible for its enhanced catalytic activity.</P>

Hydrogenation of Succinic Acid to γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) Over Palladium-Alumina Composite Catalyst Prepared by a Single-Step Sol–Gel Method

Hong, Ung Gi,Lee, Joongwon,Hwang, Sunhwan,Song, In Kyu Springer-Verlag 2011 Catalysis letters Vol.141 No.2

Hydrogenation of succinic acid to g-butyrolactone (GBL) over ruthenium catalyst supported on surfactant-templated mesoporous carbon

Ung Gi Hong,Hai Woong Park,Joongwon Lee,Sunhwan Hwang,송인규 한국공업화학회 2012 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.18 No.1

Mesoporous carbon support (denoted as STC) was prepared by a surfactant-templating method for use as a support for ruthenium catalyst. For comparison, porous carbon (denoted as TC), spherical carbon (denoted as SC), and microporous carbon (denoted as DC) supports were also prepared by a templating method, hydrothermal method, and direct carbonization method, respectively. Ruthenium catalysts supported on carbon supports (Ru/C) were then prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method. The Ru/C (Ru/DC, Ru/SC, Ru/TC, and Ru/STC) catalysts were characterized by FE-SEM, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, BET, XRD, and HR-TEM analyses. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of succinic acid to gbutyrolactone (GBL) was carried out over Ru/C catalysts in a batch reactor. In the hydrogenation of succinic acid, Ru/STC catalyst showed the highest conversion of succinic acid and the highest yield for GBL. The superior catalytic performance of Ru/STC catalyst compared to the other catalysts (Ru/TC, Ru/SC,and Ru/DC) was due to fine dispersion of ruthenium (ruthenium surface area). Thus, ruthenium surface area played a key role in determining the catalytic performance in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of succinic acid to GBL over Ru/C catalysts.

Hydrogenation of succinic acid to g-butyrolactone (GBL) over palladium catalyst supported on alumina xerogel: Effect of acid density of the catalyst

Ung Gi Hong,송인규,Sunhwan Hwang,Jeong Gil Seo,Joongwon Lee 한국공업화학회 2011 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.17 No.2

Mesoporous alumina xerogel (AX) supports prepared by a sol–gel method were calcined at various temperatures to control their acid property. Palladium catalysts supported on mesoporous alumina xerogel (Pd/AX) were then prepared by an impregnation method. The Pd/AX catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, NH3-TPD, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm, and H2 chemisorption analyses. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of succinic acid to g-butyrolactone (GBL) over Pd/AX catalyst was carried out in a batch reactor. The effect of acid property of Pd/AX catalyst on the catalytic performance was examined. In the hydrogenation of succinic acid, conversion of succinic acid and yield for GBL showed volcano-shaped curves with respect to calcination temperature of AX support. Selectivity for succinic anhydride (an intermediate product formed by acid catalysis) increased with increasing acid density of Pd/AX catalyst. Correlations between acid density of Pd/AX catalyst and catalytic performance also revealed that conversion of succinic acid and yield for GBL increased with increasing acid density of Pd/AX catalyst. Thus, acid density served as an important factor determining the catalytic performance of Pd/AX in the hydrogenation of succinic acid.

Hydrogenation of Succinic Acid to Tetrahydrofuran Over Ruthenium—Carbon Composite Catalyst: Effect of Catalyst Preparation Condition

Hong, Ung Gi,Kang, Ki Hyuk,Song, Ji Hwan,Kim, Tae Hyeop,Song, In Kyu American Scientific Publishers 2016 Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology Vol.16 No.10

<P>Ruthenium-carbon composite (Ru-C-X) catalysts were prepared by a single-step surfactant-templating method at different sucrose/P123 molar ratio (X = 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 15). Ru-C-X (X = 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 15) catalysts were characterized by BET, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, XRD, and HR-TEM analyses. Liquid-phase hydrogenation of succinic acid to tetrahydrofuran (THF) was carried out over Ru-C-X catalysts in a batch reactor. The effect of sucrose/P123 molar ratio on the physicochemical properties and catalytic activities of Ru-C-X catalysts (X = 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 15) was investigated. It was revealed that Ru-C-X composite catalysts showed different ruthenium particle size depending on sucrose/P123 molar ratio. Characterization results showed that an optimal sucrose/P123 molar ratio was required to achieve fine dispersion of ruthenium in the Ru-C-X catalysts. Yield for THF in the hydrogenation of succinic acid increased with decreasing average ruthenium particle size of Ru-C-X catalysts. Ruthenium particle size served as an important factor determining the catalytic performance of Ru-C-X in the hydrogenation of succinic acid to THF. Among the catalysts tested, Ru-C-9 with the smallest ruthenium particle size showed the highest yield for THF.</P>

Hydrogenation of succinic acid to tetrahydrofuran over ruthenium-carbon composite catalysts: Effect of HCl concentration in the preparation of the catalysts

Hong, Ung Gi,Kim, Jeong Kwon,Lee, Joongwon,Lee, Jong Kwon,Song, Ji Hwan,Yi, Jongheop,Song, In Kyu Elsevier 2014 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.20 No.5

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Ruthenium-carbon composite (Ru-C-<I>X</I>) catalysts were prepared by a single-step surfactant-templating method at different HCl concentration (<I>X</I> =2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7M) to control morphology of Ru-C-<I>X</I> catalysts, i.e., to control ruthenium dispersion. They were then applied to the liquid-phase hydrogenation of succinic acid to tetrahydrofuran (THF). Ru-C-<I>X</I> catalysts showed different ruthenium particle size depending on HCl concentration. In the reaction, yield for THF increased with decreasing average ruthenium particle size of the catalysts. Ruthenium particle size served as an important factor determining the catalytic performance of Ru-C-<I>X</I> in the hydrogenation of succinic acid to THF.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Ru-carbon (Ru-C-<I>X</I>) catalysts were prepared at different HCl concentration (X, mole). </LI> <LI> Liquid-phase hydrogenation of succinic acid to tetrahydrofuran (THF) was conducted. </LI> <LI> An optimal HCl concentration was required to obtain maximum THF yield. </LI> <LI> Yield for THF increased with decreasing ruthenium particle size of the catalysts. </LI> </UL> </P>

소설적 자유와 욕망의 실천가능성 -이청준의 『당신들의 천국』을 중심으로

홍웅기 ( Hong Ung Gi ) 현대문학이론학회 2012 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.51

이청준의 "이야기는 진실의 한계와 소재를 탐색하는 이야기꾼의 준엄하고 분석적인 눈에 의해 짜여진 것이며, 이야기의 짜임의 형식은 이야기 속 이야기를 두고있는 두 층에 의한 개성적인 것이며, 또 집요한 탐색의 작업을 돕는 적절한 것으로 이해"할 수 있다. 끊임없는 자유에 대한 탐색과 인간에 대한 성찰, 이를 통해 우리는 ?당신들의 천국?에서 자유와 억압의 의미를 재고하게 만든다. 그가 재현하고 했던 자유라는 것은 어떠한 의미를 지니는 것일까? 그것은 1950년대 이후 한국 문학에서 논의된 실존적 문제와 맞물리게 된다. 우리 문학사에서 실존주의의 문제는 이데올로기의 대체물로서 작용한다. 첨예하게 대립하는 이데올로기 사이에서 실존의 문제는 당대적 현실에서 개인의 위상을 어떻게 규정해야 할 것인가를 고민했던 지식인들에게 일종의 돌파구로 기능한다. 이러한 실존적 문제에 근거한 현실에 대한 인식은 4.19와 5.16을 거치면서 당대적 현실과 함께 인간의 존재에 대한, 그리고 지식인이 이러한 당대적 문제를 어떠한 방식으로 헤쳐 나가야 할 것인가에 대한 사유와 반성을 요구하는 탐색 과정을 통해 보여준다. 이청준이 ?당신들의 천국?을 통해 제시하는 자유와 억압의 변증법은 사랑이라는 결론을 도출하고 있다. 그 시대의 부조리함을 극복하기 위한 수단은 우리 스스로에 대한 믿음과 현실에 대한 인식의 변화로 일 것이다. 하지만, 그것이 얼마나 자율적 주체에 의해 행해지는 것인가에 따라 그 결과는 다르게 비춰질 수 있다. The story of Lee Cheong-joon can be understood as "what has been woven by the storyteller with severe and analytic view who searches the limitation of truth and material for stories, the form of the structure of his story is distinguishing with the two layers which have a story within a story, and it is appropriate for supporting his tenacious search." Through this process of incessant search for freedom and reflection on human existence, we are made to reconsider the meaning of freedom and suppression in his work, Your Own Heaven. What is the meaning of the freedom he recreated? It is combined with the existential matter that has been discussed in Korean literature since 1950s. The matter of existentialism acts as the substitute of ideology in the history of Korean literature. Between the sharply divided ideologies the existential matter functioned as a breakthrough to the intellectual who were worried about how to define their individual status in reality of the times. The awareness of reality based on the existential matter is shown through the searching process requiring speculation and reflection on the reality of the times, human existence, and how the intellectual should make their way through such matters of their times, undergoing the April 19th Revolution and the May 16th Pro-democratic Resistance Movement. Lee Cheong-joon has concluded that love is the suggested dialectic of the freedom and suppression through Your Own Heaven. The means to overcome the absurdity of the times will be the faith in ourselves and the change of our perception of reality. However, the results will be different depending upon how independently it is done by the autonomous subject. It is shown that the heaven created by the ethics of the director of the hospital can never be the same paradise to the subjects who form it and live there.

김훈 소설의 존재의 재현방식 연구

홍웅기(Hong Ung-Gi) 한국비평문학회 2008 批評文學 Vol.- No.30

A man supposes a certain space or world as a way of expressing his own being. And through this certain space or world, he could reflect and recognize himself. Therefore, we take human being not only an object occupying the small part of the space of the world but also a creature residing in the world, controling and creating the world. When they say that narrations reflects the consciousness of the narrator and the process of studying himself, infinity of the methods realized in the narrations are based on their own awareness of the world. In this context, numerous writers show fiction and reality through their narrations. Kim’s Song of String traces the process of his search through the matters of a man’s desire and realization. However, the presumption is the awareness of death. How a man perceives death, how he survives in this world, is the a man’s consistent desire in the work. How will he lead his life? Finally, this is the matter how he brings to a termination to his life at the end of his life. Eliade said death is not just extinction but (mostly temporary) existential change. That similarly applies to Kim’s work Song of String. After all the termination the author describes is a question of how we perceive the existence that has been replaced as another way of form A man fears the object that he cannot recognize. That is why death is taken as the object of fear, however, if a man supposed that death is the change of the existential dimension it could be taken as a rite of passage. Kim Hoon was able to make fundamental approach to death, assuming an indifferent attitude. War makes death just everyday affairs. The author reveals a cold depiction of life through war. This is similar to the burial of the living with the dead (as an attendant on the death of his lord). As death is the inevitability of war, the death for people to be buried with the dead is the fate beyond their choice, their unavoidable destiny. However, this sense of emptiness is replaced with not the extinction but the change of existential dimension Existence does not terminate but its form is changed. The author raises the matter of communication between beings at the other side of the world by giving indifferent statement. In conclusion, like a man can arrange his own emotion and recognition in right order, he limits the world with his recognition and search about it. And the search is the embodied object through pursuing unearthly desire.