대화형 인공지능의 윤리적 언어 표현을 위한 기초 연구

조태린(Cho, Tae-Rin),김신각(Kim, Shin-Gak),유희재(Yu, Hui-Jae),김예지(Kim, Ye-Ji),이주희(Lee, Ju-Hee) 한국어문학회 2018 語文學 Vol.0 No.140

The purpose of this study is to set up the concept and classification standard of unethical linguistic expressions(ULEs) as word unit that can appear in the machine learning of interactive artificial intelligence systems and humans conversation. The study also examined the characteristics of each type, based on examples. According to the results of the study, ULEs as word unit can be divided into three categories: ‘swear words’, ‘vulgar words’, and ‘derogatory slangs’. These three types are common in that they are all regarded as ULEs in any variance of emergence. However, they differ in two attributes, aggression and degradation. This study also suggests that there are two other types of ULEs: the ‘Context’ type, in which certain expressions may or may not be used unethically according to the context, and the ‘Content’ type, which can not be considered unethical linguistic expression in of itself, but its related content can be unethical linguistic expression overall. Therefore, this study identifies that the word-based unethical linguistic expression is classified into five types such as ‘swear words’, ‘vulgar words’, ‘derogatory slang’, ‘context’, and ‘content’, and each of these characteristics and examples were reviewed extensively.

Thiol의 친핵성 첨가물의 합성(제Ⅸ보) (Diacylivinylaryloxy)acetic acid 유도체와 그 Thioglycolic Acid 참가생성물의 합성

한인섭,김태린,허태성,최재희 聖心女子大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.21 No.-

이뇨작용 및 항종양효과가 있으리라고 예상되는 (acetylbenzoylvinyloxy)acetic acid 유도체(3a-3d)와 (dibenzoylvinylaryloxy)acetic acid 유도체 (3e-3h) 및 이들의 thioglycolic acid 첨가생성물(4a-4h)을 합성하였다. (dibenzoylvinylaryloxy)acetic acid 유도체는 hydroxybenzaldehyde 유도체로부터 monochloroacetic acid를 이용하여 2단계 반응으로 합성하였다. (Acetylbenzoylvinyloxy)acetic acid derivatives(3a-3d), (dibenzoylvinylaryloxy) acetic acid dervatives(3e-3h) and their thioglycolic acid adducts(4a-4h) which are expected to have diurectic activities and antitumour effect were synthesized. (Diacylvinylaryloxy)acetic acid derivatives wer prepared from hydoxybenzaldehyde derivatives via two step reaction employing monochloraccetic acid.

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Hydrolysis of ${\alpha}$, N-Diphenylnitrone

Tae-Rin Kim,Kwang-Il Lee Korean Chemical Society 1991 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.12 No.3

The rate constants of hydrolysis of ${\alpha}$, N-diphenylnitrone and its derivatives have been determined by UV spectrophotometry from pH 2.0 to 13.5, and a rate equation which can be applied over a wide pH range was obtained. On the basis of rate equation, hydrolysis product, and general base and substituent effects, a plausible mechanism of hydrolysis has been proposed: Below pH 5, the hydrolysis was initiated by the protonation and followed by the addition of water to ${\alpha}$-carbon. However, above pH 11, the hydrolysis was proceeded by the addition of hydroxide ion to ${\alpha}$-carbon. In the range of pH 5-11, the addition of water to nitrone is rate controlling step.

Kinetic Studies on the Addition of Thiophenol to ${\alpha}$ N-Diphenylnitrone

Tae-Rin Kim,Kwang-Il Lee,Sang-Yong Pyun Korean Chemical Society 1991 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.12 No.3

The rate constants for the nucleophilic addition of thiophenol to $\alpha$, N-diphenylnitrone and it's derivatives (p-$OCH_3$, p-Cl, p-$NO_2$) were determined from pH 3.0 to 13.0 by UV spectrophotometry and rate equations which can be applied over a wide pH range were obtained. On the basis of rate equation, general base and substituent effect a plausible addition mechanism of thiophenol to ${\alpha}$, N-diphenylnitrone was proposed: At high pH, the addition of sulfide ion to carbon-nitrogen double bond was rate controlling, however, in acidic solution, reaction was proceeded by the addition of thiophenol molecule to carbon-nitrogen double bond after protonation at oxygen of ${\alpha}$, N-diphenylnitrone.

Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of home-use micro-focused ultrasound: a preclinical study

Tae-Rin Kwon,Dong Wook Moon,Jungwook Kim,Yun Seok Kang,Jungkwan Lee,Ka Ram Kim,So Young Lee,Hye Sung Han,Sun Young Choi,Kwang Ho Yoo 대한의학레이저학회 2023 MEDICAL LASERS Vol.12 No.3

Background: The demand for home-use micro-focused ultrasound (MFU) devices for dermatologic uses like facial skin tightening and treating forms of skin laxity is increasing. However, the procedures used to evaluate such devices remain underdeveloped.Methods: We performed simulations on ex vivo porcine tissues to calculate the thermal coagulation point (TCP) area corresponding to the applied energy levels. Surface and intradermal temperature distributions posttreatment on porcine dorsal skin were assessed during MFU. Subsequently, we evaluated the safety and effectiveness of the MFU device in vivo after single or repeated treatments. MFU energy was delivered in vivo to porcine skin at 7 MHz and 12 W to a penetration depth of 3.0 mm under different experimental settings. Tissue samples were obtained immediately after treatment and 14 days later and subjected to histological analysis.Results: TCPs were distinctly observed in ex vivo tissues after MFU. Energy-dependent micro-coagulation zones were small at ~1 mm3. The temperature escalation was linearly proportional to the number of treatments. Notably, MFU treatment promoted collagen and elastin deposition in vivo and induced neocollagenesis in the mid and deep reticular dermis and neoelastogenesis in the deep reticular dermis.Conclusion: The novel MFU energy regimen used in this study was effective in our animal model, and the energy settings used may mitigate unwanted side effects. Our results show that a home-use MFU device that provides uniform TCP and precise treatment can be safely applied to the face and effectively tightens skin.

Cryptotanshinone enhances TNF-α-induced apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia KBM-5 cells

Kim, Ji-Hyun,Jeong, Soo-Jin,Kwon, Tae-Rin,Yun, Sun-Mi,Jung, Ji Hoon,Kim, Minseok,Lee, Hyo-Jung,Lee, Min-Ho,Ko, Seong Gyu,Chen, Chang-Yan,Kim, Sung-Hoon Springer-Verlag 2011 Apoptosis Vol.16 No.7

Dendritic Cell Activation by Glucan Isolated from Umbilicaria Esculenta

Kim, Hyung-Sook,Kim, Jee-Youn,Lee, Hong-Kyung,Kim, Moo-Sung,Lee, Sang-Rin,Kang, Jong-Soon,Kim, Hwan-Mook,Lee, Kyung-Ae,Hong, Jin-Tae,Kim, Young-Soo,Han, Sang-Bae The Korean Association of Immunobiologists 2010 Immune Network Vol.10 No.6

Background: Lichen-derived glucans have been known to stimulate the functions of immune cells. However, immunostimulatory activity of glucan obtained from edible lichen, Umbilicaria esculenta, has not been reported. Thus we evaluated the phenotype and functional maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) following treatment of extracted glucan (PUE). Methods: The phenotypic and functional maturation of PUE-treated DCs was assessed by flow cytometric analysis and cytokine production, respectively. PUE-treated DCs was also used for mixed leukocyte reaction to evaluate T cell-priming capacity. Finally we detected the activation of MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ by immunoblot. Results: Phenotypic maturation of DCs was shown by the elevated expressions of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class I/II molecules. Functional activation of DCs was proved by increased cytokine production of IL-12, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\alpha}/{\beta}$, decreased endocytosis, and enhanced proliferation of allogenic T cells. Polymyxin B, specific inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), did not affect PUE activity, which suggested that PUE was free of LPS contamination. As a mechanism of action, PUE increased phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs, and enhanced nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p50/p65 in DCs. Conclusion: These results indicate that PUE induced DC maturation via MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathways.

Losses of Biomass and Mineral Nutrients during Decomposition of Herbaceous Plants in Riverine Wetlands

Kim, Sa-Rin,Kim, Jae-Geun,Ju, Eun-Jeong,Lee, Yang-Woo,Lee, Bo-Ah,Kim, Heung-Tae,Nam, Jong-Min The Ecological Society of Korea 2006 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.29 No.5

The composition changes of litters were investigated to figure out the effects of the decomposition of Humulus japonicus on nutrient circulation and decomposition process in the riverine wetlands: Tan stream and Amsa-dong. Litterbags (mesh size 1 mm and 5 mm) were installed to monitor mass and nutrient changes of 5 types of litters: H. japanicus only, Miscanthus sacchariflarus only, Phragmites communis only, mixed litters including H. japonicus, and mixed litters without H. japonicus for 7 months. It was shown that k (decay rate) of the H. japanicus ($2.68{\sim}3.12$) was higher than that of M. sacchariflorus ($1.83{\sim}2.16$) and P. communis ($0.02{\sim}1.18$). The mass and organic remainings of the mixed litters including H. japonicus at Tan stream were $47.0{\sim}55.1%\;and\;47.0{\sim}54.9%$ and those of the litterbags without H. japanicus were $49.2{\sim}65.4%\;and\;47.1{\sim}57.5%$, respectively. This result indicated that the nutrient circulation was faster at H. japanicus community than others. Ca, Na, Mg, K, P, C, N and H contents reduced to around $40{\sim}80%$ of original. However, Na concentration increased up to $407{\sim}584%$ at 100 days and decreased to $248{\sim}498%$ at the end of the experiment. Decomposition rates were similar between 1 mm and 5mm mesh size litterbags and this implies that plant litters in studied areas decomposed mainly by microbes rather than small animals. This study revealed that the fast growth of H. japonicus was resulted from fast decomposition in part: positive feedback of nutrient cycling.

Polydeoxyribonucleotides Improve Diabetic Wound Healing in Mouse Animal Model for Experimental Validation

( Tae-rin Kwon ),( Sung Won Han ),( Jong Hwan Kim ),( Byung Chul Lee ),( Jae Min Kim ),( Ji Yeon Hong ),( Beom Joon Kim ) 대한피부과학회 2019 Annals of Dermatology Vol.31 No.4

Background: Wound healing mechanisms is believed to have effects similar to wound healing disorders in diabetic patients, including abnormal inflammatory cells, angiogenesis disorders, and reduced collagen synthesis. Therefore, reestablishment of structural and promoted angiogenesis could be beneficial to promote wound healing process. Objective: Therefore, we investigated whether the polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) that was self-production in Korea, could be useful as an intradermal injection for promoting wound healing. Also, we validate for wound healing effect of PDRN using healing-impaired (db/db) mice. Methods: In this study, we confirmed the effects of PDRN by creating wound models in in vitro and in vivo model. Using an in vitro wound healing assay, we observed that PDRN stimulated closure of wounded monolayers of human fibroblast cells. PDRN (8.25 mg/ml) or phosphate-buffered saline (0.9% NaCl) was injected once daily into the dermis adjacent to the wound for 12 days after skin injury. Results: Time course observations revealed that mice treated with PDRN showed accelerated wound closure and epidermal and dermal regeneration, enhanced angiogenesis. The wound area and depth decreased at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after skin injury. Histological evaluation showed an increase of vascular endothelial growth factor, CD31, and collagen fibers in the PDRN group compared with the control group, indicating that PDRN was effective in the treatment of delayed wound healing caused by diabetes. Conclusion: This study suggests that our PDRN has a wound healing effect in transgenic animal models with cells and diabetes through angiogenesis. (Ann Dermatol 31(4) 403∼413, 2019)

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Hydrolysis of N-(Benzenesulfonyl) benzimidoyl Chlorides

Kim, Tae-Rin,Kwon, Hyo-Shik Korean Chemical Society 1988 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.9 No.3

The rates of hydrolysis of N-(benzenesulfonyl) benzimidoyl chlorides (p-H, $p-CH_3,\;p-CH_3,\;p-NO_2\;and m-NO_2$) have been measured by UV spectrometry in 60% methanol-water at $25^{\circ}C$ and a rate equation which can be applied over wide pH range was obtained. Below pH 7.00, the substituent effect on the hydrolysis rate of N-(benzenesulfonyl) benzimidoyl chloride was found to conform to the Hammett ${\sigma}$ constant with ${\rho}$ = -0.91, whereas above pH 9.00, with ${\rho}$ = 0.94. On the basis of the rate equation obtained and the effect of solvent, substituents and salt, the following reaction mechanism were proposed; below pH 7.00, the hydrolysis of N-(benzenesulfonyl) benzimidoyl chloride proceeds by $S_N1$ mechanism, however, above pH 9.00, the hydrolysis is initiated by the attack of the hydroxide ion and in the range of pH 7.00-9.00, these two reactions occur competitively.