Civil Society and Democratization in South Korea

Kim Sunhyuk The Academy of Korean Studies 1998 Korea Journal Vol.38 No.2

Researching and Teaching Korean Politics in the United States

Kim, Sunhyuk 국제비교한국학회 2001 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies Vol.8 No.-

Robust control of ionic polymer–metal composites

Kang, Sunhyuk,Shin, Jongho,Kim, Seong Jun,Kim, H Jin,Kim, Yong Hyup Institute of Physics Publishing 2007 Smart materials & structures Vol.16 No.6

<P>Ionic polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) have been considered for various applications due to their light weight, large bending, and low actuation voltage requirements. However, their response can be slow and vary widely, depending on various factors such as fabrication processes, water content, and contact conditions with the electrodes. In order to utilize their capability in various high-performance microelectromechanical systems, controllers need to address this uncertainty and non-repeatability while improving the response speed. In this work, we identified an empirical model for the dynamic relationship between the applied voltage and the IPMC beam deflection, which includes the uncertainties and variations of the response. Then, four types of controller were designed, and their performances were compared: a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller with optimized gains using a co-evolutionary algorithm, and three types of robust controller based on <img SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0964-1726/16/6/049/sms250377ieqn1.gif' ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='H_\infty '/>, <img SRC='http://ej.iop.org/images/0964-1726/16/6/049/sms250377ieqn1.gif' ALIGN='MIDDLE' ALT='H_\infty '/> with loop shaping, and μ-synthesis, respectively. Our results show that the robust control techniques can significantly improve the IPMC performance against non-repeatability or parametric uncertainties, in terms of the faster response and lower overshoot than the PID control, using lower actuation voltage. </P>

The Politics of Economic Recovery in South Korea : A Comparative Perspective

Kim, Sunhyuk Center for International Studies, Inha University 2002 Pacific Focus Vol.17 No.1

국지적 탐색과 원거리 탐색 : 한국 영화사의 신규 니치 탐색거리, 1966~2004

김선혁(Sunhyuk Kim),신동엽(Dongyoub Shin) 한국인사·조직학회 2009 인사조직연구 Vol.17 No.4

본 논문은 조직이 새로운 상품시장이나 시장 세그멘트 등과 같은 신규 니치로 진출하는 과정에서 기존 경험과 지식, 역량, 루틴 등에 기반하여 주변 분야로 진출하는 국지적 탐색을 넘어 원거리 탐색을 시도하게 만드는 요인들과 또 반대로 그런 시도를 저해하는 요인들을 우리나라 영화산업에 대한 종단연구를 통해 분석한 다. 최근 급변하는 환경하에서 자신의 기존 니치와 근본적으로 다른 새로운 분야로의 급진적 조직 혁신의 필요성이 강조되고 있으나, 진화경제학과 조직학습 등 많은 기존 이론들은 조직들의 혁신시도가 대부분 국지적 탐색의 경향을 보이게 된다고 주장한다. 본 연구에서는 조직이 경로의존적인 국지적 탐색을 넘어서 원거리 탐색을 시도하게 만드는 내외부 요인들을 분석한다. 본 연구는 대부분의 기존 연구들이 새로운 상품시장이나 시장 세그멘트로의 진출로 인해 발생하는 성과와 같은 사후적 결과에 주목한 것과는 달리, 조직이 새로운 니치로 진출하는 과정에서 그 탐색의 거리(즉 국지적 탐색인가 혹은 원거리 탐색인가)를 결정하는 사전적 조건들에 초점을 맞춘다. 1966년부터 2004년까지 활동한 모든 우리나라 영화사들을 대상으로 한 종단분석의 결과, 경쟁환경의 특성과 조직의 외부 필드와의 연결성은 탐색거리에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 반면, 조직규모는 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과가 가지는 조직이론과 전략경영이론에 대한 함의가 토론된다. This study examines the factors that may drive firms to implement distant search beyond the local search of adjacent areas in their exploration of new market segments or product markets through a longitudinal study of the Korean film industry, 1966~2004. Although the crucial importance of radical innovation based on distant search is frequently emphasized in the dynamically changing recent business environment, much of the existing literatures, such as organizational learning, organizational ecology, and evolutionary economics, have been skeptical about the actual possibility of distant search by business firms.5) Those existing literatures suggest that the actual search patterns of firms are highly biased toward the exploitative local search of adjacent areas, since local search has various short-term advantages over distant search. For instance, because local search is made through the exploitation or improvement of existing resources and capabilities that the focal firm already possesses, it is less risky, less costly, and produces quicker return, than distant search. On the other hand, distant search which often suffers from causal ambiguity is subject to high uncertainty and inefficiency. Moreover, the realization of returns from distant search takes longer time than those from local search. As a consequence, the combined effect of the advantages of local search and the risks of distant search results in strong bias toward local search, which James G. March refers to as ‘learning myopia’. Nevertheless, the recent literatures of both strategic management and organization theory have emphasized the crucial importance of distant search under highly unstable and uncertain environments, despite the advantages of local search and the risks of distant search.

한국 영화의 불확실성 대응 전략과 흥행 성과

김선혁(Sunhyuk Kim),신동엽(Dongyoub Shin) 한국전략경영학회 2011 전략경영연구 Vol.14 No.2

불확실성은 기업의 전략적 의사결정에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요소들 중 하나로 전략경영을 비롯한 다양한 경영학과 사회과학 분야들에서 폭넓게 연구되어 왔다. 높은 불확실성으로 인한 미래 환경에 대한 낮은 예측가능성은 전략적 의사결정의 정확성을 떨어뜨림으로써 기업에 심각한 위험을 초래하게 된다. 그러나 전략경영 분야에서는 불확실성을 단순히 모든 기업들이 수동적으로 감수할 수밖에 없는 환경적 제약조건으로만 보지 않고, 오히려 기업들이 불확실성 감소나 회피를 위해 어떻게 전략적으로 대응하는가에 초점을 맞추어 왔다. 즉 동일한 환경 불확실성에 직면한 기업들일지라도 불확실성에 대한 대응 전략이 서로 다를 가능성이 높고 결과적으로 불확실성 대응 전략의 효과성에 따라 기업 성과가 달라지게 된다는 것이다. 본 논문은 이러한 불확실성이 영화산업과 같은 문화예술 분야를 규정짓는 대표적인 특징이라는 것에 주목하고, 영화 제작과 마케팅 등과 같이 불확실성이 높은 상황에서 경제행위자들이 시도하는 불확실성 회피 전략과 또 이러한 불확실성 회피 전략이 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 본 논문에서는 이를 위해 2000년에서 2004년에 이르는 5년간 제작된 모든 한국 영화들을 대상으로 하여 이들 영화의 흥행 성과에 영향을 미치는 요인들에 대한 실증연구를 시도하였다. 실증연구의 결과, 기존 감독의 활용, 기존 공식의 복제, 수직적 통합은 영화의 흥행 성과에 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 니치전략에 해당하는 니치폭은 흥행 성과와 역유자형의 관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. Uncertainty has been one of the most frequently studied themes in diverse social studies including strategic management and organization theory, since it is undisputable that the level of uncertainty has significant influences on strategic decision makings by economic actors. The limited predictability of future environments stemming from uncertainty poses serious threats to economic actors by lowering the accuracy of strategic decision making. Thus, the field of strategic management has long been interested in investigating how economic actors strategically respond to uncertainty, rather than treating actors as passive ones who simply endure uncertainty. That is, the strategic management literature posits that since actors respond differently even to the same uncertain environments, the effectiveness of each actor’s strategic responses to uncertainty affects its performance crucially. The current paper analyzes the effects of strategic responses to uncertainty on the performances of economic actors operating in cultural industries in which uncertainty is the most salient environmental characteristic. This study empirically analyzes all movies produced in Korea during five year period, 2000-2004. We examine effects of strategic responses to uncertainty on market performances of cultural products. The results of our empirical analyses suggest that the market performance of a movie is positively affected by involvement of established directors, replication of existing formulas, and vertical integration. Moreover, analysis from the data shows that the niche width of a movie, in terms of genre identity, has an inverted U shape curvilinear relationship with the market performance. The findings of the current study may have two following contributions and implications. First, this study deserves a credit in that it attempted a multi-faceted analysis of strategic responses to uncertainty. We discussed and empirically examined four different strategic responses to uncertainty, each of which differs in terms of analytic level and theoretical background. Second, the current study may contribute to the expansion of management studies’ scopes by analyzing cultural industries which have received only scant attention. Academic interest in cultural industries in the field of management studies has increased in recent years owing to their rapidly growing economic importance. Moreover, cultural industries have attracted growing attention from management scholars in recent years also as the issues of creativity and innovation come to be regarded as the central determinants of competitive advantages in the 21stcentury. In this regard, the findings of the current study are expected to contribute significantly to the further expansion of management studies’ scopes.

[일반논문] 신외교정책의 이론적 토대 - 한국판 '현실주의'의 한계와 대안적 패러다임의 모색

김선혁(Kim Sunhyuk) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2005 亞細亞硏究 Vol.48 No.3

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the theoretical foundations on which South Korean "mainstream" International Relations(IR)/International Politics(IP) experts base their observations, point out their limitations, and explore alternative theoretical frameworks for South Korea's foreign policy. The thematic argument of this paper is threefold: 1) the "mainstream" IR/IP epistemic community in South Korea, contrary to its self-identification, has little to do with American (neo)realism; 2) even the original and orthodox (neo)realism in the US IR community is not very useful for theoretically undergirding South Korea's new foreign policy; and 3) a new theoretical paradigm, the "inside-out" approach, must be created and developed using social constructivism and other domestic politics-centered approaches to foreign policy. South Korea's national identity has undergone such a profound change over the past few decades that its national strategy and foreign policy should also change to agree with the modified national identity. In particular, democratization, which has been one of the most important political changes in South Korea, requires a similarly significant transformation of foreign policy.

한국의 민주주의 공고화와 시민사회

김선혁(Kim Sunhyuk),김병국(Kim Byung-Kook),제고르즈 에키트(Grzegorz Ekiert) 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2007 亞細亞硏究 Vol.50 No.3

This paper examines the patterns and characteristics of the "politics of protest" by civil society in South Korea after its democratic transition in 1987. The paper first provides a theoretical overview of the relationship between democracy/democratization and social protest as is discussed in the existing literature. Protest is considered to be conducive to daily political practices in established democracies, by supplementing conventional party politics. Protest is also assumed to contribute to democratic transition by promoting authoritarian breakdown and facilitating democratic reforms. However, the role of protest in nascent democracies undergoing democratic consolidation still remains unclear in the literature. Utilizing a recently compiled dataset called Protest Event Database Archive Korea (PEDAK), this paper tries to explore the relationship between social protest and democratic consolidation. Specifically, this paper analyzes the 1989-2003 period in terms of the number of protests, the number of protest participants, the socio-vocational categories of the participants, the type of organizing/sponsoring organizations, and the chosen protest methods/strategies. The number of social protests in South Korea after democratization has not decreased significantly and remains at a comparatively high level. Medium-scale protests have decreased, whereas small- and large-scale protests have increased. In terms of the socio-vocational categories of protest participants, students and laborers have decreased, while white-collar workers and public servants have increased. "New social movement" groups such as environmental, womens' and peace movement organizations superseded trade unions as the most active civil society group organizing/sponsoring social protests. "Disruptive" methods are still being preferred to peaceful methods by social movement groups in South Korea. All in all, the politics of protest in post-transitional South Korea represents both continuities and changes as compared with that of the pre-transition period. The persistence of protest politics in South Korea holds important implications for the future of South Korean democracy. Future research projects should examine whether the persistence of social protest is an enduring, if not perpetual, feature of South Korean democracy and, if so, what kind of effects contentious politics will have on the quality and type of democracy in South Korea.

The Dynamics of Welfare Policy-Making in South Korea: Social Movements as Policy Entrepreneurs

Antonio Fiori and Sunhyuk Kim,김선혁 한국사회복지학회 2011 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.5 No.2

This paper analyzes the role of social movements in the creation and evolution of a welfare state inSouth Korea. We begin with a theoretical overview of the existing works on policy change, highlightingconcepts such as ideas, policy paradigms, and windows of opportunity. We then examinestate institutions, hegemonic policy paradigms, and the specific dynamics of welfare policy-makingduring South Korea’s authoritarian period (1961–1987). Next, characterizing the democratic transitionin 1987 and the economic crisis of 1997–1998 as ‘‘windows of opportunity,’’ we probe howsocial movements emerged as ‘‘policy entrepreneurs’’ and played crucial roles in building welfareinstitutions and promoting welfare policies. In particular, we focus on the role of social movementsin legislating the National Basic Livelihood Security Act in 1999 and consolidating fragmentedhealth insurance systems in 2000. We conclude that social movements in democratized SouthKorea have assumed the role of policy entrepreneurs, filling the vacuum left by the central governmentand elite bureaucrats in the field of social welfare policy-making.

조직학습과 다각화

신동엽(Dongyoub Shin)/김선혁(Sunhyuk Kim)/정기원(Kiwon Jung) 한국인사조직학회 2008 인사조직연구 Vol.16 No.4

본 논문은 ‘기업이 언제 다각화를 할까’라는 질문과 ‘어떤 기업이 다각화를 할까’ 라는 두 가지 유사해 보이는 질문들의 근본적 차이에 대한 인식에서 출발한다. 이 두 질문 중, 본 논문은 전자에 초점을 맞추어 기업의 다각화 의사결정을 동태적 관점에서 분석한다. 기존의 다각화 연구들은 이론상으로 ‘기업이 언제 다각화를 할까’라는 동태적 질문을 던진 경우에도 방법론적으로 횡단 연구를 시도하거나, 또는 연구모형 설정에서 시간의 흐름에 따라 변하지 않는 정태적 변수들에 초점을 맞춤으로써 기업의 전략적 행동의 동태성에 대한 적절한 분석을 제시하지 못한 경우가 많았다. 따라서 최근 일부 다각화 연구들은 전통적 연구들의 이런 정태성의 한계를 극복하기 위해 동태적 접근법을 사용하기 시작하였다. 이런 맥락에서 본 연구는 기업이 수시로 변화하는 환경에 역동적으로 대응하여 그 행동을 수정하고 적응 시켜나가는 전략적 의사결정의 프로세스를 정확하게 설명하기 위해서는 방법론적으로 동태적 현상을 계량적으로 분석해낼 수 있는 종단적 분석방법론이 사용되어야 하는 것은 물론이고, 이론적으로도 기업의 역동적 전략 프로세스를 정확하게 파악할 수 있는 논리적 기반이 필요하다고 보았다. 본 연구에서는 환경과 조직간의 역동적 상호작용 프로세스에 초점을 맞추고 있는 조직학습 이론을 적극 활용하여, 환경으로부터의 시그널이 기업의 다각화 의사결정에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 연구한다. 본 연구모형에서는 기업 자신의 과거 행동에 대한 환경으로부터의 강화 시그널로서의 성과 피드백과 다각화 전략의 정당성에 대한 환경으로부터의 시그널이 다각화 의사결정에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 또한 본 논문에서는 각 기업이 환경으로부터의 성과 피드백에 반응하여 다각화 여부를 결정하는 정도는 기업의 지위와 다각화 전략의 정당성 시그널에 따라 다를 것이라고 예측한다. 우리나라 30대 재벌그룹이 1988년에서 1997년까지 수행한 모든 다각화에 대한 이벤트 빈도 분석의 결과, 본 연구에서 제시한 가설들이 모두 지지되었다. The current paper examines the question of ‘when’, rather than ‘which’, firms would diversify. Many existing studies raised research questions in a dynamic term by asking ‘when firms diversify’, but eventually ended up statically testing ‘which firms diversify’, either by relying on cross‐sectional analysis or by focusing on static variables that do not vary with time. However, recent studies in strategic management have started to explore the dynamic aspects of strategic actions, which may make up for the limits of existing diversification studies in near future. Along this line of inquiry, the current study attempts to propose theoretical and methodological bases for the dynamic analysis of diversification decisions by theoretically making sense of and methodologically testing the question of ‘when firms would diversify’ directly. Since firms make strategic decisions in dynamic ways by constantly adjusting their responses according to signals from changing environments, we argue that diversification studies also must employ not only longitudinal methodologies, but also proper theories that can vividly highlight dynamic aspects of strategic processes. For a dynamic analysis of diversification in terms of theory, the current study draws on organizational learning theory which suggests that organizations dynamically adjust their decisions and behaviors by reflecting feedbacks and signals from environments. The organizational learning literature treats an organization as a dynamic and strategic actor which constantly learns and evolves through interactions with its environments. The organization learning literature maintains that when an organization faces an environment similar with earlier environments which it previously encountered, it tends to respond to it by resorting to the routines and behaviors it learned through the earlier environmental interactions. If its earlier response had received positive feedbacks from the environments, it would respond to the similar environment by reusing the same response. Otherwise, it would explore new types of responses to the environment. That is, in the organizational learning literature, an organization is assumed to be a dynamic actor which constantly responds to signals from changing environments either by exploiting previously learned behaviors or by exploring new behaviors. Since environmental feedbacks change with time, environments are likely to affect organizational choices and behaviors differently by sending varying feedback signals at each time point. In this regard, the current study focuses on effects of feedback signals that the focal firm receives from environments at each time point in explaining its strategic choice of whethe or not to diversify. We examines effects of two different types of feedback signals from environments; 1) reinforcement signals that the focal firm receives through performance feedbacks from environments to its own past behaviors, 2) legitimacy signals that the focal firm receives from other firms’ diversification behaviors. The empirical part of the current study examines effects of these two types of environmental signals on the focal firm’s diversification choices at each time point. The first type of environmental signal that the focal firm receives from performance feedbacks to its own past behaviors is theoretically based on the reinforcement argument of Skinnerian behavioral psychology. Reinforcement theory submits that a certain behavior is learned and repeated only when it receives positive feedback–i.e. reinforcement–from environments. Thus, we predict that when an organization produces a high performance which can be regarded as a positive reinforcement signal, it is likely to repeat its existing behaviors and routines. In contrast, when an organization suffers from a low performance which can be regarded as a negative feedback signal, it is likely to explore new behaviors and routines. By