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2.5% Pentothal sodium 전처치가 Propofol 정주시 발생되는 통증에 미치는 효과
옥시영,김순임,김선종 순천향대학교 교수학습개발센터 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.3
Background: propofol has a high incidence of pain with intravenous injection, and many different methods have been used to minimize the incidence and severity of this pain. In this study, we have compared the effect of saline pretreatment with that of 2.5% pentothal 50 mg pretreatment of propofol injection pain. Methods: Sixty two patients scheduled for general anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups. each patient received one of the pretreatment drugs via 18 g angiocatheter inserted in the antecubital fossa. Control group (n=31)received 2 ml of 0.9% saline pretreatment, 2.5% pentothal group (n=31) received 50 mg of pentothal pretreatment followed intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg of propofol at a rate of 1 ml/sec. After 50 mg of propofol were injected, patients were assessed for pain score. The severity of pain was classified as 0, 1, 2, 3 (none, mild, moderate, severe) by one observer. Results: The severity of pain were significantly reduced in 2.5% pentothal group compared with ontrol group for intravenous injection fo propofol (p<0.05) but incidence is similar. Conclusions: 2.5% pentothal 2 ml (50 mg) pretreatment could significantly reduce the sever the severity of pain for intravenous injection of propofol.
압박띠와 Lidocaine 전처치 및 Pentothal 전처치를 이용한 Propfol 정주통의 예방효과
옥시영,김순임,김선종 순천향대학교 교수학습개발센터 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.3
Background: Pain on injection of propofol is a common problem, the cause of which remains unknown, We evaluated the effect of a tourniquet with intravenous lidocaine and pentothal pretreatments, to decrease the incidence and intensity of pain during intravenous propofol injection. Methods: One hundred fifty five patients scheduled for general anesthesia were randomly divided into three groups. Each patient received one of the pretreatment drugs via 18 G angiocatheter inserted in the antecubital fossa. Control group (CG) (n=31) recived 2 ml normal saline and lidocaine group (LG) (n=31) received 40 mg (2%, 2 ml) and pentothal group (PG) (n=31) received 50 mg (2.5%, 2 ml) and lidocaine tourniquet group (LTG) (n=31) received 40 m g(2%, 2ml) under tourniquest 1 minute inflated and pentothal tourniquet group(PTG) (n=31) received 50 mg (2.5%, 2 ml) under tourniquet 1 minute inflated followed intravenous injection of 2 mg/kg of propofol at a rate of 1 ml/sec. after 50 mg of proplfol were injected, patients were assessed for pain score. The severity of pain was classified as 0, 1, 2, 3 (none, mild, moderate, severe) by one observer. Results: The severity and incidence of pain were significantly reduced in lidocaine group and pentothal group compared with control group for intravenous injection of propofol (P<0.05). But effect of tourniquet is minimal. And the quantity and quality of analgesic effect of lidocaine and petothal on propofol iv injection is similar. Conclusions: Lidocaine 40 mg or pentothal 50 mg pretreatment to induction by propofol revealed a good analgesic effect for propofol injection pain. But effect of tourniquest is minimal.
박옥선 동아대학교 인문과학대학 영어영문학과 1990 동아영어영문학 Vol.6 No.-
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the structure of Shakespeare's sonnets with three different perspectives; how is the Shakespearian form applied to the individual sonnet, how does Shakespeare use the logical forms for his sonnet, and what is the toxtural variety in the sonnet sequence as a whole. The Shakespearian form- of three quatrains followed by a couplet-is often contrasted with the Italiam form divided into octave and sestet. The couplet is often a particular application of a general statement enunciated in the quatrains, and sometimes a reply to it. But there are so many exceptions that ist validity is called in question. Shakespeare wrote so many different kinds of sonnet that any definition fits only a propotion of the whole. The variety of structure in the sequrence is a chararcterstic of Shakespeare's sonnets. Shakespeare uses the logic for his sonnet composition. The chief forms are the hypothetical syllogism(if-then premise), the disjunctive syllogism(either-or premise), and categorical syllogism. A number of sonnets have one basic logical shape ; all have at least some logical transitions or joinings ; many offer a plurality of logical schemes. Shakespeare's 154 sonnets fall into two groups : the first group, Ⅰ through 126, is addressed to, or concerned with a young man, an the seconcd group, 127 through 152, is addressed to, or concerned with a dark lady, and includes 153 and 154, which are free translation of a Greek poem. The one hundred twenty-six poems of group Ⅰ of the sequence fall into three subdivisions, as follows: cycle Ⅰ comprises the first 51 sonnets, Ⅰ through 51, cycle 2 compreises the next 45 sonnets, 52 through 96, and cycle 3 comprises the last 30 sonnets, 97 through 126. The beautiful youth group tells a 'high' story of devotion but the dark lady group is 'low' and revolves around the theme of love and hatred. Each of the four sections- three in group Ⅰ, one in firoup Ⅱ-proves to have ist component poems intelligibly arranged, and the sections proves, moreover, to be coordinated with one another. There is a legic and rightness in the order of group Ⅰ. The poet revolves around the young man in a series of three cycles, and takes him through every aspect of his love, from the most ecstatic to the most woebegone. The structure of group Ⅱ is for the most part based on and determined by the cyclic character of the protagonist's lust for dark lady. In conclusion, Shakespeare uses so many different forms to express a variety of moods and psychological states of the protagonist in his sonnets.