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Low Contrast and Low kV CTA Before Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review
Spencer C. Lacy,Mina M. Benjamin,Mohammed Osman,Mushabbar A. Syed,Menhel Kinno 한국심초음파학회 2023 Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging (J Cardiovasc Im Vol.31 No.2
BACKGROUND: Minimizing contrast dose and radiation exposure while maintaining image quality during computed tomography angiography (CTA) for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is desirable, but not well established. This systematic review compares image quality for low contrast and low kV CTA versus conventional CTA in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR planning. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review to identify clinical studies comparing imaging strategies for patients with aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR planning. The primary outcomes of image quality as assessed by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were reported as random effects mean difference with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: We included 6 studies reporting on 353 patients. There was no difference in cardiac SNR (mean difference, −1.42; 95% CI, −5.71 to 2.88; p = 0.52), cardiac CNR (mean difference, −3.83; 95% CI, −9.98 to 2.32; p = 0.22), aortic SNR (mean difference, −0.23; 95% CI, −7.83 to 7.37; p = 0.95), aortic CNR (mean difference, −3.95; 95% CI, −12.03 to 4.13; p = 0.34), and ileofemoral SNR (mean difference, −6.09; 95% CI, −13.80 to 1.62; p = 0.12) between the low dose and conventional protocols. There was a difference in ileofemoral CNR between the low dose and conventional protocols with a mean difference of −9.26 (95% CI, −15.06 to −3.46; p = 0.002). Overall, subjective image quality was similar between the 2 protocols. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review suggests that low contrast and low kV CTA for TAVR planning provides similar image quality to conventional CTA.
Spencer, Corinne M.,Jahng, Jeong Won,Ryu, Vitaly,Houpt, Thomas A. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2005 JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH - Vol.82 No.2
<P>Lithium has acute and chronic effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland (HPA) axis that are important for both therapeutic (e.g., treatment of mood disorders) and experimental (e.g., as the toxin in conditioned taste aversion studies) applications. We visualized lithium-induced activation of the HPA axis in rats by the adrenal expression of inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER), which is activated by elevated intracellular cAMP. We have shown that 1) intraperitoneal lithium chloride (LiCl) induces transient expression of ICER and c-fos mRNAs in the rat adrenal cortex and increases plasma level of corticosterone; 2) the cortical expression of ICER mRNA by LiCl occurs in a dose-dependent manner; 3) adrenal induction of ICER expression is delayed compared with c-fos expression; 4) dexamethasone pretreatment (4 mg/kg) blocks corticosterone release and adrenocortical ICER induction either by systemic LiCl (76 mg/kg) or by restraint stress; and 5) intracerebroventricular LiCl (127 μg/5 μl) is sufficient for adrenocortical, but not medullary, ICER induction. These results suggest that adrenocortical ICER expression could serve as a reliable marker for lithium-induced activation of the HPA axis. Understanding the activation of immediate-early genes such as c-fos or ICER in response to a single LiCl injection is an important first step in understanding the long-term changes in gene expression elicited by lithium that are involved in its therapeutic and toxic effect. The pattern and mechanism by which lithium stimulates ICER transcription in the adrenal gland would serve as a useful model system in future studies of lithium. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>
( Spencer Lin ),( Pomin Li ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1
In order to overcome trade liberalization and climate change which are two major issues in current agriculture worldwide, the responds are to develop smart agriculture and agro-bio-economy hoping to minimize and optimize the production variables during the big environmental changes. Department of agricultural machinery of vocational high school always plays the role of a promoter of Taiwan's agriculture on the basis of people's livelihood or on the international stage in the past decades. And it became more important to implement the integration of smart agriculture into curriculum for teaching after adding the agricultural biotechnology elements. In this research, problem based learning, PBL, was imported in one-year course for vocational high school student. Based on PBL strategies, teachers will teach students to discuss and integrate related new technology elements (AI, IR, IoT, and big data) and existing agricultural technologies. By introducing this innovative teaching method, we can effectively improve students' learning achievements for intellectual agriculture and analysis skill in the practical application of maximum effectiveness.
Spencer S. Walse,Rodrigo Krugner,Steven Tebbets 한국응용곤충학회 2012 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.15 No.3
Methyl bromide (MB) chamber fumigations were evaluated for postharvest control of spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, in strawberry exports from California USA. Strawberries were infested with themost MB-tolerant age of SWD (60‐ to 108-h old at fumigation, ca. mature larvae), infested fruit were buried amongst uninfested fruit in export packaging, and fumigations were with 48 mg L−1 (3.0 lbs/1000 ft3) for 3 h at 18.0±Methyl bromide (MB) chamber fumigations were evaluated for postharvest control of spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii, in strawberry exports from California USA. Strawberries were infested with themost MB-tolerant age of SWD (60‐ to 108-h old at fumigation, ca. mature larvae), infested fruit were buried amongst uninfested fruit in export packaging, and fumigations were with 48 mg L−1 (3.0 lbs/1000 ft3) for 3 h at 18.0±0.5 °C (x s). Complete mortality of 105,173±3,321 (n±s) SWD specimens was achieved with applied doses ≥34.5 mg L−1 and exposures, expressed as a concentration×time products (CTs), ≥80.3 mg L−1 h.
Spencer S. Walse,Leonel R. Jimenez,Wiley A. Hall,J. Steven Tebbets,David M. Obenland 한국응용곤충학회 2016 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.19 No.1
Methyl bromide (MB) chamber fumigations were evaluated for postharvest control of spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), in fresh sweet cherry exports from Western USA. Sweet cherries were infested with SWD, incubated to maximize numbers of the most MB-tolerant specimens (ca. 60 to 108-h old at fumigation, 88% 3rd & 2nd instars), buried amongst uninfested fruit in bins consistent with commercial practice, cooled to an average pulp temperature ≥ 8.3 °C, and then fumigated in a chamber. Treatment efficacy was diagnosed by the percentage of survivors emerging as adults fromfumigated cherries relative to that fromnon-fumigated control cherries. A kinetic model of sorption was developed based on the measurement of MB and how calculated exposures varied across the fumigation trials. The model describes how to manipulate the applied MB dose, fumigation duration, and the load factor so that the resultant exposure is adequate for SWD control across various pulp temperatures when cherries are fumigated in wooden versus plastic bins. Results are discussed in the context of graduation toward optimized quarantine fumigation schedules for control of SWD, which will promote more strategic technical and economic Quarantine Pre-shipment (QPS) use of MB
Spencer C Tucker 한국국방연구원 2010 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.22 No.4
The Korean War is an immensely important event in twentieth century history. The first shooting war of the Cold War, the first United Nations War, and the only time that two major military powers have clashed on the battlefield since World War II, it has been largely forgotten by all*save for the Koreans, for whom the war continues. Although it began in June 1950, its roots extend back to the Japanese takeover of Korea in 1910 and the partition of the Peninsula at the end of World War II. In this concise yet analytical account, the author discusses the inability of the major powers to agree on a Korean government and the partition of Korea into two hostile regimes. He treats the factors prompting the North Korean invasion and the reasons for Soviet and Chinese support, the military balance at the start of the war, the factors prompting U.S. intervention, and the course of the war to include the Chinese intervention and the transition from a war of maneuver into one of stalemate. He also addressed the factors delaying an armistice agreement, assesses the costs and wide-reaching consequences of the war, and identifies areas for possible further study.