벤처기업의 기업가, 환경, 전략, 그리고 조직구조 특성과 성과변화

장수덕,이장우 한국경영과학회 2003 韓國經營科學會誌 Vol.28 No.2

Generally high-tech venture have few resources with which to withstand unpredictable environmental jolts. Therefore environmental changes may have severe effects on the performance of high-tech ventures. Unfortunately previous empirical studies for predicting the performance of ventures hardly deal with such dynamic changes of performance. We try to examine the performance changes of ventures through a longitudinal study before and after severe environmental changes, namely IMF Bailout Memorandum. For the empirical study, we classified venture firms into four types based on entrepreneur's assessment of their performance changes and investigated how these four types differ in characteristics of entrepreneurs, environment, strategy, and organizational features. We found that differentiation strategies, fit between strategy and environmental changes, entrepreneur's trust and activities such as networking and knowledge accumulation about customers, and decentralized organizational structure were important to the performance changes of high-tech ventures.

벤처기업 실패의 동태적 과정 : 실패의 유형, 과정 그리고 그 차이점에 대한 종단적 분석

장수덕(Sooduck Chang) 한국기술혁신학회 2010 기술혁신학회지 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구는 벤처기업의 실패에 대한 다양한 분석을 통해 실패의 원인, 과정, 실패의 유형별 차이에 대한 분석을 시도했다. 벤처기업의 생존과 실패를 10여 년간에 걸쳐 추적조사하고 2차례에 걸친 설문조사를 통해 기업의 전략, 환경, 조직구조의 변화에 대해 종단적 자료를 확보했다. 그리고 그 변화에 따른 벤처기업의 실패 그리고 실패유형별 실패과정 및 실패원인에 대한 차이분석을 실시했다. 그 결과, 벤처기업의 실패는 다양한 원인에 의해서 발생될 수 있으며 그 실패의 과정에 있어서도 매우 차이가 많이 발생할 수 있음을 발견하였다. 또한 실패한 벤처기업들의 경우 실패의 다양한 경로가 존재할 수 있으며 그 경로에 따라 각기 다른 실패요인들이 실패에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이렇듯 본 연구는 벤처기업의 생존과 실패에 대해 사후적 분석을 시도하는 일반적인 연구들에 비해 벤처기업 실패의 동태적 과정을 파악하게 이해하게 한다는 점에서 분명 진일보한 것으로 평가될 수 있다. 또한 그러한 점에서는 본 연구는 기존 연구들과 차별성을 갖는다. The main purpose of this study is to improve the understanding of the failures of venture companies. The study attempts to analyze the causes and the processes of venture failures and the different paths that led to such failures. For the research, 116 firms registered with the Korea Venture Business Association in 1997 were surveyed and traced in 2000. A questionnaire was sent to 105 companies that were operating at the time and 76 of them returned responses. In 2008, the 76 companies were re-traced, and it was found that 41 of them had failed while 35 survived. Through this process, a set of longitudinal data was gathered about the changes in strategies, environments, and organizational structures. Accordingly, t-test and ANOVA analysis were performed on the different causes and processes of venture failures, as well as the taxonomy according to the changes in circumstances. Empirical findings can be summarized as follows. Venture companies failed due to various reasons and there were very different failing processes. In addition, this study found that various failing paths existed among failed venture companies and different factors affected company failures. Considering these findings, this research is clearly advanced and can be distinguished from other existing researches in terms of the dynamic understanding of the failures of venture companies.

VENTURE SURVIVAL AFTER ENVIRONMENTAL JOLTS

Sooduck Chang(장수덕) 한국산업경영학회 2005 한국산업경영학회 발표논문집 Vol.2005 No.2

Small new firms are seen as being at a disadvantage relative to their older, larger rivals, and therefore subject to a higher rate of failure, due to liabilities of newness and smallness (Aldrich & Auster, 1986; Bradley & Rubach, 1999; Honjo, 2000a; Shepherd, Douglas, & Shanley, 2000; Stinchcombe, 1965). They may be able to survive and grow in less hostile environments with lower competitive threats (Romanelli, 1989; Stearns,Carter, Reynolds, & Williams, 1995; Tsai, MacMillan, & Low, 1991). But survival differences may become more evident in rapidly changing, highly uncertain environments, according to Hannan and Freeman (1989), who add that most organizations cannot adapt quickly enough in these environments. In the face of environmental jolts, however, firms have very little time to react in order to survive these more sudden, extreme impacts. Environmental jolts are infrequent, but produce high consequences for industry players (Venkataraman & Van de Ven, 1998). There are indications these events may be particularly hazardous for newer or smaller firms because they have little ‘slack’to withstand these unexpected, uncontrollable jolts (Cooper, 1995; Low & MacMillan, 1988; Woo, Daellenbach, & Nicholls-Nixon, 1994). Korea experienced a major jolt with its financial crisis of 1997. This crisis caused severe economic difficulties for Korean firms and led many into bankruptcy. Our research examines the survival or failure of 115 Korean technology-based small and medium enterprises (SMEs) after this jolt. We explore whether it is simply a matter of age and size, or the possession of certain resources, that can explain the ability for ventures to withstand these shocks. We proceed as follows. We start with background on environmental jolts and the Korean Financial Crisis. Next, we draw from the entrepreneurship literature and theoretical perspectives, primarily liabilities of newness and the resource-based view of the firm, to develop hypotheses about age and size, and sources of buffers, and their association with survival or failure in the face of environmental jolts. We then describe our research sample and method, followed by a discussion of our results and conclusions. Our research makes the following contributions to the literature. First, we examine factors enabling a newer, smaller firm to withstand environmental jolts. While there is greater understanding about how entrepreneurial organizations survive and grow through evolutionary processes and incremental adaptation, we believe there is value in understanding how these firms can buffer themselves against the hazards of unanticipated discontinuous shifts in their environments. Second, we combine concepts from the liability of newness and smallness perspective with the resource-based view to add more depth of understanding about the underlying sources of survival or failure in new firms.

유리천장에 대한 지각이 조직몰입과 조직공정성에 미치는 영향

장수덕(Sooduck Chang),장영(Young Chang) 한국산업경영학회 2007 경영연구 Vol.22 No.3

  본 연구는 여성근로자들을 대상으로 조직내 유리천장에 대한 지각이 조직몰입 및 조직공정성에 미치는 영향을 규명하고, 조직공정성이 유리천장과 조직몰입의 관계에 있어서 어떠한 매개적 역할을 수행할 수 있는지 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 250명의 여성근로자들을 대상으로 한 본 연구는 다음과 같은 결과를 보여주고 있다. 유리천장에 대한 지각은 조직몰입과 조직공정성의 두 가지 차원인 절차공정성과 분배공정성에 대해 부(-)의 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 절차 공정성과 분배공정성은 유리천장에 대한 지각이 조직몰입에 미치는 데 있어 절차공정성은 매개의 역할을 수행하는 반면 분배공정성은 매개의 역할을 수행하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 조직내에서 여성들이 유리천장의 현상을 지각하게 될 때 나타나는 부정적 반응이 조직에 어떠한 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 그리고 그 영향력이 조직내 공정성에 따라서 어떻게 달라질 수 있는지를 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다.   This study identified the relationship between the perceived glass ceiling, perception of organizational justice, and attitudinal outcome for a sample of women employees. For the purpose of this study, it examined the direct and indirect impact of the perceived glass ceiling on organizational commitment. Perception of organizational justice was suggested to intermediate the relationship between the perceived glass ceiling and organizational commitment. Using data collected from 250 women employees from different firms, this research showed that the perceived glass ceiling was found to have a negative impact on organizational commitment and organizational justice(i.e., distributive justice & procedural justice). Procedural justice was found to mediate the relationship between perceived glass ceiling and organizational commitment while distributive justice had no mediating influence on organizational commitment. The implications and limitations of this study are discussed in the conclusion.

미국 4개 대학의 창업교육 현황과 특징

이장우,장수덕 한국중소기업학회 1999 기업가정신과 벤처연구 Vol.2 No.2

Education on entrepreneurship becomes a hot issue in universities and colleges. Hoewer, curriculum, programs, and teaching methods are underdeveloped yet. This paper deals with some cases of American universities and attempt to identify common characteristics of them. The authors expect that results from the ease studies could offer ideas anf information which might be useful to develop education system or programs on entrepreneurship and venture creation.

대학생 창업활동에 대한 실증적 연구 : 대학생 중심의 인지적 모델과 대학지원의 통합적 접근

장수덕,이재훈,Chang, Sooduck,Lee, Jaehoon 한국벤처창업학회 2014 벤처창업연구 Vol.9 No.4

본 연구의 기본적 목적은 대학생들의 창업활성화를 위해 창업활동에 중요한 영향을 미치는 창업의도와 대학의 창업지원 활동을 중심으로 이들 변수들이 창업활동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 실증적으로 검증하는 것이다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 먼저 연구자들은 대학생 창업의도의 영향요인을 식별하고 이들 영향요인들이 창업의도에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 검증하고자 했다. 그리고 창업의도에 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 이들 요인들이 창업활동에는 어떠한 영향을 미치며, 그 과정에서 창업의도가 어떠한 매개효과를 발휘할 수 있는지를 실증적으로 검증하였다. 실증적 연구를 위해 수집된 설문지는 총 769부이며 창업선도대학을 중심으로 설문지가 배포되었다. 설문지는 자기응답방식으로 이루어졌다. 이들 설문지를 토대로 자료를 분석한 결과 대학생들의 창업에 대한 자기효능감과 위험감수성향은 창업의도에 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 창업강좌 수강이나 창업동아리 활동과 같은 경험 및 롤모델의 경험 또한 창업의도에 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 창업의도는 개별적으로 창업활동에 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미치지만 부분매개변수로서의 역할도 수행할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 창업의도가 높은 학생들이 대학의 창업지원 활동을 많이 경험할 수도 창업활동은 더욱 활발해지는 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 이러한 결과들은 대학생들의 창업의 과정을 이해하는데 있어서 이론적으로나 실무적으로 큰 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다. The basic purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among entrepreneurial intention, university supports for startup, and startup activities of university students. For the study, we identified the influence factors of students' startup intention based on reviewing preceding studies and examined how these factors affect their intention of new venture startup. In addition, this study attempted to examine how these factors that can have a significant impact on entrepreneurial intention affect startup activities and analyzed how entrepreneurial intention would mediate the relationship between these influence factors and startup activities. A total of 769 students who chosen by random were surveyed and all questionnaires were sent by mail to the universities that entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial programs were selected as the forerunners from the government. As a result, this study revealed that student's psychological traits such as entrepreneurial self-efficacy and risk-taking have significant effect on the intention of startup. And student's exposure to the role models and various entrepreneurial experiences such as entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial student's club in the university has significantly positive influence on the intention of startup. This study also found that the effects of these explanatory variables of this research on startup activities have been partially mediated by entrepreneurial intention. The entrepreneurial intention was also proven to have a significant effect on startup activities. Finally, the extent to which university supports activities for students' startup moderated the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and university students' startup activities. We believe that these results of this study contribute to the understanding of the entrepreneurship process both theoretical and practical perspectives.

Family vs. Non-family Firm Behavior and Performance: A Study of Korean High-Technology Industries

Danny Miller,Jangwoo Lee,Sooduck Chang,Isabelle Le Breton-Miller 한국인사ㆍ조직학회 2006 한국인사ㆍ조직학회 발표논문집 Vol.- No.-

Family businesses (FBs) are said to treat their employees with unusual consideration to form a cohesive internal “community”. They are also said to form more extensive “connections” or relationships with outside stakeholders. Both behaviors may increase the viability of a business intended to support an owning family and its later generations, and relate to the age-old notion of gemeinschaft. This study of Korean high technology businesses suggests that: 1) relationships of community and connection will be more common in FBs than in non-FBs, 2) these relationships will enhance performance, and 3) the performance of FBs will benefit more from these relationships than the performance of non-FBs.

군 초급간부의 공감 지향적 행동, 임파워먼트 그리고 직무만족과의 관계

정교태(Jung, KyoTai),장수덕(Chang, Sooduck) 한국조직학회 2012 한국조직학회보 Vol.9 No.1

중소기업 종업원들의 감성리더십 인식, 내재적 · 외재적 보상, 그리고 철회행동

이한석(HanSeok Lee),장수덕(SooDuck Chang),이하나(HaNa Lee) 한국인적자원개발학회 2016 인적자원개발연구 Vol.19 No.4