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Peer Smets 서울시립대학교 도시과학연구원 2019 도시과학국제저널 Vol.23 No.4
In developing and emerging countries, housing finance is mainly mortgage finance in combination with Western unsecured credit, both of which do not serve the bottom of the income pyramid. Poorer sections of society depend on incremental finance for building their houses. A combination of different sources is usually used including individual servicing of housing finance and community-based housing finance. Community-based financing covers a relatively small section of the housing finance market. In the formal financial sector, such initiatives include mainly credit unions and cooperatives. In the informal sector, a much broader kaleidoscope of community-based financing schemes and links with banks exists. This paper provides an overview of three kinds of informal community-based housing finance associations: rotating savings and credit associations, savings associations and accumulating savings and credit associations. These examples can be seen as a source of good practices. However, schemes that are commodified can have a huge potential for the development of informal settlements, but can also become instruments of institutions, benefiting the state and the better off, who profit at the expense of those at the bottom of the income pyramid.
MOON, HYE-KYOUNG,HONG, SUK-PYO,SMETS, ERIK,HUYSMANS, SUZY Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2009 Botanical journal of the Linnean Society Vol.160 No.2
<P>A comparative micromorphological study of leaves was carried out on 102 species of Mentheae; 61 species were selected for the anatomical study. Mentheae possessed both amphistomatic and hypostomatic leaves. The diversity of leaf epidermal characteristics was based on the variation in morphology of epidermal cells, stomata types and trichome types. Although each characteristic on its own has rather limited systematic value, the combination of some of these features may be systematically relevant, especially for the identification of species. For example, branched multicellular nonglandular trichomes were a diagnostic characteristic for all genera investigated of the subtribe Salviinae; however, this trichome type was also observed in <I>Hedeoma ciliolata</I> and <I>Neoeplingia leucophylloides</I> of the subtribe Menthinae. Capitate glandular trichomes with pear-shaped heads were only observed in <I>Salvia dorrii</I>. Subsessile glandular trichomes with multicellular heads (more than ten cells) were an apomorphy for <I>Perovskia</I>. The anatomical leaf structure was consistent throughout the tribe. In some species, the vascular bundles in the midrib were modified into a mechanical tissue, which is an adaptation to xerophytic environments. The observed variations are discussed in an ecological context and their phylogenetic significance is evaluated. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, <I>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</I>, 2009, <B>160</B>, 211–231.</P>
Facile Method to Obtain Low DS β-ketoesters and Esters of Microfibrillated Cellulose
Carmen C. Piras,Scott A. Jamieson,Emiliano Fratini,Susana Fernández-Prieto,Johan Smets,Wim M. De Borggraeve 한국섬유공학회 2020 Fibers and polymers Vol.21 No.10
Herein we report a facile approach to prepare low DS microfibrillated cellulose acetoacetates and esters. All thereactions were performed directly in cellulose slurries without the need of solvent evaporation, which can cause hornification,and without damaging the fibres. The products obtained display the inserted functionalities while retaining the main featuresand morphology of the unmodified cellulose fibres. In comparison to previously reported synthetic routes, this method iscost-effective, more environmentally friendly through omission of extra solvents and the possibility of reusing the dispersingagents, which can be recovered by distillation.
Identification, Origin, and Evolution of Leaf Nodulating Symbionts of Sericanthe (Rubiaceae)
Benny Lemaire,Elmar Robbrecht,Braam van Wyk,Sandra Van Oevelen,Brecht Verstraete,Els Prinsen,Erik Smets,Steven Dessein 한국미생물학회 2011 The journal of microbiology Vol.49 No.6
Bacterial leaf symbiosis is an intimate association between bacteria and plants in which endosymbionts are housed within leaf nodules. This phenomenon has been reported in three genera of Rubiaceae (Pavetta, Psychotria, and Sericanthe), but the bacterial partner has only been identified in Psychotria and Pavetta. Here we report the identification of symbiotic bacteria in two leaf nodulating Sericanthe species. Using 16S rRNA data and common housekeeping genetic markers (recA and gyrB) we studied the phylogenetic relationships of bacterial endosymbionts in Rubiaceae. Endosymbionts of leaf nodulating Rubiaceae were found to be closely related and were placed as a monophyletic group within the genus Burkholderia (β-Proteobacteria). The phylogenetic analyses revealed a pattern of strict host specificity and placed the two investigated endosymbionts at two distinct positions in the topology of the tree, suggesting at least two different evolutionary origins. The degree of sequence divergence between the Sericanthe endosymbionts and their relatives was large enough to propose the Sericanthe endosymbionts as new species (‘Candidatus Burkholderia andongensis’ and ‘Candidatus Burkholderia petitii’). In a second part of this study, the pylogenetic relationships among nodulating and non-nodulating Sericanthe species were investigated using sequence data from six chloroplast regions (rps16, trnG, trnL-trnF, petD, petA-psbJ, and atpI-atpH). Overall, genetic variation among the plastid markers was insufficient to enable phylogenetic estimation. However, our results could not rule out the possibility that bacterial leaf symbiosis originated once in a common ancestor of the Sericanthe species.
Involvement of 14-3-3 in tubulin instability and impaired axon development is mediated by Tau
Joo, Yuyoung,Schumacher, Benjamin,Landrieu, Isabelle,Bartel, Maria,Smet-Nocca, Caroline,Jang, Ahram,Choi, Hee Soon,Jeon, Noo Li,Chang, Keun-A,Kim, Hye-Sun,Ottmann, Christian,Suh, Yoo-Hun The Federation of American Societies for Experimen 2015 The FASEB Journal Vol.29 No.10
<P>14-3-3 proteins act as adapters that exert their function by interacting with their various protein partners. 14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in a variety of human diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. 14-3-3 proteins have recently been reported to be abundant in the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) observed inside the neurons of brains affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These NFTs are mainly constituted of phosphorylated Tau protein, a microtubule-associated protein known to bind 14-3-3. Despite this indication of 14-3-3 protein involvement in the AD pathogenesis, the role of 14-3-3 in the Tauopathy remains to be clarified. In the present study, we shed light on the role of 14-3-3 proteins in the molecular pathways leading to Tauopathies. Overexpression of the 14-3-3σ isoform resulted in a disruption of the tubulin cytoskeleton and prevented neuritic outgrowth in neurons. NMR studies validated the phosphorylated residues pSer214 and pSer324 in Tau as the 2 primary sites for 14-3-3 binding, with the crystal structure of 14-3-3σ in complex with Tau-pSer214 and Tau-pSer324 revealing the molecular details of the interaction. These data suggest a rationale for a possible pharmacologic intervention of the Tau/14-3-3 interaction.—Joo, Y., Schumacher, B., Landrieu, I., Bartel, M., Smet-Nocca, C., Jang, A., Choi, H. S., Jeon, N. L., Chang, K.-A., Kim, H.-S., Ottmann, C., Suh, Y.-H. Involvement of 14-3-3 in tubulin instability and impaired axon development is mediated by Tau.</P>
QuLa: Queue and Latency-Aware Service Selection and Routing in Service-Centric Networking
Piet Smet,Pieter Simoens,Bart Dhoedt 한국통신학회 2015 Journal of communications and networks Vol.17 No.3
Due to an explosive growth in services running in different datacenters, there is need for service selection and routing to deliver user requests to the best service instance. In current solutions, it is generally the client that must first select a datacenter to forward the request to before an internal load-balancer of the selected datacenter can select the optimal instance. An optimal selection requires knowledge of both network and server characteristics, making clients less suitable to make this decision. Information-Centric Networking (ICN) research solved a similar selection problem for static data retrieval by integrating content delivery as a native network feature. We address the selection problem for services by extending the ICN-principles for services. In this paper we present Queue and Latency, a network-driven service selection algorithm which maps user demand to service instances, taking into account both network and server metrics. To reduce the size of service router forwarding tables, we present a statistical method to approximate an optimal load distribution with minimized router state required. Simulation results show that our statistical routing approach approximates the average system response time of source-based routing with minimized state in forwarding tables.
Stanislawa Kanas,Dominika Klimek-Smet 대한수학회 2014 대한수학회보 Vol.51 No.3
Let S0 H be the class of normalized univalent harmonic mappings in the unit disk. A subclass VH(k) of S0 H, whose analytic part is function with bounded boundary rotation, is introduced. Some bounds for functionals, specially harmonic pre-Schwarzian derivative, described in VH(k) are given.
Kanas, Stanis lawa,Klimek-Smet, Dominika Korean Mathematical Society 2014 대한수학회보 Vol.51 No.3
Let ${\mathcal{S}}^0_{\mathcal{H}}$ be the class of normalized univalent harmonic mappings in the unit disk. A subclass ${\mathcal{V}}^{\mathcal{H}}(k)$ of ${\mathcal{S}}^0_{\mathcal{H}}$, whose analytic part is function with bounded boundary rotation, is introduced. Some bounds for functionals, specially harmonic pre-Schwarzian derivative, described in ${\mathcal{V}}^{\mathcal{H}}(k)$ are given.