Practice of diesel fuel blends using alternative fuels: A review

Chauhan, Bhupendra Singh,Singh, Ram Kripal,Cho, H.M.,Lim, H.C. Elsevier 2016 RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS Vol.59 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In order to meet the growing global energy requirement, exhaustive research is carried to develop and to use variety of renewable fuels. Concerns on the long-term availability of petroleum diesel and the stringent environmental norms have mandated the search for a renewable alternative to diesel fuel to address these problems. Diesel engines have proven their utility in the transportation, agriculture, and power sectors for small energy needs as a potential source of decentralized energy generation for electrification. Mixing of diesel fuel with biodiesel has been considered as good alternative to diesel in the past couple of years. The objective of the present study is to compare the performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of blended fuels in the unmodified diesel engine. Differences in the fuel properties of non-edible vegetable oils, biodiesels and other diesel fuel blends are considered in this review. Various diesel fuel blends with di-ethyl ether, ethyl-tert-butyl ether, mono-ethylene glycol ethyl ether, mono-ethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, cottonseed oil, jatropha oil, karanja oil, mahua oil, linseed oil, rubber seed oil, neem oil, cashew nut shell oil, marine gas oil, fish oil, were used in diesel engine operation and their results were analyzed. It is clear from this review that all the blends studied generally causes an increase in NO<I>x</I> emission and a decrease in HC, CO and PM emissions compared to diesel. Biodiesel blended fuel shows lower brake thermal efficiency and slight increase in its brake specific fuel consumption compared to conventional diesel for the same energy output. Result of combustion and performance characteristics shows that biodiesels from different origin and its blends with diesel at 10–20% is better than higher blends. Thus, biodiesel could be a potential fuel for diesel engine and play a vital role in the near future especially for small and medium energy requirements. Hence, use of 10% to 20% blend of biodiesel is favorable for long term application in diesel engines, considering performance and emissions characteristics which are close to mineral diesel.</P>

The Role of Yoga Intervention in the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis: A Narrative Review and Proposed Model

Chauhan, Ripudaman Singh,Rajesh, S.K Cellmed Orthocellular Medicine and Pharmaceutical 2020 셀메드 (CellMed) Vol.10 No.3

Allergic Rhinitis (AR) is an IgE (immunoglobin-E) mediated inflammatory condition of upper respiratory tract; main clinical features involve runny nose, sneezing, nasal obstruction, itching and watery eyes. AR is a global problem and has large variations in incidences, currently affects up to 20% - 40% of the population worldwide. It may not be a life-threatening disease per se but indisposition from the condition can be severe and has the potential to adversely affect the daily functioning of life. Classical yoga literature indicates that, components of yoga have been used to treat numerous inflammatory conditions including upper respiratory tract. A few yoga intervention studies reported improvement in lung capacity, Nasal air flow and symptoms of allergic rhinitis. This review examined various anti-inflammatory pathways mediated through Yoga that include downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. The hypothalaminic-pitutary-adrenal (HPA) axis and vagal efferent stimulation has been reported to mediate anti-inflammatory effect. A significant reduction is also reported in other inflammatory biomarkers like- TNF-alpha, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), plasma CRP and Cortisol level. Neti, a yogic nasal cleansing technique, reported beneficial effect on AR by direct physical cleansing of thick mucus, allergens, and inflammatory mediator from nasal mucosa resulting in improved ciliary beat frequency. We do not find any study showing effect of yoga on neurogenic inflammation. In summary, Integrated Yoga Therapy may have beneficial effect in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life for patients with allergic rhinitis. Yoga may reduce inflammation through mediating neuro-endocrino-immunological network. Future studies are needed to explore the mechanism how yoga might modulate immune inflammation cascade and neurogenic inflammation at the cellular level in relevance to allergic rhinitis; the effects of kriyas (yogic cleansing techniques) also need to be evaluated in early and late phase of AR. So the proposed model could guide future research.

Carbon nanodots: recent advances in synthesis and applications

Chauhan Dheeraj Singh,Quraishi M. A.,Verma Chandrabhan 한국탄소학회 2022 Carbon Letters Vol.32 No.7

Due to their fascinating properties, there is a rise in the critical consideration of carbon-based nanomaterials in a plethora of applications. Carbon nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes, and nanodiamonds, have broad applicability and potential research prospects. In the past few years, the developments and consumption of still smaller nanomaterials, namely graphene quantum dots and carbon nanodots or carbon dots (CDs) have been explored. Since carbon as a component exhibits insignificant cytotoxicity and remarkable biocompatibility, CDs have found a wide scope of potential applications. Owing to their fascinating aspects, such as small size, biocompatibility, low toxic nature, environment-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, ease of chemical functionalization, derivatization and surface modification, and photoluminescence tenability, CDs have been widely acknowledged. CDs have found major prospects in the areas of catalysis, sensors, and optical and bio-related applications. CDs are generally synthesized by employing techniques of pyrolysis, laser ablation, arc discharge, electrochemical method; hydrothermal and solvothermal techniques; and microwave and ultrasonic irradiations. This review article presents a brief account of the major properties of CDs, and applications, with particular emphasis on the green and environment-friendly synthesis methodologies. An overview of the microwave and ultrasound irradiation-induced syntheses for the preparation of CDs is presented in the light of green chemistry principles. In addition, some of the green and environmentally benign precursors for the production of CDs are outlined. The most recent work on CDs is included in this review article.

Use of Terminal Restriction Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) Analysis to Evaluate Uncultivable Microbial Community Structure of Soil

Chauhan, Puneet Singh,Shagol, Charlotte C.,Yim, Woo-Jong,Tipayno, Sherlyn C.,Kim, Chang-Gi,Sa, Tong-Min Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2011 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.44 No.1

Various environmental ecosystems are valuable sources for microbial ecology studies, and their analyses using recently developed molecular ecological approaches have drawn significant attention within the scientific community. Changes in the microbial community structures due to various anthropogenic activities can be evaluated by various culture-independent methods e.g. ARISA, DGGE, SSCP, T-RFLP, clone library, pyrosequencing, etc. Direct amplification of total community DNA and amplification of most conserved region (16S rRNA) are common initial steps, followed by either fingerprinting or sequencing analysis. Fingerprinting methods are relatively quicker than sequencing analysis in evaluating the changes in the microbial community. Being an efficient, sensitive and time- and cost effective method, T-RFLP is regularly used by many researchers to access the microbial diversity. Among various fingerprinting methods T-RFLP became an important tool in studying the microbial community structure because of its sensitivity and reproducibility. In this present review, we will discuss the important developments in T-RFLP methodology to distinguish the total microbial diversity and community composition in the various ecosystems.

STRONG CONVERGENCE THEOREMS FOR A QUASI CONTRACTIVE TYPE MAPPING EMPLOYING A NEW ITERATIVE SCHEME WITH AN APPLICATION

Chauhan, Surjeet Singh,Utreja, Kiran,Imdad, Mohammad,Ahmadullah, Md The Honam Mathematical Society 2017 호남수학학술지 Vol.39 No.1

In this paper, we introduce a new scheme namely: CUIA-iterative scheme and utilize the same to prove a strong convergence theorem for quasi contractive mappings in Banach spaces. We also establish the equivalence of our new iterative scheme with various iterative schemes namely: Picard, Mann, Ishikawa, Agarwal et al., Noor, SP, CR etc for quasi contractive mappings besides carrying out a comparative study of rate of convergences of involve iterative schemes. The present new iterative scheme converges faster than above mentioned iterative schemes whose detailed comparison carried out with the help of different tables and graphs prepared with the help of MATLAB.

The Performance and Emissions Analysis of a Multi Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine with Gasoline LPG & CNG

Chauhan, Bhupendra Singh,Cho, Haeng-Muk The Korean Institute of GAS 2011 한국가스학회지 Vol.15 No.4

The introduction of alternative fuels is beneficial to overcome the fuel shortage and reduce engine exhaust emissions. LPG and CNG are relatively clean fuel and considered as most promising alternative automotive fuels worldwide because of its emission reduction potential and lower fuel price compared to gasoline. Now a day’s adaptation of dual fuel approach is the growing as common trend. The two fuels can be successfully implemented with existing gasoline engine with little modification. The present study was done to analyze the performance and emissions analysis of a multi cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled with the benefits of CNG and LPG aseffective alternate automotive fuels by simply using them in an unmodified petrol engine. The test results indicate, the energy content of CNG and LPG is the most limiting factor in acceptance for fuel economy and performance reasons. Thermal efficiency was high for CNG lowest for gasoline and LPG between the two. BSFC, CO and HC were low and NOx was high for CNG and low for gasoline, LPG lies between the two.

COUPLED FIXED POINT THEOREMS FOR RATIONAL INEQUALITY IN GENERALIZED METRIC SPACES

Singh, Deepak,Tomar, Surjeet Singh,Rathore, M.S.,Chauhan, Varsha The Youngnam Mathematical Society 2015 East Asian mathematical journal Vol.31 No.1

In modern times, coupled fixed point theorems have been rigorously studied by many researchers in the milieu of partially ordered G-metric spaces using different contractive conditions. In this note, some coupled fixed point theorems using mixed monotone property in partially ordered G-metric spaces are obtained. Furthermore some theorems by omitting the completeness on the space and continuity conditions on function, are obtained. Our results partially generalize some existing results in the present literature. To exemplify our results and to distinguish them from the existing ones, we equip the article with suitable examples.

Role of Devnagari and Persian Script in Hindi-Urdu Controversy: A Historical Perspective

( Chauhan Karan Singh ) 한국인도학회 2011 印度硏究 Vol.16 No.1

Controversy regarding the language of the so-called ``Hindustani`` area has been an important issue throughout British period which engulfed the Indian freedom movement. Hindi or ``Hindui`` was the original form adopted and mentioned as such by the earliest of writers of Hindi. Later, word Urdu came into use to denote the same language called Hindi or Hindui, but with a Persian tilt. The common people continued to regard both forms as one language. Due to Moghal rule, Hindi and later Urdu written in Persian script became the official language of governance. When Britishers came to India they found a very interesting phenomena with regard to language and scripts pravelent in northern Hindi belt. Although the spoken language of the people was one, but it was written in a script, imposed from outside. They tried to confirm the real position by doing various language and script surveys and came to the conclusion that it would be better for communication and understanding if beside Persian script, ``Nagari`` script is introduced in Government offices and courts etc. This angered the Muslim community who used to be in an advantageous position with Persian script. Although, language question was never a controversial issue among the common people of this area but due to the two different scripts, it got associated with communal feelings. The emergence of Sanskritized Hindi and Persianized Urdu was the direct outcome of this communal divide. Britishers tried to not only placate this but took full advantage of the issue for dividing people on communal lines. To create communal unity within freedom struggle, Gandhi Ji tried to bring ``Hindustani`` into focus which represent the mix of both spoken Hindi and Urdu. He advocated one common language for both the communities which can be written either in Nagari or Persian script. It attracted lot of criticism from both sides. In such a charged atmosphere the question of National language or a National script became more and more controversial. Progressive cultural movement, being the most important literary movement in all Indian Languages, where both Hindi and Urdu writers worked together, tried to understand and solve the language and script problem. On the basis of its analysis and conclusions it mendated that Hindi written in Devnagari script should be the national language of the country and Urdu written in Persian should be regarded as close associate of it. Later, when Indian constitution was framed and implemented, in article 343 regarding the Official language of the Union it was written that ``the official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devnagari script.``

Role of Devnagari and Persian Script in Hindi-Urdu Controversy

Chauhan Karan Singh 한국인도학회 2011 印度硏究 Vol.16 No.2

Controversy regarding the language of the so-called ‘Hindustani’ area has been an important issue throughout British period which engulfed the Indian freedom movement. Hindi or ‘Hindui’ was the original form adopted and mentioned as such by the earliest of writers of Hindi. Later, word Urdu came into use to denote the same language called Hindi or Hindui, but with a Persian tilt. The common people continued to regard both forms as one language. Due to Moghal rule, Hindi and later Urdu written in Persian script became the official language of governance. When Britishers came to India they found a very interesting phenomena with regard to language and scripts pravelent in northern Hindi belt. Although the spoken language of the people was one, but it was written in a script, imposed from outside. They tried to confirm the real position by doing various language and script surveys and came to the conclusion that it would be better for communication and understanding if beside Persian script, ‘Nagari’ script is introduced in Government offices and courts etc. This angered the Muslim community who used to be in an advantageous position with Persian script. Although, language question was never a controversial issue among the common people of this area but due to the two different scripts, it got associated with communal feelings. The emergence of Sanskritized Hindi and Persianized Urdu was the direct outcome of this communal divide. Britishers tried to not only placate this but took full advantage of the issue for dividing people on communal lines. To create communal unity within freedom struggle, Gandhi Ji tried to bring ‘Hindustani’ into focus which represent the mix of both spoken Hindi and Urdu. He advocated one common language for both the communities which can be written either in Nagari or Persian script. It attracted lot of criticism from both sides. In such a charged atmosphere the question of National language or a National script became more and more controversial. Progressive cultural movement, being the most important literary movement in all Indian Languages, where both Hindi and Urdu writers worked together, tried to understand and solve the language and script problem. On the basis of its analysis and conclusions it mendated that Hindi written in Devnagari script should be the national language of the country and Urdu written in Persian should be regarded as close associate of it. Later, when Indian constitution was framed and implemented, in article 343 regarding the Official language of the Union it was written that ‘the official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devnagari script.’

Temperature transients of piston of a Camless S.I Engine using different combustion boundary condition treatments

KanwarJabar Singh Gill,Khushpreet Singh,H.M. Cho,Bhupendra Singh Chauhan 한국에너지학회 2014 에너지공학 Vol.23 No.3