Fluoxetine and Sertraline Attenuate Postischemic Brain Injury in Mice

Shin, Tae-Kyeong,Kang, Mi-Sun,Lee, Ho-Youn,Seo, Moo-Sang,Kim, Si-Geun,Kim, Chi-Dae,Lee, Won-Suk The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2009 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.13 No.3

This study aimed to investigate whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) attenuate brain injury and facilitate recovery following photothrombotic cortical ischemia in mice. Male ICR mice were anesthetized and systemically administered Rose Bengal. Permanent focal ischemia was induced in the medial frontal and somatosensory cortices by irradiating the skull with cold light laser. The animals were treated with fluoxetine or sertraline once a day for 14 d starting 1 h after ischemic insult. Treatment with fluoxetine and sertraline significantly reduced the infarct size. The Evans blue extravasation indices of the fluoxetine- and sertraline-treated groups were significantly lower than that of the vehicle group. Treatment with fluoxetine and sertraline shifted the lower limit of the mean arterial blood pressure for cerebral blood flow autoregulation toward normal, and significantly increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 ${\alpha}$ (HIF-1 ${\alpha}$) proteins in the ischemic region. These results suggest that SSRIs, such as fluoxetine and sertraline, facilitate recovery following photothrombotic cortical ischemia via enhancement of HO-1 and HIF-1 ${\alpha}$ proteins expression, thereby providing a benefit in therapy of cerebral ischemia.

신안 상서고분군 석재에 대한 암석학적 특성과 석재 유통 고찰

윤석태 ( Youn Seok-tai ),고영구 ( Koh Yeong-koo ),오강호 ( Oh Kang-ho ),김해정 ( Kim Hae-jung ),신자경 ( Shin Ja-kyeong ),김해경 ( Kim Hai-gyoung ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2018 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.30 No.1

이 연구는 전남 신안군 상태도에 위치한 상서고분군 축조에 사용된 석재들에 대한 암석학적 특성과 채석 등 유통과정에 대해 고찰하고자 하였다. 고분 축조에 사용된 석재들에 대한 암석학적 특성 연구는 외관적 관찰에 의한 암석기재적 연구와 편광현미경 하에서 암석의 광물조성과 조직특성에 대한 연구 및 암석의 주성분 함량조성을 통한 지구화학적 연구를 수행하였다. 이 연구들과 함께 주변지질들과 관련하여 고분석재들의 채석과 이송 등에 대한 연구도 병행하였다. 고대로부터 신안군 일대는 한국-중국-일본을 연결하는 고대 해상교통로에 중요한 위치를 점하는 것으로 알려져 고분 축조에 사용되었던 석재 연구는 고대 해양사 측면에서 의미를 지닌다고 할 수 있다. 기재적 관찰에서 석재들은 중성암맥 기원인 안산반암을 제외하고는 대부분이 응회암류에 해당한다. 이들은 라필리응회암과 세립질 응회암으로 구분되는데 대부분 세립질 응회암에 속한다. 응회암 구성입자들은 각상에서 초각상이고 분급도는 불량하다. 세립질 응회암들은 매우 치밀한 조직을 보유하고 특히 라필리응회암의 불규칙한 이탈흔들은 타포니(tafoni)와 관련될 가능성이 있다. 응회암의 입자들은 사장석편과 암편 등이 주를 이루며 크기 범위가 광범위하다. 사장석들은 알바이트 쌍정이 잘 나타나고 격자쌍정을 이루는 미사장석들도 출현한다. 응회암의 치밀한 조직은 부분적으로 속성작용과 관련되는 것으로 여겨지며 다양한 풍화정도를 보인다. 또한, 미세한 석영맥들이 응회암들을 종횡으로 관통하고 있다. 상기한 상서고분군 석재들에 대한 주성분 원소 함량에 대한 지구화학적 연구에 의하면, 이들 응회암은 화산암류 관점에서 산성암계열에 근접한 중성암 계열 및 산성암계열에 해당시킬 수 있다. 이러한 함량분포 특성 상, 이 응회암들은 두 가지 군으로 나눌 수 있다. 그리고 TAS(total alakali vs silica) 분류에서 이 응회암들은 저알칼리암 계열에 도시된다. 고분축조에 사용된 응회암들은 주변의 암석과 매우 유사하며 석재들 자체도 광물조상과 조직특성에서 서로 유사정도가 높다. 일반적으로 응회암들은 판상특성, 가공의 용이성 및 상대적인 견고성으로 고분과 건축 등에 많이 이용되어 왔다. 이러한 결과들을 기반으로 고분축조에 사용된 응회암들은 산성암계열에 근접한 중성암계열 및 산성암계열 기원을 가지며 주변 암석에서 채석·이송된 것으로 추정된다. This study considers on petrological characteristics and distribution to building stones of Sangseo tumuli in Santae Island, Shin-an, Jeonnam. The petrological study on the stones includes visually petrographical descriptions, textural study by polarized microscope and geochemical analysis. Along with the study, distribution routes of the stones were traced based on the regional geology of the island. Since ancient times, the study area is important as a base on international maritime traffic route. Therefore, studies on the tumuli are meaningful for ancient maritime history. In visual observation, above building stones are of tuffs except for an andesitic porphyry considered as intermediate dyke. The tuffs are assigned to lapilli and fine ones. Their grains are poorly sorted and angular to very angular in roundness. In particular, the fine tuffs show very dense textures and take up the most part of the building stones. In addition, the stones have irregularly removed depressions inferred as the linkage to tafoni, in lapilli tuffs particularly. The tuffs are mainly of plagioclases laths, rock fragments and matrices and ranges widely in grain size. The plagioclases show mostly unambiguous albite twin. And, microcline crystals are observed in the tuffs too. Matrices in the tuffs are considerably dense and weathered. Dense texture in the rocks are related to diagenesis in part. In addition, thin quartz veins irregularly intruded the rocks vertically and horizontally. According to the geochemical analysis of building stones of above tumuli, the stones might be intermediate rock series near acidic rock ones and acidic rock ones in the correspondence of volcanics. Therefore, the tuffs probably grouped as two types and are assigned to subalkaline rock series by TAS diagram. Most the building stones mutually resemble in visual and textural characteristics. Tuffs are generally platy, easy in use and relatively hard. In addition, rocks very similar to the building stones are widely distributed in surrounding area. Synthesizing above results, it is considered that tuffs used in tumuli building are corresponded to intermediate rock series near acidic rock ones and acidic rock, and got from surrounding rocks.

Fluoxetine and Sertraline Attenuate Postischemic Brain Injury in Mice

Tae Kyeong Shin,Mi Sun Kang,Ho Youn Lee,Moo Sang Seo,Si Geun Kim,Chi Dae Kim,Won Suk Lee 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 2009 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.13 No.3

This study aimed to investigate whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) attenuate brain injury and facilitate recovery following photothrombotic cortical ischemia in mice. Male ICR mice were anesthetized and systemically administered Rose Bengal. Permanent focal ischemia was induced in the medial frontal and somatosensory cortices by irradiating the skull with cold light laser. The animals were treated with fluoxetine or sertraline once a day for 14 d starting 1 h after ischemic insult. Treatment with fluoxetine and sertraline significantly reduced the infarct size. The Evans blue extravasation indices of the fluoxetine- and sertraline-treated groups were significantly lower than that of the vehicle group. Treatment with fluoxetine and sertraline shifted the lower limit of the mean arterial blood pressure for cerebral blood flow autoregulation toward normal, and significantly increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1Ձ (HIF-1Ձ) proteins in the ischemic region. These results suggest that SSRIs, such as fluoxetine and sertraline, facilitate recovery following photothrombotic cortical ischemia via enhancement of HO-1 and HIF-1Ձ proteins expression, thereby providing a benefit in therapy of cerebral ischemia.

Intracavitary Radiation Therapy for Recurrent Cystic Brain Tumors with Holmium-166-Chico : A Pilot Study

Ha, Eun Jin,Gwak, Ho-Shin,Rhee, Chang Hun,Youn, Sang Min,Choi, Chang-Woon,Cheon, Gi Jeong The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2013 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.54 No.3

Objective : Intracavitary injection of beta-emitting radiation source for control of cystic tumors has been tried with a benefit of localized internal radiation. The authors treated cystic brain tumor patients with Holmium-166-chitosan complex (Ho-166-chico), composed of a beta-emitting radionuclide Holmium-166 and biodegradable chit polymer, and evaluated the safety and effective measurement for response. Methods : Twenty-two patients with recurrent cystic brain tumor and/or located in a deep or eloquent area were enrolled in this pilot study. The cyst volume and wall thickness were determined on CT or MRI to assess radiological response. The activity of Ho-166-chico injected via Ommaya reservoir was prescribed to be 10-25 Gy to the cyst wall in a depth of 4 mm. Results : There was neither complications related to systemic absorption nor leakage of Ho-166-chico in all 22 patients. But, two cases of oculomotor paresis were observed in patients with recurrent craniopharyngioma. Radiological response was seen in 14 of 20 available follow-up images (70%). Seven patients of 'evident' radiological response experienced more than 25% decrease of both cyst volume and wall thickness. Another 7 patients with 'suggestive' response showed decrease of cyst volume without definitive change of the wall thickness or vice versa. All patients with benign tumors or low grade gliomas experienced symptomatic improvement. Conclusion : Ho-166-chico intracavitary radiation therapy for cystic tumor is a safe method of palliation without serious complications. The determination of both minimal effective dosage and time interval of repeated injection through phase 1 trial could improve the results in the future.

망간 용해액의 정제를 위한 기초 연구

신강호,송영준,김윤채 三陟大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.31 No.1

This study was performed to obtain basic data for refining manganese nitrate solution which used as starting material for manufacturing Mn₃O₄, raw material of Mn-Zn soft ferrite. 1. Among the various kinds of manganese oxide, MnO is most appropriate for making manganese nitrate solution, for the MnO is easily dissolve in nitric acid and which reaction is exothermic. 2. The most appropriate condition for reduction roasting which reducing Mn₃O₄to MnO is temperature of 700~800℃, roasting time of 30~60min, carbon 5~10 wt.%. 3. The appropriate pH of solution and reaction time for removing iron and silicon from manganese nitrate solution by controlling the pH of solution are pH4~6, 1~2hour, respectively. 4. The appropriate condition for removing calcium and magnesium from manganese nitrate solution by precipitating in the form of oxalate are pH of 1~4, (NH₄)₂C₂O₄adding amount of 0.1M or less and as long reaction time as possible.

합금철 분진의 재활용을 위한 기초 연구

신강호,송영준,김윤채 三陟大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.31 No.1

This study was performed to obtain the basic data for recycling of the dust in ferroalloy manufacture. The chemical composition, composition material, particle size and shapes of the bulk dust, sizing dust and magnetic separating dust were investigated. As the result, the dust from High Carbon Ferromanganese Manufacturing Process is not sufficient as source material of Mn, the dust from Bag Filter of AOD Process is a good source material of Mn, and the dust from Cooler of AOD Process can be a good source material of Mn through Sizing or Magnetic Separation.

스포츠센터의 지식관리 필요성 및 경쟁우위와의 관계

신윤호 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.14 No.6

The enterprise organizations endeavor to reform themselves through information -orientation in the internal circumstances jumping on the bandwagon of the structuring. So this thesis has an aim to examine a variety of views found in the prior studies about knowledge control, to discuss the necessity of knowledge control and competitive dominance, to strengthen the core of the latent power of members of organization, to acquire and hold in common knowledge scattered in the inner and the outer organization, and to settle them as the knowledge of organization. As the results, the systems to fix and to operate organizations is the knowledge control system than target-intented process. The sports center which intends to reconstruct and manage direction control system should, first of all, have clear target and all of the activities related to knowledge should be focused at target-orientated direction. The ways and means fits to the atmosphere of organization should be accelerated considering tasks including public interests, cultural interests, and reformative interests the sports center pursues.

심첨부 비후 심근증에서 심근 내 미세 관상동맥의 혈류 예비력 평가 : 경흉부 도플러 심초음파를 이용한 연구 Study Using Transthoracic Doppler Echocardiography

윤호중,박철수,신재원,임상현,조은주,정해억,전희경,오용석,정욱성,김재형,최규보,홍순조 대한순환기학회 2004 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.34 No.3

漢文科 敎師 任用考査問題 分析

申用浩,한연석,김석재 한국한문교육학회 2002 한문교육논집 Vol.19 No.-

1997년부터 2002년까지 실시된 한문과 임용고사문제를 분석한 결과 교과교육학과 교과내용학의 출제 비율은 28%와 72%로 교과교육학 분야를 20∼30% 출제해야한다는 요구조건을 충족하였다. 교과내용학 가운데 한자, 한자어 영역은 평균 12.4%가 출제되었다. 중고등학교 특히 중학교의 한문수업이 문장보다는 한자·한자어 학습 중심으로 이루어지고 있음을 감안한다면 출제 비중이 확대되어야 할 것이다. 아울러 字學분야의 심도 있는 평가문항 발굴이 필요하다. 운문과 산문의 출제 비율은 12.3%와 66.3%이었는데 앞으로 운문의 비중을 약간 상향조정하는 것이 바람직하다고 본다. 6차 고등학교 11종 교과서에 수록된 문장을 지문으로 출제한 것은 평균 45%에 달하였다. 2001년도에는 교과서 내에서 출제된 문제가 17점(24.2%)에 불과하였고 2002년도에는 47.2점(67.4%)으로 3배 가까이 급증하여 두 해 모두 평가의 일관성과 방향성 확보에 실패하였다고 할 수 있다. 교과서에 등재된 문장을 지문으로 채택함에 특정 교과서를 70% 넘게 반영한 해는 1997년(재능교육), 2001년(한샘), 2002년(천재교육)이었다. 2001학년도는 교과서 지문 반영이 70점 만점에 17점 밖에 되지 않아 그 영향력이 상대적으로 적다고 하겠다. 그러나 1997학년도와 2002학년도는 교과서에서 출제한 문항의 총점이 32점과 47.2점으로 당락에 상당한 영향을 끼칠 수 있는 점유율이었다. 1997년도와 2002년도의 지문 共有律은 31.4%와 13.2%로 1997년도가 2002년도에 비해 어느 정도 공정성을 확보하였다. 교과서 지문 共有律이 가장 높은 해는 1998년으로 37.5%이고 2002년도는 13.2%이다. 2002년도 임용고사 문제 가운데 교과서에서 채택한 지문은 거의 한곳의 교과서에서만 실려 있는 것을 摘出하였다는 것으로 위 교과서별 出題律과 함께 편파성, 공정성 문제로 비화될 수 있다. 2002학년도는 천재교육 출판의 교과서 지문 반영률 81.8%, 점수 반영률이 76.2%로 분석대상 기간 6년을 통틀어 11종 교과서 가운데 반영률이 가장 높았다. 임용고사에서 專功試驗이 當落에 미치는 影響은 크다. 경기도교육청의 2002학년도 임용고사를 표집집단으로 살펴본 결과 합격자의 전공 평균점은 100점 만점으로 67점, 교육학은 73점이었다. 합격자의 최고점, 최하점, 평균점도 모두 전공점수가 교육학 점수보다 낮아 전공 문제가 어렵게 출제되었음을 알 수 있다. 한편 경기도, 경상남도, 서울시교육청의 2002년도 한문과 임용고사 최하합격자의 득점도 모두 전체 선발과목 가운데 중간을 넘기지 못하였다. 이처럼 득점이 낮은 이유는 전공 시험문제의 難度가 다른 과목에 비해 높기 때문인 것으로 짐작된다. 따라서 전공시험 문제의 특정 교과서 편중 출제는 當落에 심각한 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 評價 問項의 지문의 적절성과 시대별 안배는 대체로 무난하였다. 하지만 2001년도는 지문의 양이 과다하였다. 5개 문항의 지문이 총 2200여 자에 달하였으며 특히 11번 문제의 지문은 700여 자에 달하였다. 2002년도는 실학과 여항문학에 치우쳐 시대별 안배가 소홀하였다. 출제문제의 적절성과 객관성을 제고하기 위해서 다음과 같이 제안하고자 한다. 출제 범위는 대학 한문교육과에서 공통으로 이수하는 과목을 고루 반영하고, 합격 하한선이 100점 만점에 60점 이상이 되도록 하며, 서술형문제 외에도 선택형 문항을 일부 채택하여 지적 수준을 다양하게 측정해야한다. 또한 교과서에 등재된 지문을 반영한 문항은 해당 교과서 명을 제시하고 모범답안의 공개도 고려하여야 할 것이다. 아울러 각 분야별 출제위원의 증원이 필요하다. In this paper, I'll analyze problems of Teacher Employment Exam between 1997 and 2002 and find out the desirable reform measures. There are six arguing points. First, Chinese character, Chinese language and Studies of Character take only average 12.4% in the textbook contents. Considering the reality of chinese writing education in high school, it is desirable to raise the percentage of questions related to these part. Second, there is no coherence in application of Eleven high school textbook materials. Moreover, between 2001 and 2002, the application of some textbook materials has increased about three times from 17 points( 24.2%) to 47.2 points( 67.4%). Specially mark reflection rate of textbook materials in 2002 in the highest during the last six years as 76.2%. Besides, we have to avoid giving too much importance to some textbook materials. In the case of 1997(Jaineung education), 2001(Hansam), 2002(Chunjai education), those textbook materials took more than 70% of test materials. Third, the rate of holding test materials in common is inclined to specific textbook. As a result of analysis of the rate of holding test materials in common, in 1998, it was 37.5%. On the other hand, in 2002, it was 13.24% and there were large declination. Specially, in 2002, between applied materials from textbook, 81.8% came from textbook of specific publishing company. So there are lots of argument. Forth, Teaching Employment Exam is so difficult. In 2002 Exam, Successful applicants' average mark in major subject is 67% and that of pedagogy is 73%. Successful applicants' average mark as well as highest mark and lowest mark in major subject are lower than those of pedagogy in 2002 exam. Considering that point, we can know that questions of major subjects are difficult. In kyunggi, kyungsang province and Seoul, compared with other subjects, at the distribution of applicants' mark who got the lowest marks, they didn't get more mark than the medium. It's not only the problem of difficulty. We can infer that it can be profitable to minority applicants through fact that difficult questions come from some specific textbook. Fifth, we have to think about the quantity of question materials and distribution of period. Generally, these aspects were appropriate. However, in 2001 Exam, materials of five questions were composed of about 2000 letters. Especially, eleventh question materials was made up of about 700 letters. In 2002 Exam, it concentrated on Practical science and Yeo-Hang literature(literature which has been developed by common people). So it was lack of consideration about periodical distribution. Sixth, getting the appropriateness and objectivity is another problem. The range of making questions has to include Chinese letter education and commonly learning subjects. We have to make bottom line of passing mark more than 60% in 100. It is necessary to make an effort to develop the questions which can measure the level of applicants' intelligence.(For example, short answer, selective form, completed form). In the case of extracted materials from some textbook, we have to introduce the name of the textbook publishing company, and it needs to increase the number of professional member of committee and we have to announce the solution in public.

Glucose Oxidase가 척수지각신경절세포에 미치는 영향과 천마의 효과에 관한 연구

송호준,이용석,손영우,이강창,정종길,신민교,홍기연 대한본초학회 2002 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.17 No.2

Objectives : To clarify the cytotoxic effect of glucose oxidase(GO) and protective effect of gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR) on spinal sensory ganglion(DRG) neurons, neurotoxicity mediated by GO was measured by MTT assay and neurofilament enzymeimmuno assay(EIA). Methods : DRG neurons were cultured in the media containing various concentrations of GO for 3 hours. In addition, neuroprotective effects of GR, on GO-induced neurotoxicity in DRG neurons were examined after DRG neurons were preincubated with various concentrations of GR for 2 hours before 15mU/ml GO for 3 hours. Results : GO decreased remarkably cell viability in dependently in these cultures, and also RG increased cell viability and amount of neurofilament in DRG neurons damaged by GO. Conclusion : It is suggested that GO has toxic effect in cultured mouse DRG neurons, and also RG was effective in the protection of GO-induced neurotoxicity in these cultures.