농산 신득구의 천설에 대한 논쟁 연구

김소희 전북대학교 일반대학원 2018 국내석사

Nongsan Shin Deuk-koo(農山 申得求) was born in Maryun-ri, Heungyang-gun in 1850 and studied under Gosan Im Heon-hoe(鼓山 任憲晦) to inherit the academic heritage of Nakron of the Kiho School. He moved to Namwon in 1880 and established his position as a local Confucian scholar there by bringing up many literature figures and holding rites of drinking(鄕飮酒禮). Based on his academic heritage in the Kiho School and his position as a local Confucian scholar, Shin had a social intercourse with various scholars including GanJae Jeon U(艮齋 田愚), Yeonjae Song Byeong-seon(淵齋 宋秉璿), Ipjae Song Geun-su(立齋 宋近洙), and Maecheon Hwang Hyeon(梅泉 黃玹) and formed his own ideology. In 1891, he did proofreading for Geunsasokrok(近思續錄) published by Song Byeong-seon to arrange the line of Neo-Confucianism in Joseon. It was followed by the Yeonjae Scholars' faction attacking him. Criticizing the quotation of Yulgok Lee Il "There is no Ki of blood and flesh but only the moral mind in the Chon(天)." Shin maintained that "There is a type of human mind in the Chon, as well." Song Byeong-seon did not accept his argument and ended the discussion by saying "There is no need for us to ask questions and make excuses." This fact was spread all around Yeongnam and Honam as well as among the literary figures under Song Byeong-seon. The Confucian scholars of Yeongnam and Honam decided that his argument was not a simple problem but a heresy to have huge impacts on Neo-Confucian scholars and started to censure his argument. Beginning with the circular letters of Gyeongnam and Geochang Dohoisos in January 1900, circular letters to denounce Shin and regard him as Samunnanjeok(斯文亂賊) were issued all around Yeongnam and Honam. He refuted the letters but was eventually expelled by the pressure of Saryu. On his way back from Mt. Geumgang, he said "There is no home for me there." in lamentation, left a will, and killed himself. Confucian scholars with a strong Neo-Confucian tendency took the lead in denouncing Shin. The literary figures under Song Byeong-seon and Ki Jeong-jin or those who had a social intercourse with them played a central role. Following Wijungchuksa(衛正斥邪) of their masters Song Byeong-seon and Ki Jeong-jin(奇正鎭), they had very strong Wijungchuksa consciousness. Around the argument, therefore, they engaged in the activities of protecting Yulgok's Neo-Confucianism, serving the nation as the army raised in the cause of justice, pursing patriotic seclusion and martyr(自靖), or joining an independence movement in the aspect of Wijungchuksa. The dispute over Shin's contention of the Chon was not the simple death of a Confucian scholar but left significance and influence on the Neo-Confucian circles of the times in several aspects. The dispute first revealed the consciousness of crisis that the Neo-Confucian ideas could topple down with the emergence of new Chon concepts such as the Chon notions of Catholicism and Dong-hak(東學). Secondly, the dispute was to protect Yulgok's Neo-Confucianism from the viewpoint of the Wijungchuksa theory. Finally, the dispute was an event in which the Yeonjae Scholars' faction and Nohsa Scholars' faction gathered together in the dispute history of Neo-Confucianism and became the background and cause of the following dispute between the factions, one of the representative disputes in late Joseon. In short, the dispute over Shin's contention of the Chon was not a simple Neo-Confucian dispute but a direct significant event to show the Confucian scholars' consciousness of crisis and coping methods in the process of Neo-Confucianism collapsing in the late 19th century. In the dispute process, however, the involved Confucian scholars refused to approve differences in the understanding of Yulgok's Neo-Confucianism between them and exhibited their limitations of pointing out the iniquity of their opponents rather than pursuing in-depth discussions and common grounds, eventually leading a Confucian scholar to death in a tragic event. 農山 申得求는 1850년 흥양군 마륜리에서 태어났으며, 鼓山 任憲晦의 문하에 들어가 기호낙론계의 학맥을 이어받았다. 신득구는 1880년 남원으로 이거하여 많은 문인들을 양성하고 향음주례를 시행하는 등 지역 유학자로서 입지를 굳혔다. 이와 같은 기호계열의 학맥과 지역 유학자로서의 입지를 바탕으로 신득구는 艮齋 田愚, 淵齋 宋秉璿, 立齋 宋近洙, 梅泉 黃玹 등 다양한 학자들과 교유하며 사상을 형성하였다. 그러나 1891년 송병선이 조선 성리학의 도통을 정리하기 위해 편찬한 『近思續錄』의 교정작업을 계기로 신득구는 연재학파의 공격을 받게 된다. 신득구는 “하늘에는 血肉의 氣가 없기 때문에 道心만 있을 뿐이다.”라는 율곡 이이의 어록에 대해 비판하였으며, “하늘에도 人心과 같은 類가 있다.”고 주장하였다. 송병선은 이 의견을 수용하지 않았고 “서로 묻고 변명할 필요가 없다.”라고 말하며 논의를 종결했다. 이와 같은 사실은 송병선의 문인들은 물론 영호남 곳곳에 퍼졌다. 영호남의 유림들은 신득구의 설에 대해 단순한 문제가 아닌 斯文에 큰 영향을 끼칠 수 있는 異說이라 판단하고, 이에 대해 성토하기 시작하였다. 1900년 1월 경남도회소와 거창도회소 통문을 시작으로 영호남 곳곳에는 신득구를 성토하고 斯文亂賊으로 모는 통문이 돌기 시작하였다. 신득구는 이에 반박하였으나 결국 사류의 압박에 파문당하게 되고, 금강산에 갔다가 돌아오는 길에 “돌아가도 집이 없다.”라고 탄식하며 유서를 남기고 자결하였다. 신득구를 성토하는 일에 앞장선 사람들은 전체적으로 성리학적 성향이 강한 유학자들이며, 송병선과 기정진의 문인들 혹은 그들과 교유했던 사람들이 중심이 되어 진행되었다. 이들은 스승인 송병선과 기정진의 위정척사사상에 따라 강력한 위정척사적 의식을 가지고 있었다. 따라서 논쟁 전후로 위정척사적 측면에서 율곡성리학을 수호하는 활동을 하거나, 의병활동, 自靖, 독립운동 등의 활동을 하였다. 신득구의 天說을 둘러싼 논쟁은 단순히 한 유학자의 죽음이 아닌 당대 성리학계에 몇 가지 의의와 영향을 남겼다. 먼저 이 논쟁은 천주교의 天觀, 동학의 天觀 등 새로운 天에 대한 개념들이 등장함에 따라 성리학적 관념이 무너질 수 있다는 위기의식이 드러난 논쟁이었다, 두 번째로 위정척사론적인 시각에서 율곡 성리학을 수호하기 위한 논쟁이었다. 마지막으로 성리학 논쟁사의 측면에서 연재학맥과 노사학파가 결집한 사건이자, 추후에 진행될 한말 대표적인 논쟁 중 하나인 연재학맥과 노사학파간의 논쟁의 배경 및 원인이 되는 논쟁이었다. 결과적으로 신득구의 天說에 관한 논쟁은 단순한 성리논쟁이 아닌 19세기 말 성리학이 몰락해가는 과정 속에서 유학자들의 위기의식과 대응방식을 살펴볼 수 있는 단적인 사건으로서 의의가 있다. 그러나 논쟁과정에서 각자의 율곡 성리학에 대한 이해의 차이를 용납하지 않고, 심도있는 논의와 합의점을 찾기보다는 상대에 대한 부당성을 지적하기만 하는 한계를 드러내었으며, 결국 한 유학자를 죽음으로 이끈 비극적인 사건이었다.

Pharmacoepidemiology study of association between domperidone and cardiovascular adverse event : a nested case-control and case-time-control study

Shin, Sunmi Sungkyunkwan university 2020 국내박사

Background Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that domperidone may increase the risk of severe cardiac arrhythmias, and new safety concerns regarding other cardiovascular (CV) disease also exists. Objective The aim of this study is to investigate whether the use of domperidone increases the risk of cardiovascular adverse events, including arrhythmias, hypertension, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and heart failure. Methods A nested case-control study was conducted using the Sample Cohort data from the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea from 2002 to 2015. From the study cohort of subjects with a prescription for domperidone or metoclopramide, patients diagnosed with arrhythmias, hypertension, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and heart failure were defined as cases. Controls were matched on sex, age, province, insurance type, income level, cohort entry date and follow-up duration. The risk of cardiovascular events in domperidone users versus risk in no-users and the risk in domperidone users versus risk in metoclopramide users were evaluated with multivariable conditional logistic regression. Also, the risk was estimated for each category of sex, age group, average daily domperidone dose (≤30mg and >30mg) and whether co-medication of CYP3A4 inhibitors or QT prolonging drugs with domperidone. Using the same cases and controls, I conducted a case-time-control analysis in consideration of possible residual confounding and time-varying exposure. Results From patients with a new, first-time prescription for domperidone or metoclopramide (N=652,569), 26,939 event cases were matched to 43,813 controls. The adjusted odds ratio for all 5 cardiovascular adverse events was 1.24 (95% CI 1.06-1.46) versus non-use. Among the cardiovascular outcomes, the risk of hypertension was statistically significant higher in domperidone users (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06-1.49) versus non-use. A higher cardiovascular risk was observed in patients who were co-exposed with QT prolonging drugs (OR 3.67, CI 0.58-23.34). In the case-time-control analysis, the odds ratio for overall cardiovascular adverse events was 0.93 (95% CI 0.74-1.16) versus non-use. The association between domperidone and any cardiovascular outcome was not observed in the within-subject comparison. All sensitivity analyses were consistent with the main findings in this study. Also, no increased risk was observed for all cardiovascular adverse events when compared to metoclopramide in nested case-control (aOR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73-0.99) and in case-time-control analysis (aOR, 0.80; 95% CI 0.54-1.17). Majority of domperidone prescriptions were low doses (30mg or less) and short period (7 days or less). Conclusion The results suggested that low dose and transient domperidone use was not associated with arrhythmias, hypertension, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and heart failure. However, co-medication with interacting drugs could be a potential factor for the cardiovascular risk.

Comparative analysis of pharmacovigilance status in countries of asia-pacific region

Shin, Eungyeong Sungkyunkwan university 2018 국내석사

Regulatory discrepancies may present in pharmacovigilance (PV) structure, process, and outcome status worldwide. Our study is to survey current status of PV in each regulatory body in Asia-Pacific region. The modified questionnaire was sent to head of pharmacovigilance team from twenty-one PV agency based in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries. The distribution and collection of questionnaire was conducted over two and a half months, from 28 June to 12 September 2017 and was aimed to study information on the structure, process and outcome of pharmacovigilance status in APEC countries. Total 15 countries in APEC region responded. We found overall harmonized law and regulation for general PV system (100%, 15/15), Risk Management Plan (RMP) and risk-benefit evaluations (75%, 12/15), and standard adverse drug reaction (ADR) format (100%, 15/15). However, gaps were found in PV structure: national regulation for responsible person for PV in pharmaceutical company (73.3%, 11/15), target drug for RMP as all new drug (75%, 9/12), required assessment of RMP effectiveness (75%, 9/12), reporting limited to serious ADR (20%, 3/15), reporting including foreign ADR (53.3%, 8/15), and united database integrating Suspected Unexpected Serious Adverse Reaction (SUSAR) and post-marketing ADR (40%, 6/15). In PV process, we also found discrepancies in cumulated ADR reports, ADR report per million, type of sources in ADR reports, medication error and therapeutic ineffectiveness in cumulated ADR reports, application of the ATC and MedDRA code. In PV outcome, most countries had not conducted active surveillance activities based on local database in recent 5 years other than the US, while signal generation, and label change were active in the US, Australia, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. We found in substantial gap in PV structure, process, and outcome in Asia-Pacific region. Effort to reduce the gap between operational systems will be needed to strengthen pharmacovigilance in Asia-Pacific region.

Lightweight object detection networks for embedded systems

Shin, Sangjune Sungkyunkwan University 2025 국내석사

Despite the rapid advancement of object detection algorithms, processing high-resolution images on embedded devices remains a significant challenge. Theoretically, the fully convolutional network architecture used in current real-time object detectors can handle all input resolutions. However, the substantial computational demands required to process high-resolution images render them impractical for real-time applications. To address this issue, real-time object detection models typically down-sample the input image for inference, leading to a loss of detail and decreased accuracy. In response, we developed Octave-YOLO, designed to process high-resolution images in real-time within the constraints of embedded systems. We achieved this through the introduction of the cross frequency partial network(CFPNet), which divides the input feature map into low-resolution, low-frequency, and high-resolution, high-frequency sections. This configuration enables complex operations such as convolution bottlenecks and self-attention to be conducted exclusively on low-resolution feature maps while simultaneously preserving the details in high-resolution maps. Notably, this approach not only dramatically reduces the computational demands of convolution tasks but also allows for the integration of attention modules, which are typically challenging to implement in real-time applications, with minimal additional cost. Additionally, we have incorporated depth-wise separable convolution into the core building blocks and down-sampling layers to further decrease latency. 체 탐지 알고리즘은 빠르게 발전해왔지만, 고해상도 이미지를 임베디드 장치에서 실시간으로 처리하는 것은 여전히 큰 과제다. 이를 해결하기 위해 대부분의 실시간 객체 탐지 모델은 입력 이미지를 다운 샘플링하여 추론을 수행하지만, 이로 인해 디테일 손실 및 정확도 저하가 발생한다. 이러한 문제에 대응하기 위해, 우리는 임베디드 시스템의 제약 내에서 고해상도 이미지를 실시간으로 처리할 수 있도록 Octave-YOLO를 개발하였다. 핵심 구성 요소로 제안된 주파수 분할 부분 네트워크(CFPNet)는 입력 특징 맵을 저해상도-저주파 성분과 고해상도-고주파 성분으로 분리하여 처리한다. 이 구조는 복잡한 연산을 저해상도 특징 맵에만 적용함으로써 연산 비용을 대폭 절감하면서도 고해상도 정보는 손실 없이 유지할 수 있도록 한다. 특히 이 방식은 실시간 시스템에서 구현이 어려운 attention 모듈도 최소한의 연산 오버헤드로 통합 가능하게 한다. 또한, 핵심 빌딩 블록과 다운 샘플링 계층에 depth-wise separable convolution을 적용하여 추가적인 지연시간 또한 효과적으로 줄였다.

Optical and electrical properties of semiconductors via structural characaterization

Shin, Sooeun Sungkyunkwan University 2023 국내박사

The properties and engineering performance of a material can be determined by a direct correlation between its processing and its intrinsic microstructure. Consequently, studying the structures and properties of the materials can correlate with engineering goals. The fundamental concept of material science and engineering is these interrelationships between four elements: processing, structure, property, and performance. As modifications to one element can influence the others, the four elements are inseparable. Every application have its own set of objectives. In photovoltaic, a high PCE, extended stability, and reduced cost are required. In batteries, higher energy density, cycling stability, and durability are required. The primary focus of the dissertation will be on refining the chosen materials and manipulating and characterizing the structure in order to achieve specific goals. To characterize the optoelectronic/Li-storage properties of perovskite/molybdenum oxide materials, processing and structural investigations were conducted in this dissertation. Improving the overall functionality of the device. 재료의 특성과 공학적 성능은 재료의 가공과 본질적인 미세 구조 사이의 직접적인 상관관계에 의해 결정된다. 재료의 구조와 특성을 연구하는 것은 공학적 목표와 상관관계가 있는데, 구조와 특성의 상관관계는 특정 응용을 위한 특정 재료를 설계하거나 공정하기 위해 확립되어야 한다. 공정, 구조, 특성, 및 성능의 네 가지 요소는 모두 복잡한 관계에서 분리할 수 없는 구성요소이며, 한 요소에 대한 설계는 다른 요소에 영향을 미친다. 태양광 및 배터리 디바이스는 각각 특정 기능, 에너지 전달 및 에너지 저장을 위해 구성된다. 각 디바이스는 고유의 성능을 목표로 하는데 태양광 발전에서는 높은 전력 변환 효율, 고안정성 및 공정 비용 절감 등이 요구된다. 리튬 배터리의 경우 보다 높은 에너지 밀도와 구동 안정성이 요구된다. 본 연구의 주요 초점은 특정 목표를 달성하기 위해 선택된 재료를 공정하고 필요한 특성을 개선하기 위해 구조를 조작하고 특성화 하는 것이다. 본 학위 논문에서는 페로브스카이트/몰리브덴 산화물 소재의 광전자/리튬 저장 특성을 높이기 위해 가공 및 구조적 연구를 수행하였다. 결정화 속도를 제어함으로써, 더 큰 그레인 크기, 우선 배향 성장 및 불순물의 제거를 얻었다. 또한, 산소 공극을 증가시킴으로써, 약해진 반데르발스 힘으로 인한 층상 구조의 확장을 이뤘다. 재료의 구조는 X선 회절과 전자 회절을 이용해 조사하였는데, 이러한 구조적 변화는 광전자 특성 및 구조적 안정성을 유도하였음을 실험적으로 결과를 얻었다. 특성의 향상은 디바이스의 전반적인 성능의 향상으로 이어졌으며, 그 결과, 24.5%의 높은 전력 변환 효율(태양전지)과 100번의 충방전에도 1,117 mAh/g의 높은 저장용량(배터리)을 얻었다. 더 나아가, 재료 구조의 미시적 특성 분석을 통한 페로브스카이트/몰리브덴 산화물 소재의 에이징 효과를 통한 효율의 자가향상/이론용량을 초과하는 용량 발현 등 여러 특이 현상들을 다루었다.

Analysis of color space and effects of jitter on shape from focus

Mutahira, Husna Sungkyunkwan University 2022 국내박사

Three-dimensional shape recovery from the 2D images is a classical problem in computer vision, photogrammetry, bio-informatics, medical imagery, consumer video cameras, video microscopy etc. As the name suggests, the aim is to extract 3D information from the given set of images. When an image is acquired through an imaging device, it is projected into a 2D image plane, by transforming into a set of 2D points that can be described in Cartesian plane, and hence one dimension is lost. The goal of 3D vision process is to reconstruct this lost information and, thus, the distances from each projected point to the image plane. Most of the shape extraction techniques are based on surface reflection properties. The image formed in the optical systems has both photometric and geometric properties. Focus analysis has been used to automatically focus imaging systems or to obtain sparse depth information from the observed scene. Shape from Focus (SFF) is one these techniques that utilize focus to get the shape of the object observed. In SFF a huge number of images are acquired with different focus levels to compute this shape. Processing these images requires tremendous computational power, thus, limiting the application of SFF techniques. Therefore, to overcome this problem and to make SFF faster, this thesis presents an idea of utilizing DNN methods to compute the shape. Another problem of SFF is that the classical methods utilize grayscale images to reduce the computational power. This conversion of color values to grayscale leads to imprecise mapping of these color values to their grayscale counterparts, resulting in the decrease in overall system accuracy. In addition, the intra frame distance or step size while acquiring different focus levels is presumed as constant in SFF systems. However, in practice the due to mechanical structure of imaging device, this step size is not constant and may vary. This variation causes Jittering effect in SFF systems. Jitter noise is a well known phenomenon in signal processing, but in SFF limited study is available. In this thesis, a new focus measurement technique is proposed that can process the color value faster and with more accuracy. Also, the jitter noise is analyzed, modeled and removed through designed filters. For this purpose, two methods are proposed to remove the effects of Jitter from SFF systems. At first Kalman filter is designed and experimented. And later for the same problem, Recursive Least Square filter is designed and experimented. The experiments are performed on different sets of images to validate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes.

Human Disease Research by Applying Next-Generation Sequencing and NanoString Technology

신원석 Gereral Graduate School of Dankook University 2020 국내박사

(Chapter 1 Abstract) Molecules and Cells. 42(1): 87-95 (SCI), 2019 Wonseok Shin participated as the first author. Novel Discovery of LINE-1 in a Korean Individual by a Target Enrichment Method Wonseok Shin Department of Nanobiomedical Science General Graduate School of Dankook University Advisor: Professor. Kyudong Han, Ph. D. Long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) is an autonomous retrotransposon, which is capable of inserting into a new region of genome. Previous studies have reported that these elements lead to genomic variations and altered functions by affecting gene expression and genetic networks. Mounting evidence strongly indicates that genetic diseases or various cancers can occur as a result of retrotransposition events that involve L1s. Therefore, the development of methodologies to study the structural variations and interpersonal insertion polymorphisms by L1 element-associated changes in an individual genome is invaluable. In this study, we applied a systematic approach to identify human-specific L1s (i.e., L1Hs) through the bioinformatics analysis of high-throughput next-generation sequencing data. We identified 525 candidates that could be inferred to carry non-reference L1Hs in a Korean individual genome (KPGP9). Among them, we randomly selected 40 candidates and validated that approximately 92.5% of non-reference L1Hs were inserted into a KPGP9 genome. In addition, unlike conventional methods, our relatively simple and expedited approach was highly reproducible in confirming the L1 insertions. Taken together, our findings strongly support that the identification of non-reference L1Hs by our novel target enrichment method demonstrates its future application to genomic variation studies on the risk of cancer and genetic disorders.   (Chapter 2 Abstract) Application of NanoString Technologies in Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma Wonseok Shin Department of Nanobiomedical Science General Graduate School of Dankook University Advisor: Professor. Kyudong Han, Ph. D. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is an aggressive disease. Most cancer diagnoses are determined by anatomical histology. Therefore, many samples are stored in FFPE blocks for H&E staining. However, RNAs extracted from the FFPE block have a high level of fragmentation, making it difficult to perform accurate DEG analysis using RNA sequencing. To overcome fragmented RNAs drawback in NGS application, we applied the NanoString nCounter® technique of hybridization method that can be used for DEG analysis without PCR amplification. We characterized the gene expression profiling of AITLs though transcriptome analysis based on the nCounter® PanCancer IO 360™ Panel and NanoString platform. To perform the analysis of differential expression gene (DEGs) profiles in AITLs, we compared the NanoString data from eight AITL patients with a healthy control donor. Ninety-one genes were up-regulated and six genes were down-regulated in AITLs compared to control. The GO analysis of 97-DEGs revealed that they were closely related to cytokine, MAPK cascade, leukocyte differentiation, and immune response, suggesting that this affect the immune system. In addition, KEGG analysis revealed that AITL DEGs were found to be highly involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. We believe that comprehensive multiplex studies, along with Nanostring analysis, may be helpful to understand the molecular mechanisms of AITL, including mutations, gene expression, and protein expression studies.  (Chapter 3 Abstract) Genes & Genomics. 41(10): 1233-1240 (SCIE), 2019 Wonseok Shin participated as the corresponding author. Comparison of Library Construction Kits for mRNA Sequencing in the Illumina Platform Wonseok Shin Department of Nanobiomedical Science General Graduate School of Dankook University Advisor: Professor. Kyudong Han, Ph. D. The emergence of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has made a tremendous contribution to the deciphering and significance of transcriptome analysis in biological fields. Since the advent of NGS technology in 2007, Illumina, Inc. has provided one of the most widely used sequencing platforms for NGS analysis. Although reagents and protocols provided by Illumina are adequately performed in transcriptome sequencing, recently, alternative reagents and protocols which are relatively cost effective are accessible. However, the kits derived from various manufacturers have advantages and disadvantages when researchers carry out the transcriptome library construction. We compared them using a variety of protocols to produce Illumina-compatible libraries based on transcriptome. Three different mRNA sequencing kits were selected for this study: TruSeq® RNA Sample Preparation V2 (Illumina, Inc., USA), Universal Plus mRNA-Seq (NuGEN, Ltd., UK), and NEBNext® Ultra™ Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina® (New England BioLabs, Ltd., USA). We compared them focusing on cost, experimental time, and data output. The quality and quantity of sequencing data obtained through the NGS technique were strongly influenced by the type of the sequencing library kits. It suggests that for transcriptome studies, researchers should select a suitable library construction kit according to the goal and resources of experiments. The present work will help researchers to choose the right sequencing library construction kit for transcriptome analyses.

朝鮮後期 申潤福의 風俗畵 硏究

정선경 (鄭善暻) 홍익대학교 대학원 2004 국내석사

With a variety of changes in every turn of eras, figure paintings focusing on people and the action of people reflect general mood of the society through appearance, dress and personal ornaments shown on them. Particularly in figure paintings, appearances and images of women are heavily influenced by values of a society. The emergence of women was first introduced on the mural paintings of old tombs of the period of Three Kingdoms and explicitly mirrored ideal images constructed by standards of social values. Since women drawn on the mural paintings were confined to a specific class of the society, they were not typical of general life style that every woman led. Moreover, they were not original Korean women because the paintings were influenced by the nearby countries, China and Japan. Genre paintings of the 18th and early 19th century brought about novel styles of women as the paintings develop with the boom of realistic paintings with nature in them, the paintings that consider various life styles of folks as the subject of realistic paintings. The most salient factor that caused all the changes of externals of women is the spirit of realism based on the practical science imitating the trend in which people seek truth based on actual inspection. Genre paintings depicted the life of folks of those days realistically and vividly, which are distinctive not only from the life styles of a certain class but also from hobbies and appreciations of scholars. In addition, those women present realistic factors at that time. But paintings that dealt with women didn't flourish as much as genre paintings. Seminal genre paintings were drawn by scholarly artists such as Yoon Duseo and Jo seokyoung, and women in those paintings also appeared at the Genre paintings of the working class. The genre painting reached its peak with the works of Kim Hongdo, Kim Deukshin and Shin Yoonbok as they presented innovative images of women who used to be considered as members of working class depicting a emotional state such as joys and sorrows of life, and distress through kisaeng of kisaeng house as well as through customs. The fact that "Haewon's Album of Genre Paintings" representing Shin Yoonbok's genre paintings attracted the attention of folks at that time is due to the social background in which practical science of late Chosun Dynasty period and love stories came into fashion, and entertainment culture and kisaeng house culture came into vogue. The reason that women in his paintings were distinctive from those of other genre paintings derives from the fact that, in the aspect of subject, he depicted women in various ways such as love between a man and a woman, criticism to the extravagant culture of scholars, appearance of kisaeng and customs kisaeng house, customs of ordinary women, and religions and that women were expressed in the light of sexual images as an object of pastime, which is to be seen, in the entertainment culture of scholars in the androcentric society of Confucian culture. Such images expressed general vein with the contrast of colors. His confound knowledge of characteristics of colors and color sense escalated the color sensation and status of paintings. It is more closely related to the development of populace consciousness keen on vivid paintings and social mood of late Chosun dynasty rather than excellent sense of color and high class and formality that Shin had Through this research I could find out that Shin's works are in unparalleled status over paintings that represent eroticism of Korea because they reflect criticism of duplicitous scholars and indications of times and describe implicit affections between men and women very secretly Shin unfolded in his genre paintings that implies the beauty of life, realistic denunciation mirrored by women, absurdity projected in the forefront of contradictory society, and sexual expressions. Even though Shin delivered exposed beauty of life through eroticism, it is clear that sexual images of women aims its ideal status at Korean eroticism of high rank which is implicit beauty rather than worldly plain expression. Changes of women in the genre paintings showed that original technique of the artist also altered. It's once again reminded that artists should pass on personal feelings and emotions of the times while taking a close look at circumstances and expressing them outspokenly by simply studying historical backgrounds and differences of predispositions of artists and by scrutinizing what the artist tried to show through women and what intentions and spirits of artists are. 사람 또는 사람의 행위를 주제로 한 그림인 인물화는 시대에 따라 다각도의 변화를 보이는데 작품 속에서 인물의 외모, 복식, 장신구 등을 통하여 당시 유행과 사회의 전반적인 분위기를 반영하고 있다. 특히 인물화에서 여인의 외모와 이미지 표현은 당시 사회의 가치관에 따라 많은 영향을 받는다. 우리 나라에서 여인의 모습이 등장한 것은 삼국시대 고분벽화에서 찾을 수 있는데 당시 사회 가치관의 기준으로 만들어 놓은 이상적(理想的) 이미지 즉, 열녀, 효부 등의 이념적 사상을 중심으로 그려져서 인물의 신체가 비현실적으로 왜곡되어 있다. 또한 특정 계층의 여인으로 국한되어 있어 당시 일반적인 여인의 삶의 모습이라고 보기는 힘들며 얼굴모습, 복식 등이 우리 나라와 인접한 중국, 일본과 유사하여 우리 나라 여인의 특색을 지닌 모습이라고 할 수 없다. 우리 나라 여인의 독자적인 모습은 18-19세기 초반 풍속화의 발전 속에서 나타나게 되는데, 특정 계층의 삶의 모습이나 사대부들의 취미와 감상용 회화의 범위에서 벗어나 당시 서민들의 생활을 사실적이고 현장감 있게 표현하였다. 여인의 모습에서도 조선시대의 삶의 모습을 반영하고 있어 민족의 여러 생활 양상들을 직접회화의 대상으로 삼았고, 특정 인물이 아닌 일반 여인의 모습을 담음으로서 여인의 삶의 표현 범위를 더 넓혀 놓았다. 초기 풍속화는 윤두서(尹斗緖), 조영석(趙榮?) 등 사대부 화가들이 많이 그렸는데 이때 보이는 여인의 모습은 노동을 소재로 하는 풍속화에서 찾을 수 있으며, 조선 후기 김홍도(金弘道), 김득신(金得臣), 신윤복(申潤福) 등 화원 화가들에 의해 절정을 이루었다. 특히 혜원 신윤복의 풍속화에서는 여인의 노동풍속 뿐 아니라 기방의 기녀들을 통한 인생의 애환이나 환희, 고통 등 내적인 심리상태까지 표현함으로써 노동계층으로 인식되어 왔던 이전의 여성에 대한 시각 즉, 전근대적인 여성상에서 벗어남을 알 수 있다. 신윤복이 이러한 시각으로 여인을 그릴 수 있었던 것은 조선후기의 실학사상과 이를 바탕으로 한 사실주의 정신, 애정소설의 유행, 도시중심의 유흥문화(遊興文化)와 기방문화(妓房文化)의 성행 등 시대적인 사회적 배경을 토대로 하여 나온 것이다. 신윤복의 풍속화 속의 여인이 이전의 풍속화 속의 여인의 모습과 차별화 될 수 있는 이유는 다음과 같다. 주제에서는 남녀사이의 애정, 양반의 사치스러운 문화에 대한 비판, 기녀들의 모습과 기방의 풍습을 비롯, 일반 여인의 생활 풍습, 종교적인 부분 등 다양한 각도에서 여인의 모습을 표현하고 있다. 그리고 그의 풍속화 속의 여인은 대부분 유교중심인 남성사회에서 바라본 여인상으로 양반의 유흥문화 속에서 유희의 대상으로 인식되는 다시 말해 남성 중심의 ‘바라보기의 대상’으로 인식될 정도로 춘의적(春意的) 이미지가 강하다. 이러한 이미지는 색채를 통해 많이 드러나는데 이것은 신윤복이 각 색채가 지니는 특성 및 색감정을 정확하게 파악함으로써, 춘의적인 이미지를 효과적으로 나타내고 있는 것이다. 또한 조선 후기에 이러한 색채 표현이 발달할 수 있었던 것은 높은 격조나 형식보다는 보다 생동감 있는 회화를 사랑하였던 서민의식의 발전과 같은 사회적인 분위기와 밀접한 관계가 있음을 알 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 혜원의 작품들은 표리부동한 선비층에 대한 비판정신과 당시 양반의 퇴폐적이고 향락적인 문화를 보여 주고 있어 그 시대상을 잘 반영하고 있으며, 또한 남녀간의 애정을 매우 암시적으로 은근히 묘사하고 있기 때문에 한국의 에로티시즘을 대표하는 회화로서는 거의 독보적인 위치에 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 혜원은 에로티시즘을 통해 보여지는 삶의 아름다움을 표현해 놓았으며 또한 여인에게서 보이는 춘의적인 이미지는 결국 한국인의 ‘격(格)있는 에로티시즘’ 즉 속된 노골적인 표현보다는 ‘은근한 아름다움’에 그 이상을 두고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 신윤복의 그림 속에서 여인을 통해 비춰지는 리얼리즘적 고발성과 사회의 정면에 드러나는 모순된 사회의 부조리와 성에 대한 표현을 삶의 아름다움이 묻어나는 풍속화라는 장르를 통해 보여줌으로써 민족적인 회화의 가치를 지니고 있다. 신윤복 풍속화는 주제의 다양함, 색채를 이용한 작품에서의 시선이동 방법, 다양한 구도, 여인에게 쓰인 유려한 선, 소재를 통한 암시적인 묘사, 여인의 형태의 대조적인 모습 등으로 그만의 독자성을 지니고 있다. 본 연구는 풍속화 속의 여인의 모습을 살펴봄으로써 풍속화에 등장하는 여인의 모습을 통해 시대적인 배경과 작가의 성향의 차이를 살펴봄으로써 신윤복의 풍속화에서 나타나는 독자적인 부분을 통하여 다른 풍속화와 차별성을 알 수 있었다. 혜원이 여인을 통해서 보여 주고자 하였던 비판정신과 항상 주변의 상황을 주위 깊게 관찰하고 진솔하게 표현하는 자세를 보여줌으로써 오늘날 미술가들이 지녀야 할 정신임을 다시 한번 상기시키게 한다.

Silicon based quantum integrated photonics

신원철 Pohang University of Science and Technology 2024 국내박사

Quantum integrated photonics is an essential technology for implementing photon- based quantum technology, which will play a pivotal role in the development of quan- tum information science. Quantum information science, including quantum comput- ing and quantum communication, utilizes the advantageous properties of quantum mechanics to enable rapid information processing and high security, making it a next- generation technology. Photons possess unique advantages for realizing these tech- nologies, particularly as an irreplaceable basis for quantum communication. Integrated photonics has emerged as a crucial technology to harness the potential of photons. Its compact size, stability, scalability, and speed are highly beneficial for implementing complex quantum technologies. Silicon, known for its excellent elec- trical and optical properties, has significantly contributed to the advancement of quan- tum integrated photonics. Additionally, silicon can take advantage of well-developed semiconductor processing technologies and offers compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technologies. To implement quantum technologies, quantum photonic systems require components such as quantum light sources for generating quantum states, linear photonic circuits for manipulating these states, and detectors for analyzing the states. This thesis focuses on the research of quantum light sources and photonic circuits. In Chapter 1, we provide a review of the field of silicon-based quantum integrated photonics. In Chapter 2, we discuss the design and testing of integrated optical com- ponents necessary for quantum integrated photonics. In Chapter 3, we investigate the theoretical and experimental aspects of photon-pair generation in lossy waveguides to enhance performance. In Chapter 4, we propose the use of on-chip filters to sup- press external noise that may occur between external filters and waveguides in on-chip photon-pair sources. In Chapter 5, we demonstrate the 8×8 on-chip directionally un- biased multiport, a recently proposed structure that offers significant advantages for quantum simulations, using integrated photonics.

The Residue Study for Setting Withdrawal Period of Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and DL-Methylephedrine hydrochloride in the Bovine Tissues using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Jae-Yong Shin 건국대학교 대학원 2024 국내석사

The Residue Study for Setting Withdrawal Period of Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and DL- Methylephedrine hydrochloride in the Bovine Tissues using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Jae-Yong Shin Department of Veterinary Medicine Graduate School of Konkuk University Diphenhydramine hydrochloride and DL-methylephedrine hydrochloride are used as therapeutic agents for colds, bronchitis, acute and chronic pharyngitis, rhinitis, and allergic skin conditions in bovine. Commercial products containing these two active ingredients are currently designated for reevaluation in setting withdrawal periods due to insufficient residue depletion data. In this study, animal experiments and analytical experiments were conducted separately. The representative injectable product A containing the active ingredient was administered to bovines by subcutaneous injection, and tissue samples were collected at various time points. Each tissue (muscle, liver, kidney, and fat) was subjected to quantitative analysis using the developed extraction method with a solvent, followed by quantification using LC-MS/MS instrumentation. The aim was to establish appropriate withdrawal periods by validating the analytical method, producing residue results within the samples, and confirming the residue depletion pattern. Quantitative analysis tests on the injectable product were conducted. The results showed that the content of diphenhydramine hydrochloride was 9.948 mg/mL (99.48%) compared to the nominal content (10 mg/mL), and the content of DL-methylephedrine hydrochloride was 15.29 mg/mL (101.9%) compared to the labeled content (15 mg/mL), confirming that there were no abnormalities in the content. Animal experiments involved administering Injectable Product A, 20 mL (containing 200 mg of diphenhydramine hydrochloride and 300 mg of DL-methylephedrine hydrochloride), to 16 calves (5–6 weeks old), regardless of gender, via subcutaneous injection at 12-hour intervals. Tissue samples (muscle, injection site muscle, liver, kidney, and fat) were collected at 1, 3, 7, and 10 days after the end of administration for use as samples. The analytical experiments involved preprocessing the collected tissues and performing precise analysis and quantification using LC-MS/MS instrumentation. To ensure the reliability of the study, parameters (linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, limit of detection, and limit of quantification) were determined to validate the analytical method. For diphenhydramine hydrochloride, intra-day accuracy in muscle tissue was 98.2–98.7%, and precision was 1.3–2.4%. Inter-day accuracy was 98.1– 101.9%, and precision was 3.3-5.6%. Recovery was 77.8–80.7%, and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9990. For liver, intra-day accuracy was 93.0-101.1%, and precision was 5.7-6.7%. Inter-day accuracy was 95.2- 101.4%, and precision was 3.4-5.3%. Recovery was 68.5%–74.2%, and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9983. For the kidney, intra-day accuracy was 92.8–100.9%, and precision was 2.1–6.1%. Inter-day accuracy was 83.3– 100.1%, and precision was 3.0–10.0%. Recovery was 74.1%–74.3%, and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9985. For fat, intra-day accuracy was 84.2–103.3%, and precision was 1.4-5.1%. Inter-day accuracy was 80.3– 106.2%, and precision was 4.6–6.8%. recovery was 83.8%–85.5%, and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9979. For DL-methylephedrine hydrochloride, intra-day accuracy in muscle tissue was 97.5–99.8%, and precision was 2.33.1%. Inter-day accuracy was 92.4– 100.8%, and precision was 3.4–7.2%. recovery was 73.8–75.4%, and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9985. For liver, intra-day accuracy was 94.3–101.1%, and precision was 3.5–4.7%. Inter-day accuracy was 92.2– 101.6%, and precision was 2.8–5.6%. recovery was 70.7%–75.9%, and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9985. For the kidney, intra-day accuracy was 96.4–112.5%, and precision was 1.5–3.6%. Inter-day accuracy was 96.8– 98.4%, and precision was 4.6–10.0%. Recovery was 74.1%–74.3%, and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9985. For fat, intra-day accuracy was 92.3–100.6%, and precision was 3.4–5.0%. Inter-day accuracy was 84.8– 105.9%, and precision was 4.4–7.8%. Recovery was 77.9%–81.1%, and the coefficient of determination (r2) was 0.9973. For diphenhydramine hydrochloride and DL-methylephedrine hydrochloride, the limit of detection (LOD) in all tissues was 0.001 μg/kg, and the limt of quantification (LOQ) was 0.02 μg/kg. In order to set the withdrawal period, residue data within the tissue were obtained for both diphenhydramine hydrochloride and methyl ephedrine hydrochloride, showing that the highest residue concentrations were observed at Day 1 post-administration cessation for both substances. The tissue residue levels in the case of diphenhydramine hydrochloride were highest in the liver, followed by the kidney, fat, injection site muscle, and muscles. DL-methyl ephedrine hydrochloride exhibited the highest levels in the kidney, followed by the liver, fat, injection site muscle, and muscle. Both substances were detected in the liver, kidney, and fat up to Day 1 post-administration cessation and were below the LOQ by Day 3, indicating elimination. Therefore, it was deemed appropriate to set the withdrawal period for the liver, kidney, and fat at 3 days post-administration cessation. For muscle and injection site muscle, both substances were not detected even on Day 1 post-administration cessation; thus, a withdrawal period of 1 day post-administration cessation was considered appropriate. The withdrawal period for product A currently on the market is set at 10 days for both diphenhydramine hydrochloride and DL-methyl ephedrine hydrochloride. However, based on the results of this study, it was confirmed that both substances were below the LOQ within tissues on Day 1 for the injection site and muscle and on Day 3 for the liver, kidney, and fat. Therefore, a withdrawal period of 3 days for this product A is proposed. 디펜하이드라민염산염과 염산메틸에페드린은 소에서 감기, 기관지염, 급 만성 인후염, 비염, 알러지성 피부질환의 치료제로 사용되고 있다. 두 성분을 유효성분으로 하는 시판 제품들은 현재 잔류 소실 데이터가 부족하여 휴약기간 설정에 재평가 대상으로 지정되었다. 본 연구에서는 동물실험과 분석실험을 각각 진행하였으며 유효성분을 가진 대표 제품 A를 소에 피하주사 하고 시점별 조직시료를 채취하였다. 각 조직(근육, 간, 신장, 지방)은 용매를 이용한 추출법을 개발하여 LC-MS/MS 기기로 정량 분석하였고, 분석법 검증 및 시료 내의 잔류성 결과값을 산출하여 잔류 소실 양상을 확인 후 적정한 휴약기간을 설정하고자 하였다. 제품 A에 대해 함량 분석시험을 진행하였으며, 그 결과 값은 디펜하이드라민염산염의 함량은 제품 표기 함량(10 mg/mL) 대비 9.95 mg/mL(99.5%), 염산메틸에페드린은 제품 표기 함량(15 mg/mL) 대비 15.29 mg/mL(101.9%)으로 함량에는 이상이 없음을 확인하였다. 동물실험은 제품 A 20 mL(디펜하이드라민염산염으로서 200 mg, 염산메틸에페드린으로서 300mg)을 성별에 상관없이 송아지(5~6주령) 16마리에 12시간 간격으로 2회 피하주사 하였고 투여 종료 후 1일, 3일, 7일, 10일 째의 조직(근육, 주사부위 근육, 간, 신장, 지방)을 채취하여 시료로 사용하였다. 분석실험은 채취한 조직을 전처리 한 후 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 정밀 분석해 정량화 하였다. 연구의 신뢰성을 확보하기 위해 직선성, 정확성, 정밀성, 회수율, 검출한계, 정량한계 파라미터 산출을 하여 분석법 검증을 확인하였다. 디펜하이드라민염산염의 경우, 근육 조직 일내 정확성은 98.2-98.7%, 정밀성 1.3-2.4%, 일간 정확성 98.1-101.9%, 정밀성 3.3-5.6%, 회수율 77.8-80.7%, 결정계수(r2)는 0.9990 이었다. 간의 일내 정확성은 93.0-101.1%, 정밀성 5.7-6.7%, 일간 정확성 95.2-101.4%, 정밀성 3.4-5.3%, 회수율 68.5-74.2%, 결정계수(r2)는 0.9983 이었다. 신장의 일내 정확성은 92.8-100.9%, 정밀성 2.1-6.1%, 일간 정확성 83.3-100.1%, 정밀성 3.0-10.0%, 회수율 74.1-77.3%, 결정계수(r2)는 0.9985 이었다. 지방의 일내 정확성은 84.2-103.3%, 정밀성 1.4-5.1%, 일간 정확성 80.3-106.2%, 정밀성 4.6-6.8%, 회수율 83.8-85.5%, 결정계수(r2)는 0.9979 이었다. 염산메틸에페드린의 경우, 근육 조직 일내 정확성은 97.5-99.8%, 정밀성 2.3-3.1%, 일간 정확성 92.4-100.8%, 정밀성 3.4-7.2%, 회수율 73.8-75.4%, 결정계수(r2)는 0.9985 이었다. 간의 일내 정확성은 94.3-101.1%, 정밀성 3.5-4.7%, 일간 정확성 92.2-101.6%, 정밀성 2.8-5.6%, 회수율 70.7-75.9%, 결정계수(r2)는 0.9985 이었다. 신장의 일내 정확성은 96.4-112.5%, 정밀성 1.5-3.6%, 일간 정확성 96.8-98.4%, 정밀성 4.6-15.5%, 회수율 74.4-76.8%, 결정계수(r2)는 0.9985 이었다. 지방의 일내 정확성은 92.3-100.6%, 정밀성 3.4-5.0%, 일간 정확성 84.8-105.9%, 정밀성 4.4-.7.8%, 회수율 77.9-81.1%, 결정계수(r2)는 0.9973 이었다. 디펜하이드라민염산염과 염산메틸에페드린의 모든 조직에서 검출한계는 0.001 μg/kg, 정량한계 0.02 μg/kg이었다. 휴약기간을 설정하기 위한 제품 A의 조직 내 잔류량 데이터를 도출한 결과, 디펜하이드라민염산염과 염산메틸에페드린 모두 투여 종료 후 1일 째의 시점에서 잔류 농도가 가장 높았다. 조직별 잔류량은 디펜하이드라민염산염의 경우 간에서 가장 높았으며 그 뒤로 신장, 지방, 주사부위 근육, 근육 순으로 높았다. 염산메틸에페드린은 신장에서 가장 높았으며 그 뒤로 간, 지방, 주사부위 근육, 근육 순으로 높았으며 두 성분 모두 간, 신장 지방에서 투여 종료 후 1일까지 잔류되었고, 3일째에는 정량한계 이하로 소실되어 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 간, 신장, 지방의 휴약기간은 투여 종료 후 3일로 설정하는 것이 적합하다고 판단되었다. 근육과 주사부위 근육의 경우 두 성분 모두 투여 종료 후 1일에도 검출되지 않았으며 따라서 휴약기간은 투여 종료 후 1일로 설정하는 것이 적합하다고 판단되었다. 시판되고 있는 제품 A의 소에 대한 디펜하이드라민염산염과 염산메틸에페드린의 휴약기간은 10일로 설정되어 있다. 하지만 본 연구의 결과로 투여 후 (주사)근육 1일, 간 3일, 신장 3일, 지방 3일째에 두 성분 모두 조직 내에서 정량한계 이하로 소실되는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 제품 A에 대한 휴약기간은 3일로 제안하고자 한다.