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Project Oriented Klystron Developments in Japan, China and India
Shigeki Fukuda 한국물리학회 2017 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.71 No.11
Modern accelerators are based on the rf technology and the klystron is the one of key components. Some special accelerator projects require their specified klystrons i.e., project-oriented klystrons. In this paper, project-oriented klystron developments for a decade in Japan are described. Related projects are ILC, cERL and SKEKB. Usually klystron is very expensive but has a finite life and needs to procure again. Trial to introduce the compatible tubes and have a competitive tender to reduce the cost is described. At the same time, since an efficiency improvement is one of the recent trend, such an attempt is also presented. International klystron collaboration among the Asian countries has been performed for a long time. In this paper, collaboration with China and India is introduced. Since topics are covered mainly author’s experience, related counties described are limited.
The Toyota-Mainichi Building in Nagoya
Shigeki Sugiura,Toshihiko Kohno 한국강구조학회 2008 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.8 No.2
When designing a super high-rise building in cities that are constantly hit by earthquakes, it is necessary to fully consider the earthquake environment, in addition to the natural phenomenon of wind. We therefore propose what we think and understand regarding this concern.
Session 1 : Korea-Japan Joint Session ; 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring for GERD
( Shigeki Koyama ) 대한소화기학회 2004 대한소화기학회 춘계학술대회 Vol.2004 No.-
The diagnosis of endoscopy positive reflux disease (EPRD), reflux esophagitis, is easy by using endoscopy. But it is difficult that the reflux symptom is related to acid reflux through the esophagus in patient without mucosal break finding in the endoscopy examination. 24-hours esophageal pH monitoring is useful diagnostic tool that the patient suffers from acid reflux. But, pH-monitoring data is not enough that the patients symptom is related to acid reflux. And then, Symptomatic Index (SI) was reported by G.J.Weiner, J.E.Richeter, and et al. in 1988. SI defined % symptom episodes associated with reflux (Number of acid related symptoms / total number of symptoms x 100%). For example, the patient complains 2 symptoms and 1 symptom with reflux by 24-hour pH-monitoring, the SI is 50%. SI is rough index. Cutoff of SI is computed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve from the reflux oesophagitis patients with abnormal pH (n=30) or normal endoscopy patients with abnormal pH (n=13), and normal endoscopy patients with normal pH (n=14), and it is reported that it is 50%. Succeeding, the symptom sensitivity index (SSI) is reported by Breumelhof R. ,Smout AJ. in 1991. SSI defined % reflux episodes associated with symptoms (number of acid related symptoms / total number of refluxes x 100). The cutoff of SSI is reported 5%, but the value is small. SSI is using the marker of the beginning of symptom, but the number of reflux events under sleep, when the patient can not complaint symptom, is also contained in the denominator. So, SSI value is small, and becomes actually smaller. Subsequently, Symptom Association Probability (SAP) is reported by Weusten BL., Smout AJ., and et al. in 1994. In SAP, the total recording was divided into 2-min periods which were analyzed for the occurrence of reflux. Using the Fisher Exact test, significant differences in proportions of reflux-positive 2-minute periods can be detected. P value is calculated by Fishers Exact test, and then, the formula for calculation of SAP is (1-P) x 100%. SAP provides objective information on the probability that observed associations in time between reflux and symptoms occur by chance. For instance, in case of a SAP>95%, the probability, that the observed associations occurred by chance, is less than 5%. In SAP, the number of reflux events under sleep, when the patient can not complaint symptom, is also contained in the denominator, as well as SI. And, Fishers Exact test was influenced by large number. For example, It is an extreme example, 50 2 minute periods with reflux-positive symptom (S+R+), 60 2 minute periods with reflux positive no-symptom (S-R+), 100 2-minute periods with reflux-negative symptom (S+R-), 520 2-minute periods with reflux-negative no-symptom (S-R-), P value of Fishers Exact test was 0.03, and then, SAP was calculated 97.0%. The assessment of symptom was diagnosis that symptom was related with acid reflux. But, SI in this sample was 33.3%, and clearly symptom was not related with reflux. To the contrary, for example, 50 S+R+, 20 S-R+, 10 S+R- and 640 S-R-, SAP was 93.9% and SI was 83.3%. Sometimes, we experienced different result in SI and SAP, high SI low SAP or low SI high SAP. Actually, by the latest data in our Hospital, discordance ratio was 18%. If it excludes no symptom case in the examination, discordance ratio was 22%. SAPs paper reported 20.2%. SI and SAP has spread as symptom assessment, and SI and SAP are automatically calculated by computer problem. But SAP too is calculated by 24 hour pH dates and symptom onset. Then, I excluded the data at the time of sleep, and symptom duration is taken into consideration. Using the medical statistics, I propose Likelihood Ratio for symptom assessment. By medical statistics, likelihood ratio is ratio of sensitivity and (1- specificity). Sensitivity mean probability that symptom is reflux related-symptom, and 1-specificity means probability that reflux occurs in non-symptom. The awake pH