Are solar brightness variations faculae- or spot-dominated?

Shapiro, A. I.,Solanki, S. K.,Krivova, N. A.,Yeo, K. L.,Schmutz, W. K. Springer-Verlag 2016 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.589 No.-

Establishing "Green Regionalism" Environmental Technology Generation across East Asia and Beyond

Shapiro, Matthew A. World Association for Triple Helix and Future Stra 2014 Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia Vol.13 No.2

This research paper advances our understanding of complex interdependence among countries. Existing research has found that total factor productivity (TFP), the residual from the economic growth function, is hindered in the absence of a country's strong political and legal institutions or if a country does not already have a sufficiently high level of TFP. We also know that regional efforts to eliminate pollution are complex. Bridging these two areas while focusing on a high polluting yet high innovating region, the following research questions are posed: Are Northeast Asian countries key collaborators in pursuit of green R&D? Are Northeast Asian countries collaborating extensively with each other? What are the implications for other regions' attempts to establish these kinds of relations? To answer the above questions, biofuels-related technology as defined in the International Patent Classification's "green inventory" of environmentally sound technologies is examined. Patent data is drawn from the USPTO and inventors' country origin as the unit of analysis. For the 1990-2013 period, the Northeast Asian countries are in the core of a small set of collaborating countries. There is evidence that their centrality has increased in recent years. Most importantly, East Asia is becoming a singular research hub in terms of biofuels-related R&D, offering a counter in the foreseeable future to the dominance of the American and European research network hubs.

Variability of Sun-like stars: reproducing observed photometric trends

Shapiro, A. I.,Solanki, S. K.,Krivova, N. A.,Schmutz, W. K.,Ball, W. T.,Knaack, R.,Rozanov, E. V.,Unruh, Y. C. EDP Sciences 2014 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.569 No.-

Strength in Numbers and Voice: An Assessment of the Networking Capacity of Chinese ENGOs

Shapiro, Matthew A.,Brunner, Elizabeth,Li, Hui World Association for Triple Helix and Future Stra 2018 Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia Vol.17 No.2

Under authoritarian regimes, citizen-led NGOs such as environmental NGOs (ENGOs) often operate under close scrutiny of the government. While this presents a challenge to a single ENGO, we propose here - in line with existing research on network effects - that there are opportunities for multiple ENGOs to coordinate and thus work in ways that supersede government controls, affect public opinion, and contribute to policy revision and/or creation. In this paper, we specifically examine the possibility that the gamut of citizen-based ENGOs in China are coordinating. Based on network analysis of ENGOs web pages as well as interviews with more than a dozen ENGO leaders between 2014 and 2016, we find that ENGOs have few direct and public connections to each other, but social media sites and personal connections offline provide a crucial function in creating bridges. A closer examination of these bridges reveals, however, that they can be substantive to the environmental discussion or functional to the dissemination of web page information but typically not both. In short, ENGOs in China are not directly connected but rather are connected in a way that responds to the available social media and the government's censorship practices.

미국 법원의 헌법·법률에 대한 해석과 사회과학

Shapiro, Martin 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2000 法學論集 Vol.5 No.1

유럽에서는 오랫동안 헌법이나 법률의 해석과 관련하여 두 가지의 입장(학파)이 존재해왔다. 하나는 그 헌법이나 법률 자구(字句)의 형식적 의미, 그 성문법전(成文法典)에 의해 형성된 법의 일반원칙들, 그리고 그 자구와 법의 일반원칙들로부터 나온 학설상·사법상(司法上)의 일반원칙들을 강조하는 입장이다. 이러한 접근은 종종 "형식주의적 접근(formal approach)"이라고도 불린다. 헌법이나 법률 해석에 관한 또 다른 하나의 입장은 그 헌법이나 법률이 제정된 목적들, 하나의 혹은 또 다른 하나의 해석이 그 목적에 가장 잘 부합하는 정도를 고려하려고 애쓴다. 이 입장은 종종 "목적합치적 혹은 목적론적 접근(purposive or teleological approach)"이라고 불려 진다.

Judicial Interpretation and Social Science in the U.S.

Shapiro, Martin 건국대학교 법학연구소 2000 一鑑法學 Vol.5 No.-

In Europe there have long been two schools of thought about how to interpret statutes and constitutions. One stresses the formal meaning of the words, the general principles of law established by the codes and the general academic and judicial doctrines derived from those words and general principles. This approach s often called the formal approach. The other school of interpretation seeks to take into account the purposes for which the law was enacted and the extent to which one interpretation or another will best serve that purpose. This school is often called purposive or teleological.

Practical Character Physics for Animators

Shapiro, A.,Sung-Hee Lee IEEE 2011 IEEE computer graphics and applications Vol.31 No.4

<P>To significantly improve the visual quality of certain types of animated 3D character motion, a proposed graphics system infers physical properties and corrects the results by using dynamics. The system visualizes these physical characteristics and provides information not normally available to traditional 3D animators, such as the center of mass, angular momentum, and zero moment point. By comparing the original path generated by an animator to a proper physically based path generated by the system, animators can interactively modify the original path to more closely match the system-generated path. This often produces better character motion. Users can adjust two types of motion: animations involving ballistic paths, such as falling and jumping, and animations involving movement requiring balance and posture, such as walking or running. A professional software system integrates this method for use in a visual effects studio that incorporates live action with 3D animated characters in feature films. Research shows that from 10 to 16 percent of the shots of a character-heavy feature film will incorporate ballistic motions that the system might improve. The Web extra is a video demonstrating an interactive system that helps animators create physically plausible character motions. You can also view the video on YouTube here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0OhS6Y5YX4.</P>

Evaluating Casual Impact of Microfinance: Challenges and Results

Dmitry Shapiro 서울대학교 경제연구소 2021 經濟論集 Vol.60 No.1

In this paper, I survey the literature that studied the impacts of microfinance. The survey consists of four parts. First, I describe the methodological challenges associated with the impact evaluation of microfinance and how the randomized control trial (RCT) approach can address those challenges. I then present the results of six highly influential RCT studies published in the Special Issue of the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics in 2015. All six studies reached a similar conclusion that the overall impact of microfinance was modest and not transformative. Second, I describe the reasons suggested in the literature explaining why the impact is limited. Third, I survey two recent RCT studies that found a positive impact of microfinance and then discuss why these two studies differ from those in the Special Issue. Finally, I survey evidence of the negative impacts of microfinance.

Theoretical Analysis of Hospitals’ Response to a Per Diem Prospective Payment System

Dmitry Shapiro 서울대학교 경제연구소 2021 Seoul journal of economics Vol.34 No.2

Japan has one of the longest average length of stay in hospital (ALOS) among developed countries. To curb the high ALOS, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare has launched a payment system reform where instead of the pre-reform fee-for-service system (FFS) a new per-diem prospective payment system (DPC/PDPS) has been gradually adopted. We develop a theoretical framework to model hospitals’ incentives under different payment systems and to study the impact of the reform on the ALOS. We show that hospitals with a longer (shorter) pre-reform ALOS shorten (lengthen) their post-reform ALOS. Furthermore, hospitals with longer prereform ALOS have stronger incentives to use planned readmission to decrease the post-reform length of stay associated with a single admission. The theoretical predictions of our model match empirical evidence from the literature.

Judicial Interpretation and Social Science in the U.S.

( Martin Shapiro ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2001 서울대학교 法學 Vol.41 No.3