글로벌 리서치 1 - 경쟁과 지식재산권에 관한 정책간의 인터페이스 : 경쟁당국의 역할

Singham, Shanker A. 한국공정경쟁연합회 2012 경쟁저널 Vol.- No.162

이 글은 2012년 3월 9일 '무역 및 경쟁 정책에 관한 국제 원탁회의(International Roundtable on Trade and Competition Policy) 비공개전문가회의'에서 Shanker A. Singham이 발표한 자료와 참석자들의 토의내용을 발표 이후 정리, 이를 요약문 형식으로 번역(의역)한 것이다. 이 글의 주요 논지는 경쟁당국의 지식재산권에 대한 전통적 관점에 대한 재고찰로서, 필자는 "지식재산권 보호가 반드시 경쟁정책에 반하는 것은 아니고, 오히려 지식재산권 보호가 경쟁을 촉진하는 효과를 가진다"는 점을 강조하고 있다. 저자는 자신의 논지를 설명하면서 의약산업의 예시를 상당부분 들고 있다. 이 글 중에는 국내 사정과 정서에 일부 부합하지 않는 내용도 있을 수 있지만, 국내외 경쟁정책에 대한 다양한 관점을 경험할 수 있다는 점에서 의미가 있다고 생각한다.

Newar Scholars and Tibetan Buddhists: Contribution in the Development of Scholastic Buddhism in Tibet

Shanker Thapa 대진대학교 대순사상학술원 2005 대순사상논총 Vol.19 No.-

Nepal’s role in the expansion of Mahayana Buddhism beyond the Himalaya is very significant. Nepal became the center of Mahayana Buddhism after the Muslim invasion of Nalanda Mahavihara in the 1199 A.D., which she maintained almost for 300 years. During this period, Nepal had produced a large number of profound Buddhist scholars. Most of them were the teachers of eminent Tibetan Buddhists. Some of the Nepalese Gurus also has continued lineage in Tibet until now. During that time, every Tibetanhad desire to go to Nepal for higher Buddhist learning. As a matter of fact, manyTibetans made arduous journey across the Himalaya to fulfill the dream. Tibetan studied various forms of tantra, precepts, logic, doctrine, Sutra, Sadhana, Doha, Charyagiti, meditation etc. under direct supervision of Nepalese teachers. Great Tibetan scholars such as Marpa, Rwa Lo, Chag Lo, Khon‐phu‐ba, Klog Lo, Gos Lo, and others were the product of Nepal’s scholarly tradition. They have significant place in the history of Tibet. Nepalese scholars also frequently visited Tibet where they taught Buddhism in various monasteries. They also had major role in propagating tantra in Tibet. Tibetans firmly believe that it is not possible to attain enlightenment without practicing tantra. The contribution of Nepalese scholars was so profound that Tibet produced many eminent scholars who developed scholastic tradition in Tibet. But after 14th century, Nepal’s scholarly tradition ceased to continue. Then after, Tibetans started to call them ‘the dull’.

Numerical Determination of Moisture Diffusivity in Concrete

Shanker Lal Meghwar,Kypros Pilakoutas,Giacomo Torelli,Maurizio Guadagnini 대한토목학회 2022 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.26 No.9

Accurate modelling of moisture diffusion is essential, as it dominates the drying process in concrete and governs the development of shrinkage strains that affect the short- and long-term deformation and cracking behaviour of structural elements. Key models available in the literature use porosity as the main parameter to predict the diffusivity of the material. Although physically sound, this approach is difficult to apply in practice, as the in-situ determination of concrete porosity is challenging. To address this, the present study uses readily available quantities (namely w/c ratio and concrete maturity) as primary material modelling parameters and investigates the effects of pore relative humidity and ambient temperature on the diffusivity properties of concrete using inverse numerical analysis and available experimental data. As a result, a diffusion modelling approach that can be readily used in practical applications is proposed and verified through finite element analyses. The results show that numerical predictions are in good agreement with experimental data. Specifically, the model is capable of capturing the effects of w/c ratio, concrete maturity and thermal conditions on the evolution of the moisture profile within drying concrete elements. The model can be used to determine drying shrinkage strains with a high degree of accuracy, thereby allowing for a more realistic assessment of crack evolution in drying concrete elements and its effects on overall structural performance.

Identity of Muslims as a Religious Minority in Korea : A Preliminary Report

Shanker Thapa The Academy of Korean Studies 2000 THE REVIEW OF KOREAN STUDIES Vol.3 No.2

Gallstone pancreatitis: general clinical approach and the role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

( Shanker Kundumadam ),( Evan L. Fogel ),( Mark Andrew Gromski ) 대한내과학회 2021 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.36 No.1

Gallstones account for majority of acute pancreatitis in the Western world. Increase in number and smaller size of the stones increases the risk for biliary pancreatitis. In addition to features of acute pancreatitis, these patients also have cholestatic clinical picture. Fluid therapy and enteral nutrition are vital components in management of any case of acute pancreatitis. During initial evaluation, a right upper quadrant ultrasonogram is particularly important. On a case-by-case basis, further advanced imaging studies such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or endoscopic ultrasound may be warranted. Acute management also involves monitoring for local and systemic complications. Patients are triaged based on predictors of ongoing biliary obstruction in order to identify who would need endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Index cholecystectomy is safe and recommended, with exception of cases with significant local and systemic complications where delayed cholecystectomy may be safer.

Construction of a new questionnaire for assessing physical therapy student attitudes towards their education and profession and testing its validity and reliability

Jaya Shanker Tedla 물리치료재활과학회 2017 Physical therapy rehabilitation science Vol.6 No.1

Objective: During the physical therapy education, if we can understand the student’s attitude then we can make valuable suggestions with respect to the teaching in the universities and professional employment in the country. The aim of the current study is to develop a questionnaire to test the physical therapy students attitudes towards their education and profession and to test its test-retest reliability and content validity. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 47 physical therapy students who were in their final year were randomly selected to participate in the study. After the making of the questionnaire, it was given to 6 professional experts teaching in the field of physical therapy to obtain their responses for each question with a 5-point Likert scale grading. Their answers were used in making the content validity of the questionnaire. Afterwards, the physical therapy students were asked to fill the questionnaire. Instrument reliability and test-retest reliability were also assessed by having the students complete the questionnaire after one month of taking the questionnaire. Results: The content validity index was 0.71 for the whole scale and values of individual subdivisions were ranging from 0.69 to 0.75. Instrument reliability measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.86 for the whole scale and subdivision values were ranging from 0.32 to 0.86. Test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient, which was 0.71 for whole scales and subdivision values were ranging from 0.38 to 0.70. Conclusions: This questionnaire, which assesses the physical therapy student attitude towards their education and profession, has good content validity, instrument reliability, and test-retest reliability.

Effect of balanced and unbalanced magnetron sputtering processes on the properties of SnO2 thin films

Gauri Shanker,P. Prathap,K.M.K. Srivatsa,Preetam Singh 한국물리학회 2019 Current Applied Physics Vol.19 No.6

A comparative study has been carried on the role of balanced magnetron (BM) and unbalanced magnetron (UBM) sputtering processes on the properties of SnO2 thin films. The oxygen partial pressure, substrate temperature and deposition pressure were kept 20%, 700 °C and 30 mTorr, respectively and the applied RF power varied in the range of 150–250 W. It is observed that the UBM deposition causes significant effect on the structural, electrical and optical properties of SnO2 thin films than BM as evidenced by X-ray diffraction, C-V, Spectroscopic Ellipsometer and Photoluminescence measurements. The value of band gap (Eg) of the films deposited at 150W in UBM is found as Eg=3.83 eV which is much higher than the value of Eg=3.69 eV as observed in BM sputtering indicating that UBM sputtering results in good crystalline quality. Further, the C-V measurements of SnO2 thin films deposited using UBM at high power 250W show hysteresis with large flat band shift indicating that these thin films can be used for the fabrication of memory device. The observed results have been attributed to different mechanisms which exist simultaneously under unbalanced magnetron sputtering due to ion bombardment of growing SnO2 thin film by energetic Ar+ ions.

GENERALIZED CHEN INEQUALITY FOR CR-WARPED PRODUCTS OF LOCALLY CONFORMAL KAHLER MANIFOLDS

Gauree Shanker,Harmandeep Kaur,Ramandeep Kaur,Abdulqader Mustafa 호남수학회 2024 호남수학학술지 Vol.46 No.1

The purpose of the Nash embedding theorem was to take extrinsic help for studying the intrinsic Riemannian geometry. To realize this aim in actual practice there is a need for optimal relationships between the known intrinsic invariants and the main extrinsic invariants for Riemannian submanifolds. This paper aims to provide an optimal relationship for CR-warped product submanifolds of locally conformal Kahler manifolds.

Construction of a new questionnaire for assessing physical therapy student attitudes towards their education and profession and testing its validity and reliability

Tedla, Jaya Shanker korean Academy of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation 2017 Physical therapy rehabilitation science Vol.6 No.1

Objective: During the physical therapy education, if we can understand the student's attitude then we can make valuable suggestions with respect to the teaching in the universities and professional employment in the country. The aim of the current study is to develop a questionnaire to test the physical therapy students' attitudes towards their education and profession and to test its test-retest reliability and content validity. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A total of 47 physical therapy students who were in their final year were randomly selected to participate in the study. After the making of the questionnaire, it was given to 6 professional experts teaching in the field of physical therapy to obtain their responses for each question with a 5-point Likert scale grading. Their answers were used in making the content validity of the questionnaire. Afterwards, the physical therapy students were asked to fill the questionnaire. Instrument reliability and test-retest reliability were also assessed by having the students complete the questionnaire after one month of taking the questionnaire. Results: The content validity index was 0.71 for the whole scale and values of individual subdivisions were ranging from 0.69 to 0.75. Instrument reliability measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.86 for the whole scale and subdivision values were ranging from 0.32 to 0.86. Test-retest reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient, which was 0.71 for whole scales and subdivision values were ranging from 0.38 to 0.70. Conclusions: This questionnaire, which assesses the physical therapy student attitude towards their education and profession, has good content validity, instrument reliability, and test-retest reliability.

Interplay of Hydrogen Sulfide and Nitric Oxide on the Pacemaker Activity of Interstitial Cells of Cajal from Mouse Small Intestine

윤평진,Shanker Prasad Parajuli,Dong Chuan Zuo,Pawan Kumar Shahi,오형중,신혜랑,Mi Jung Lee,염철호,최석,전제열 전남대학교 의과학연구소 2011 전남의대학술지 Vol.47 No.2

We studied whether nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have an interaction on the pacemaker activities of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) from the mouse small intestine. The actions of NO and H2S on pacemaker activities were investigated by using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique and intracellular Ca2+ analysis at 30oC in cultured mouse ICC. Exogenously applied (±)-S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP),an NO donor, or sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), a donor of H2S, showed no influence on pacemaker activity (potentials and currents) in ICC at low concentrations (10 μM SNAP and 100 μM NaHS), but SNAP or NaHS completely inhibited pacemaker amplitude and pacemaker frequency with increases in the resting currents in the outward direction at high concentrations (SNAP 100 μM and NaHS 1 mM). Co-treatment with 10 μM SNAP plus 100 μM NaHS also inhibited pacemaker amplitude and pacemaker frequency with increases in the resting currents in the outward direction. ODQ, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, or glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive K+ channel inhibitor,blocked the SNAP+NaHS-induced inhibition of pacemaker currents in ICC. Also, we found that SNAP+NaHS inhibited the spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) oscillations in cultured ICC. In conclusion, this study describes the enhanced inhibitory effects of NO plus H2S on ICC in the mouse small intestine. NO+H2S inhibited the pacemaker activity of ICC by modulating intracellular Ca2+. These results may be evidence of a physiological interaction of NO and H2S in ICC for modulating gastrointestinal motility.