A critique of urban modelling : from regional science to urban and regional political economy

Sayer, R. Andrew Pergamon Press 1976 국내박사

The camera obscura : a chapter in the pre-history of photography

Hammond, Mary Sayer UMI 1986 국내박사

Understanding Children's Perceptions of Teacher-Child Relationships in Kindergarten: The Role of Child and Family Characteristics

Sayers, Robin C The Ohio State University ProQuest Dissertations & 2021 해외박사(DDOD)

This study examined individual differences in young children's perceptions of teacher caring in kindergarten and the associations between those perceptions and a range of academic and behavioral outcomes in kindergarten. Using data from an ongoing study examining the kindergarten transition, children's individual and family characteristics were used to predict their perceptions of teacher caring in kindergarten. Then, children's perceptions of caring were used to predict tested academic and behavioral outcomes in kindergarten. Results show that child and family characteristics have little impact on children's perceptions of teacher caring in kindergarten, with only special education status significantly associated with those perceptions. Further, children's perceptions of teacher caring were not significantly associated with academic or behavioral outcomes. This research underscores the importance of providing young children with adaptive environments to support the formation of positive school-based relationships.

Failure to restructure a state higher education system: Planning in the Vermont State Colleges

Sayers, Kevin William Boston College 2002 해외박사(DDOD)

Throughout the 1990s many state systems of public higher education contemplated system governance restructuring efforts in hopes of remedying spiraling funding support and an erosion of public confidence. Yet, very few states were able to implement any serious structural reform, oftentimes resorting to only superficial measures that had little effect. In 1999, the Vermont State Colleges became one of the most recent systems to begin a planning effort considering the restructuring of its governance system. This dissertation describes the Vermont example and develops a profile of restructuring planning to explain why so few structural reforms take place. The objectives of this case study are to determine: (1) how restructuring issues emerge; (2) how information is gathered and used in planning processes; (3) how stakeholder roles influence restructuring planning; and, (4) how leadership affects restructuring outcomes. This line of inquiry is explored from two dimensions—analyses of archival documents and in-depth field interviewing with planning actors. Findings show that restructuring planning is a constant struggle among competing interests. Cultural and political conflict among proponents and opponents limit the usefulness of planning and contribute to the movement of the restructuring issue to the periphery. In the case of the Vermont State Colleges, findings indicate that planning is subject to intense <italic>issue controls</italic> inflicted by opponent groups. Issue controls exist on a cost continuum and create a planning culture that is built upon competitive repetition and persistence—those wishing to keep restructuring on the agenda versus those wishing to remove it. Tactics of issue control dilute connectedness between planning actions and outcomes, propagate misinformation, balkanize stakeholders, and cause incrementalism in decision-making. Planning becomes purely symbolic and outcomes pre-ordained by those with power. Recommendations for restructuring planning practice are presented. First, avoid formulas. Restructuring is about both resources and symbols. Second, seek third-party participation to balance resource paradigms and dilute identity politics. Last, faster is not better. An increased pace confines the scope of control. States must adequately plan for restructuring.

A Social Skills Curriculum Intended to Increase the Employment Success of Secondary Transition Aged Students with Moderate to Severe Intellectual Disabilities

Sayer, Ian Vankirk ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Sout 2017 해외박사(DDOD)

Individuals with intellectual disabilities are underemployed when compared to their non-disabled peers. This employment gap has major implications for teachers working with students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. The federal government has mandated that educators work to increase beneficial post-school outcomes, including employment, for students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities through a series of laws. Social skills ability has been linked to employment success. The appropriate use of social skills has been shown to increase employment success and opportunities for students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. A curriculum focused on social skills education, including but not limited to vocational social skills, will increase the ability to gain and keep employment for students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. This dissertation articulates the reasons for the creation of a social skills curriculum with the intention of increasing the employability of students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. It also puts forth a curriculum intended to increase social skills and vocational skills for that population as well as anyone looking to increase those skill competencies. The curriculum presented uses video direct instruction, modeling, and role-playing to increase social and vocational skills competences, enhance communication skills, and ensure the use of reflective practices for continual success. Recommendations for the use of the curriculum presented range from parents, teachers, programs, vocational services, and other interested individuals.

The role of organic matter quality and mineral surfaces for the sorption of chlorpyrifos and diazinon on soils, sediments, and suspended estuary sediment

Sayers-Fay, Andrew Lawrence University of California, Davis 2006 해외박사(DDOD)

This study examines the relative significance of natural organic matter (NOM) quality and mineral surfaces for the sorption of chlorpyrifos (phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-[3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridnyl] ester) and diazinon (phosphorothioic acid, O,O-diethyl O-[6-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-4-pyrimidinyl] ester) on eight California soils, sediments, and suspended estuary sediment. Their aggregate behavior reveals some sorption behaviors of semi-polar contaminant with environmental sorbents. NOM was characterized with pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (py-GC-MS) into biological source and chemical class groupings. X-ray diffraction was used to quantitate the minerals present and N2-BET isotherms were used to determine mesopore structure. NOM was removed with hypochlorite oxidation and combustion. The change in diazinon Kd values depended on sample type. Organic matter thresholds for NOM predominance depended on sample type and organic carbon loading. The order from smallest to largest was: sediments < agricultural soils < forest soils. Chlorpyrifos sorption depended primarily on organic carbon loading and secondarily on NOM saccharide content, non-aromatic, non-heteroatom substituted components of NOM, and kaolinite content. Diazinon n values were negatively correlated with kaolinite content. Suspended sediments were collected from the Sacramento River, Freeport, CA, and characterized by particle size distribution and pyrolysis-GC-MS. Chlorpyrifos desorption kinetics were measured using TenaxRTM beads as a desorption driving force. The measured Kd was 345 L kg -1. Uptake data fit the Elovich equation and had a lower limit of 10,000 for the ratio of maximum and minimum diffusion constants. The release data fit a two-phase model with a fast release fraction of 0.806 and fast and slow rate constants of 0.943 h-1 and 5.92 x 10-3 h-1, respectively. These values were use in a coupled hydrodynamic and environmental fate model that evaluated chlorpyrifos release and persistence during tidal resuspension events in the Napa-Sonoma slough network, San Pablo Bay, CA. The modeled release was most sensitive to the depth of the active bed and the KF value. A doubling of the active bed depth increased release by more than 50%. A tripling of chlorpyrifos KF caused release to be essentially limited by equilibrium sorption rather than desorption kinetics.

Focal adhesion kinase and its endogenous inhibitor, FRNK, in vascular development and injury

Sayers, Rebecca Lynn The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 2008 해외공개박사

Development and maintenance of a circulatory system is required for transport of essential gases and nutrients in vertebrates. Within this work, I have aimed to elucidate the role of a certain family of adhesion signaling molecules in regulating the responses of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) that enable circulatory vessels to form and maintain a differentiated phenotype. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that coordinates signaling from integrins, growth factor receptors, and Gprotein coupled receptors. While FAK is ubiquitously expressed, its variant FAK-related non kinase (FRNK) is selectively expressed in smooth muscle containing tissues. Our group has recently demonstrated that over-expression of FRNK in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) can attenuate PDGF-stimulated proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. FRNK is highly expressed during early postnatal development (particularly in large arteries) and two weeks following endovascular injury in the rat femoral artery. Regulation of FRNK in smooth muscles cells is unique in that FRNK is expressed as a gene within a gene under the control of non-coding sequence within a FAK intron. This FRNK promoter sequence is void of CArG boxes, making transcription independent of serum response factor (SRF). Germline deletion of FAK causes mesodermal defects resulting in embryonic lethality, implicating FAK as a significant regulator of vascular development. Since FAK-/- embryos die prior to complete formation of the vasculature, we used a conditional approach to delete FAK specifically in cardiac neural-crest derived cells. The goals of this work were to (1) determine the factors that regulate SRF-independent smooth muscle-specific expression of FRNK, (2) use a gene ablation model to elucidate an in vivo function for FRNK, and (3) use SMC-specific conditional knockout approach to examine a role for FAK in vascular development. Herein we found that FRNK expression is regulated by TGF-beta and extracellular matrix components. Conservation analysis revealed two ∼100-150 bp regions of the FRNK promoter that are over 75% conserved between mouse, rat and human. Although we found that FRNK-/- mice exhibit increased phosphorylation of FAK Y397 and proliferation our most striking observation was that deletion of FRNK causes decreased expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and smoothelin during postnatal development and in the neointima following carotid artery ligation. Likewise, overexpression of FRNK stimulated smooth muscle promoter activity in serum and enhanced TGF-beta mediated increases in smooth muscle promoter activity. To study the role of FAK in development of cardiac neural crest-derived smooth muscle cells, we used a previously described Wnt-1-Cre expressing mouse to conditionally delete FAK in this cell population. We found that deletion of FAK resulted in malformation of the aorticopulmonary septum and that animals did not survive to adulthood. Additional in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that FAK activity downregulates activity of smooth muscle specific genes. The studies described herein indicate that the adhesion signaling molecule FAK and its truncated family member, FRNK, regulate smooth muscle cell phenotype.

Feeding the ancestors: Ancestor worship in ancient Hinduism and Buddhism

Sayers, Matthew Rae The University of Texas at Austin 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation seeks to provide an insight into the ritual life of the everyday religious actor of ancient India and the intellectual context of the contestation between the Brahmin and Buddhist religious experts over the construction of the householder ideal through a careful examination of the discourse on ancestor worship. The historical context of this dissertation is an important turning point in the religious history of South Asia: the transition from the Vedic religion to the formative stages of Hinduism, coincident with the rise of Buddhism. The theological construction of the ideal householder is the focal point of this cultural transformation in both traditions, and this study focuses on this everyday religious actor instead of the religious experts, exceptional religious figures, who usually occupy the spotlight in similar studies. The householder is the center of gravity around which both Brahmanical and Buddhist scholastic traditions revolve; they shape and construct their ideologies in response to the needs and desires of the householder, while advancing their own moral and social ideals. Both the Brahmanical and Buddhist scholars react to a broader religious tradition, Householder Religion, and this dissertation demonstrates two key characteristics of this response: (1) Brahmin and Buddhist experts occupy the same discursive space in their efforts to construct their notion of the 'proper householder' and (2) both traditions construct the ritual obligations of the householder in such a way as to secure for themselves, among other things, the role of mediator between the householder and various supernatural entities. This thesis focuses on the ancestral rites for three reasons. First, ancestral rites is given a central place throughout the period under discussion. Second, the family, the primary context for the householder, is defined by its lineage, thus the ancestors are central to the householder's self-definition in both social and religious terms. Third, the texts that describe the rituals of ancestor worship demonstrate the characteristics above more fully in both traditions than do texts that address the householder's other ritual obligations. Additionally, this allows me to briefly outline the historical development of ancestor worship in ancient India, a task long overdue.

Legitimate speakers? An ethnographic study of Oaxacan EFL teachers' ideologies about English

Sayer, Peter Michael Christian Arizona State University 2007 해외박사(DDOD)

The study investigates the ideological stances of English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers in the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca. Specifically, the author examined teachers' language ideologies about English. The researcher carried out ethnographic participant observation with three focal teachers in communities across the state over a two-year span that coincided with a period of major social conflict in the area. The teachers' language ideologies are examined through a critical, post-structural lens. The purpose was first to identify the teachers' ideological stances and consider their impact on their teaching, and second to analyze how the teachers constructed themselves as legitimate speakers. The work begins by providing biographical portraits of the focal teachers, and thick descriptions of the schools and the social conflict occurring at the time of the study. The study looks at the local social meanings of English and connects them to the teachers' ideological positions, framed as the teachers' investments with English and their roles as language educators. A major finding is that English teaching and language ideologies in Oaxaca are closely connected to migration to the United States. Migration is seen not just as the physical flows of people back and forth, but also an ideological constriction of future engagements, the investments, and imagined communities that the teachers draw on in their practice. However, the analysis reveals the connection between EFL teaching and the US is complex, involving a number of intertwined ideological issues. The data demonstrate how this complex relationship generates tensions, contradictions, and ambivalence on the part of the teachers. The author argues that this ambivalence is created in large part by dominant language ideologies, which frame the teachers' efforts. The analysis depicts how the teachers negotiate these ideologies, sometimes drawing on or appropriating them, sometimes resisting them and attempting to pose alternative ideologies. Finally, the teachers' stances are examined using the concept of legitimacy. The author argues that the teachers are attempting to position themselves as legitimate speakers which, within the Oaxacan context, entails contesting dominant ideological discourses and constructing identities as legitimate English teachers, learners, and users.

Dietary and exercise effects on neural responses to visual food stimuli in overweight and obese adults

Sayer, Richard D Purdue University 2015 해외박사(DDOD)

Results from human neuroimaging studies consistently demonstrate that obesity is associated with altered neural reward processing of food-relevant cues. These observations have caused some investigators to question whether behavioral interventions such as dietary manipulations or physical activity might modulate processing of food cues in reward-related brain regions. The use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure neural responses to visual food stimuli is a commonly utilized paradigm for assessing neural reward responses relating to ingestive behavior of foods in humans. Using this study design, limited evidence suggests that increases in dietary protein and participation in acute and chronic aerobic exercise may modulate reward-related neural responses to visual food stimuli. However, data regarding the reliability of this fMRI-based paradigm to produce consistent results on multiple testing days and time course of responses following a meal have not been systematically studied. These data are critically important for the proper interpretation of existing literature and for the design of future intervention studies using this paradigm. Therefore, the purpose of Study 1(Chapter 2) was to 1) assess the test-retest reliability of fasting-state neural responses to visual food stimuli and 2) document potential meal-induced changes in neural responses up to 4.5 hours after the consumption of a meal in overweight and obese adults. We hypothesized that fasting-state neural responses would demonstrate good to excellent test-retest reliability and that neural responses to visual food stimuli would be suppressed following meal consumption and then would return to fasting-state levels of activation by 4.5 hours after the meal. Our results indicate that visual food stimuli elicits relatively consistent mean or group-level neural activation in reward-associated brain regions including the insula, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, caudate, and putamen. However, contrary to our hypotheses, the test-retest reliabilities of these responses were generally poor (high degree of within-subject variability) and responses were relatively unaffected by meal consumption. These results have important implications relating to the design of future studies including observable correlations among study outcomes, sample size determination, and statistical modeling. Being cognizant of these considerations, the purpose of the two randomized crossover trials within this document were to assess the effects of dietary protein and fiber (Study 2, Chapter 3) and dietary protein and acute aerobic exercise (Study 3, Chapter 4) on neural responses to visual food stimuli and appetite in overweight (Study 2) and obese (Study 3) adults. For Study 2, we hypothesized that higher intakes of protein and fiber at breakfast would independently and additively increase fullness and decrease hunger, desire to eat, neural responses to visual food stimuli, and ad libitum energy intake at lunch. For Study 3, we hypothesized that higher protein consumption at dinner would increase fullness and decrease hunger, desire to eat, and neural responses to visual food stimuli similar to our hypotheses in Study 2. We further hypothesized that acute aerobic exercise would decrease fullness and increase hunger, desire to eat, and neural responses to visual food stimuli only when performed prior to the consumption of a normal protein dinner. Higher protein breakfasts in Study 2 transiently decreased desire to eat compared to normal protein breakfasts, and hunger was increased on exercise compared to rest in Study 3. Appetite and neural responses to visual food stimuli were otherwise not influenced by the interventions in either study. Collectively, the results of these intervention studies do not support higher intakes of dietary protein and fiber or acute aerobic exercise as significant modulators of neural reward-based ingestive behavior in overweight and obese adults.