Performance Comparison of TCP and SCTP in Wired and Wireless Internet Environment

Sasikala,서태정,이용진 대한공업교육학회 2008 대한공업교육학회지 Vol.33 No.2

HTTP는 월드 와이드 웹에서 가장 널리 사용되는 프로토콜의 하나로 신뢰성을 제공하기 위해 전송 계층 프로토콜로 TCP를 사용한다. HTTP는 개별적인 파일 요청에 대해 분리된 TCP 연결을 사용하기 때문에 파일 수신에 있어서 불필요한 오버헤드인 헤드-오브-라인 (head-of-line) 블로킹을 유발시킨다. 웹 응용은 일반적으로 전송되는 크기가 작기 때문에 무선 환경에서는 TCP로 인한 핸드오버의 지연이 증가한다. 이에 비해 최근에 제안된 SCTP(stream control transmission protocol)는 멀티-스트리밍과 멀티-호밍과 같은 매력적인 기능을 갖고 있다. SCTP의 이러한 기능들은 TCP의 헤드-오브-라인 블로킹을 제거하고, 무선 환경에서 TCP의 핸드오버 지연을 줄이는 것으로 기대되고 있다. 평균 응답 시간은 대부분의 웹 응용에 있어서 중요한 측정 요소이다. 본 논문에서는 NS-2 시뮬레이터를 이용하여 유무선 인터넷 환경에서 SCTP와 TCP의 평균 응답 시간을 비교하였다. 이를 위해, 유선 환경에서는 패킷 손실률, 대역폭, RTT(Round Trip Time) 및 웹 객체의 개수의 변화에 따른 평균 응답 시간이 비교되었고, 무선 환경에서는 이동속도 및 반경의 크기에 따른 평균 응답 시간과 패킷 손실률이 비교되었다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 SCTP가 TCP의 평균 응답 시간을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. HTTP is one of the most widely used protocols of the WWW. Currently it uses TCP as the transport layer protocol to provide reliability. The HTTP uses separate TCP connection for each file request and adds unnecessary head-of-line blocking overhead for the file retrieval. The web application is short sized and affected by the increased handover latency of TCP in wireless environment. SCTP has attractive features such as multi-streaming and multi-homing. SCTP's multi-streaming and multi-homing avoid head-of-line blocking problem of TCP and reduce handover latency of TCP in wired and wireless environment. Mean response time is the important measure in most web application. In this paper, we present the comparison of mean response time between HTTP over SCTP with that of HTTP over TCP in wired and wireless environments using NS-2 simulator. We measured mean response time for varying packet loss rate, bandwidth, RTT, and the number of web objects in wired environment and mean response time and packet loss rate for varying moving speed and region size in wireless environment. Our experimental result shows that SCTP reduces the mean response time of TCP based web traffic.

A smart magnetic nanoplatform for synergistic anticancer therapy: manoeuvring mussel-inspired functional magnetic nanoparticles for pH responsive anticancer drug delivery and hyperthermia.

Sasikala, Arathyram Ramachandra Kurup,GhavamiNejad, Amin,Unnithan, Afeesh Rajan,Thomas, Reju George,Moon, Myeongju,Jeong, Yong Yeon,Park, Chan Hee,Kim, Cheol Sang RSC Pub 2015 Nanoscale Vol.7 No.43

<P>We report the versatile design of a smart nanoplatform for thermo-chemotherapy treatment of cancer. For the first time in the literature, our design takes advantage of the outstanding properties of mussel-inspired multiple catecholic groups -presenting a unique copolymer poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylateco-dopamine methacrylamide) p(HEMA-co-DMA) to surface functionalize the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as well as to conjugate borate containing anticancer drug bortezomib (BTZ) in a pH-dependent manner for the synergistic anticancer treatment. The unique multiple anchoring groups can be used to substantially improve the affinity of the ligands to the surfaces of the nanoparticles to form ultrastable iron oxide nanoparticles with control over their hydrodynamic diameter and interfacial chemistry. Thus the BTZ-incorporated-bio-inspired-smart magnetic nanoplatform will act as a hyperthermic agent that delivers heat when an alternating magnetic field is applied while the BTZ-bound catechol moieties act as chemotherapeutic agents in a cancer environment by providing pH-dependent drug release for the synergistic thermo-chemotherapy application. The anticancer efficacy of these bio-inspired multifunctional smart magnetic nanoparticles was tested both in vitro and in vivo and found that these unique magnetic nanoplatforms can be established to endow for the next generation of nanomedicine for efficient and safe cancer therapy.</P>

An implantable smart magnetic nanofiber device for endoscopic hyperthermia treatment and tumor-triggered controlled drug release

Sasikala, Arathyram Ramachandra Kurup,Unnithan, Afeesh Rajan,Yun, Yeo-Heung,Park, Chan Hee,Kim, Cheol Sang Elsevier 2016 ACTA BIOMATERIALIA Vol.31 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The study describes the design and synthesis of an implantable smart magnetic nanofiber device for endoscopic hyperthermia treatment and tumor-triggered controlled drug release. This device is achieved using a two-component smart nanofiber matrix from monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as well as bortezomib (BTZ), a chemotherapeutic drug. The IONP-incorporated nanofiber matrix was developed by electrospinning a biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer, poly (<SMALL>D</SMALL>,<SMALL>L</SMALL>-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and tumor-triggered anticancer drug delivery is realized by exploiting mussel-inspired surface functionalization using 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine (dopamine) to conjugate the borate-containing BTZ anticancer drug through a catechol metal binding in a pH-sensitive manner. Thus, an implantable smart magnetic nanofiber device can be exploited to both apply hyperthermia with an alternating magnetic field (AMF) and to achieve cancer cell-specific drug release to enable synergistic cancer therapy. These results confirm that the BTZ-loaded mussel-inspired magnetic nanofiber matrix (BTZ-MMNF) is highly beneficial not only due to the higher therapeutic efficacy and low toxicity towards normal cells but also, as a result of the availability of magnetic nanoparticles for repeated hyperthermia application and tumor-triggered controlled drug release.</P> <P><B>Statement of Significance</B></P> <P>The current work report on the design and development of a smart nanoplatform responsive to a magnetic field to administer both hyperthermia and pH-dependent anticancer drug release for the synergistic anticancer treatment. The iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) incorporated nanofiber matrix was developed by electrospinning a biocompatible polymer, poly (<SMALL>D</SMALL>,<SMALL>L</SMALL>-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and tumor-triggered anticancer drug delivery is realized by surface functionalization using 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethylamine (dopamine) to conjugate the boratecontaining anticancer drug bortezomib through a catechol metal binding in a pH-sensitive manner. This implantable magnetic nanofiber device can be exploited to apply hyperthermia with an alternating magnetic field and to achieve cancer cell-specific drug release to enable synergistic cancer therapy, which results in an improvement in both quality of life and patient compliance.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Soybean Protein: A Natural Source for the Production of Green Silver Nanoparticles

Devaraj Sasikala,Kasivelu Govindaraju,Selvaraj Tamilselvan,Ganesan Singaravelu 한국생물공학회 2012 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.17 No.6

The ethnopharmacological approach to the production of nanoparticles is directly related to the creation of an important symbiosis between nanoscience and medical science. Production of nanoparticles under ecofriendly conditions is of significance to address growing concerns on the overall toxicity of nanoparticles for medical and biotechnological applications. The present investigation demonstrates silver nanoparticles production capabilities of a miracle bean soybean Glycine max. We found that a single protein of soybean with a molecular weight of 51 kDa stabilizes the newly formed silver nanoparticles. The electroeluted protein has confirmed the bioreduction property of silver ions.

A Preprocessing Algorithm to Implement Greedy-MRS for Selecting a Hierarchical Reliable Multicast Proxy

R. Sasikala,Dr.K.Duraiswamy 보안공학연구지원센터(IJGDC) 2009 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.2 No.2

Interface-Confined High Crystalline Growth of Semiconducting Polymers at Graphene Fibers for High-Performance Wearable Supercapacitors

Padmajan Sasikala, Suchithra,Lee, Kyung Eun,Lim, Joonwon,Lee, Ho Jin,Koo, Sung Hwan,Kim, In Ho,Jung, Hong Ju,Kim, Sang Ouk American Chemical Society 2017 ACS NANO Vol.11 No.9

<P>We report graphene@polymer core-shell fibers (G@PFs) composed of N and Cu codoped porous graphene fiber cores uniformly coated with semiconducting polymer shell layers with superb electro-chemical characteristics. Aqueous/organic interface-confined polymerization method produced robust highly crystalline uniform semiconducting polymer shells with high electrical conductivity and redox activity. When the resultant core-shell fibers are utilized for fiber supercapacitor application, high areal/volume capacitance and energy densities are attained along with long-term cycle stability. Desirable combination of mechanical flexibility, electrochemical properties, and facile process scalability makes our G@PFs particularly promising for portable and wearable electronics.</P>

Graphene oxide liquid crystals: a frontier 2D soft material for graphene-based functional materials

Padmajan Sasikala, Suchithra,Lim, Joonwon,Kim, In Ho,Jung, Hong Ju,Yun, Taeyeong,Han, Tae Hee,Kim, Sang Ouk The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Chemical Society reviews Vol.47 No.16

<P>Graphene, despite being the best known strong and electrical/thermal conductive material, has found limited success in practical applications, mostly due to difficulties in the formation of desired large-scale highly organized structures. Our discovery of a liquid crystalline phase formation in graphene oxide dispersion has enabled a broad spectrum of highly aligned graphene-based structures, including films, fibers, membranes, and mesoscale structures. In this review, the current understanding of the structure-property relationship of graphene oxide liquid crystals (GOLCs) is overviewed. Various synthetic methods and parameters that can be optimized for GOLC phase formation are highlighted. Along with the results from different characterization methods for the identification of the GOLC phases, the typical characteristics of different types of GOLC phases introduced so far, including nematic, lamellar and chiral phases, are carefully discussed. Finally, various interesting applications of GOLCs are outlined together with the future prospects for their further developments.</P>

Design and application of a smart nanodevice by combining cationic drug delivery and hyperthermia for cancer apoptosis

Ramachandra Kurup Sasikala, Arathyram,Unnithan, Afeesh Rajan,Park, Chan Hee,Kim, Cheol Sang The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Journal of materials chemistry. B, Materials for b Vol.4 No.4

<P>Multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles have gained ample attention in the field of nanomedicine in recent years. Here, novel superparamagnetic core-shell manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MFNP)-encapsulated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSMFNPs) loaded with anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) for the combined application of hyperthermia and chemotherapy were developed and tested <I>in vitro</I>. Our results indicate that DOX-MSMFNPs achieved a favorable hyperthermic response in an alternating magnetic field in addition to cancer cell-specific cationic DOX release due to the cleavage of amide bonds under acidic pH, and synergistically contributed towards an enhanced tumoricidal effect.</P>

Hexa-functional tumour-seeking nano voyagers and annihilators for synergistic cancer theranostic applications

Ramachandra Kurup Sasikala, Arathyram,Unnithan, Afeesh Rajan,Thomas, Reju George,Batgerel, Tumurbaatar,Jeong, Yong Yeon,Park, Chan Hee,Kim, Cheol Sang The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018 Nanoscale Vol.10 No.41

<P>In order to meet the unmet medical needs for effective cancer treatment, multifunctional nanocarriers based on iron oxide nanoparticles hold tremendous promise. Here we report a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles based hexa-functional nanosystem for synergistic cancer theranostic applications by offering active tumour targeting, accumulation and complementary imaging capability by combining magnetic resonance imaging as well as near-infrared fluorescence, magnetophotothermia and chemotherapy. The uniquely designed nanosystem exhibited a paramount increase in the antitumour efficacy through the simultaneous application of multiple thermal effects called magnetophotothermia, which outweighed the therapeutic efficacy of the current thermo-chemo therapies or stand-alone therapies. The active tumour-seeking property with prolonged tumour accumulation and complementary imaging capability with improved sensitivity and resolution also augments the therapeutic efficacy of the proposed nanosystem. Additionally, the work proposes a deep-learning-based tumour cell nuclei detection technique from H&E stained images in anticipation of providing much inspiration for the future of precision histology.</P>

Shewanella chilikensis sp. nov., a moderately alkaliphilic gammaproteobacterium isolated from a lagoon

Sucharita, K.,Sasikala, C.,Park, S.C.,Baik, K.S.,Seong, C.N.,Ramana, C.V. SOCIETY FOR GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY 2009 International journal of systematic and evolutiona Vol.59 No.12