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Sangkook Lee,정진환,김충현,김재민 대한신경외과학회 2015 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.58 No.2
Neurological deficits after brain surgery are not uncommon, and correct and prompt differential diagnosis is essential to initiate appropriate treatment. We describe a patient suffering from loss of consciousness due to hyperammonemia, following valproic acid treatment after surgery for an unruptured cerebral aneurysm. A 57-year-old female patient underwent successful aneurysmal neck clipping to correct an unruptured aneurysm. Her postoperative course was good, and she received anti-epileptic therapy (valproic acid) and a soft diet. Within a few days the patient experienced mental deterioration. Her serum valproic acid reached toxic levels (149.40 mg/L), and serum ammonia was fifteen times the upper normal limit (553 mmol/L; normal range, 9–33 mmol/L). After discontinuation of valproic acid and with conservative treatment, the patient recovered without any complications. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy is an unusual but serious neurosurgical complication, and should not be disregarded as a possible cause of neurological deficits after neurovascular surgery. Early diagnosis is crucial, as discontinuation of valproic acid therapy can prevent serious complications, including death.
Lee, Sangkook,Cheong, Jinhwan,Kim, Choonghyun,Kim, Jae Min The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2015 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.46 No.5
Neurological deficits after brain surgery are not uncommon, and correct and prompt differential diagnosis is essential to initiate appropriate treatment. We describe a patient suffering from loss of consciousness due to hyperammonemia, following valproic acid treatment after surgery for an unruptured cerebral aneurysm. A 57-year-old female patient underwent successful aneurysmal neck clipping to correct an unruptured aneurysm. Her postoperative course was good, and she received anti-epileptic therapy (valproic acid) and a soft diet. Within a few days the patient experienced mental deterioration. Her serum valproic acid reached toxic levels (149.40 mg/L), and serum ammonia was fifteen times the upper normal limit (553 mmol/L; normal range, 9-33 mmol/L). After discontinuation of valproic acid and with conservative treatment, the patient recovered without any complications. Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy is an unusual but serious neurosurgical complication, and should not be disregarded as a possible cause of neurological deficits after neurovascular surgery. Early diagnosis is crucial, as discontinuation of valproic acid therapy can prevent serious complications, including death.
Sangkook Lee,David D Minner,Nick E Christians 한국잡초학회·한국잔디학회 2020 Weed & Turfgrass Science Vol.9 No.1
Nitrogen (N) may be easily leached from a sand-based system. Frequent application of N is a way to reduce leaching. Repeated applications result in increasing cost. Slow-release fertilizers were designed to provide a steady release of N over time. Use of slow-release N sources has been promoted as a more efficient N fertilizer strategy. This study was conducted to evaluate N leaching, root and shoot growth, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) when urea and methylene urea were placed at four mixing depths in a sand-based system. Grass clipping samples were collected every two weeks, dried and weighed. Root dry weight and root organic matter were evaluated at the end of the study. Leachate was collected weekly and analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) content. Surface applied urea produced the largest clipping yield and the best NUE for total mass yield, with the lowest NO₃-N loss due to leaching. When applied subsurface, Methylene urea at the deepest mixing depth of 22.9 cm produced 121% more shoot growth, 57% less NO₃-N leaching, and 46% more NUE for total mass than urea. Split applications of surface applied urea provided the best establishment of Kentucky bluegrass sod on sand-based systems based on the results of the study.
Lee Sangkook(이상국) 한국셰익스피어학회 2001 셰익스피어 비평 Vol.37 No.3
17세기 중후반은 명예혁명으로 알려진 영국의 혁명기로 알려져 있다. 이 시기 는 바로 변화와 도전의 시기였기 때문에 그 여파는 언어에도 즉각적으로 나타났다. 이 명예혁명기 이전까지 귀족들은 서로를 you (V forms)으로 부르며, 하층계급에게는 thou (T forms)로 불렀고, 그 반대로 하층계급끼리는 서로를 thou라고 부르며 귀족들을 you라고 지칭했다 그러나 명예혁명을 맞은 이후, 이와 같은 권력관계의 의미가 사회적 연대관계의 의미로도 변하게 되었다. 셰익스피어는 이러한 V forms과 T forms의 호칭대명사의 차이를 리어왕의 l 막 l장과 l막 4장에서 리어왕과 켄트 백작사이의 대화와 리어왕과 바보사이의 대 화에 반영하여, 라어왕이 가지고 있는 이중적인 자아-외적인 자아와 내적인 자 아-의 갈등을 표현하였다. 딸들을 지극히 사랑하며 끝까지 돌보고자 하는 연민을 가진 노인이라는 내적인 자아와 그러한 사랑을 감추고 왕으로서 위염만을 강조하며 불같은 성마른 고집불통이라는 외적인 자아가 켄트백작이 리어왕의 막내딸 코넬리아의 진정한 사랑을 대변하려 하지만 리어왕이 이를 이해하지 못하자, 켄트백 작은 리어왕을 하대하는 말투 (T forms)를 쓴다. 리어왕은 곧 이를 왕권(외적인 자아)에 대한 도전으로 받아들여 켄트를 추방한다. 이에 반해, 바보는 줄곧 리어왕을 삼촌이라 부르며 하대하는 말투로 리어왕에게 대꾸해도 리어왕 자신의 본정(내적인 자아)을 이해하는 심정으로 바보를 대한다. 켄트가 사용한 T forms은 권력관계를 뜻하지만, 바보가 사용하는 T forms은 영국혁명기 이후 나타나는 사회적 연대관계를 뜻하여, 켄트가 사용한 thou는 리어 왕의 대꾸에서 나타나듯 왕권으로 상징되는 리어왕의 외적인 자아를 표출시켰지만, 바보가 사용한 thou는 리어왕이 바보에 대하여 내적인 자아를 솔직하게 털어놓게 만드는 호칭대명사인 것이다.
Sung Jin Lee,Kyeong Ho Kim,Myung Haing Cho,Sangkook Lee,Woongchon Mar 한국생약학회 1999 Natural Product Sciences Vol.5 No.2
The enzyme steroid 5α-reductase is responsible for the conversion of testosterone into the most potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT). In man, this steroid acts on a variety of androgenresponsive target tissues to mediate such diverse endocrine processes as male sexual differentiation in the fetus and prostatic growth in men. Androgen levels in the prostate may influence carcinogenesis in this organ. The use of a 5α-reductase inhibitor, finasteride, in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer is being evaluated in a clinical trial and have been used successfully for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Therefore, for the discovery of 5α-reductase type 2 inhibitors, we have evaluated the inhibitory effects of solvent fractionated extracts of natural products on 5α-reductase type 2 activity. We have tested approximately 80 kinds of natural products after partition into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous layers from 100% methanol extracts of plants. The ethyl acetate fractions of Perilla sikokiana (seed, IC<sub>50</sub> : 6.2 ug/㎖), Sophora flavescens (root, IC<sub>50</sub> : 8.9 ug/㎖), and Angelica tenuissima (root, IC<sub>50</sub>: 11.7 ug/㎖) revealed inhibitory effects on 5α-reductase 2 activity in LNCaP cells. The effective ethyl acetate fractions of Perilla sikokiana, Sophora Jlavescens, Hydnocarpus anthelmintica, and Angelica tenuissima were subfractionated by column chromatography and tested. The subfractions F4 (IC<sub>50</sub> : 1.1 ug/㎖), F5 (IC<sub>50</sub> : 2.0 ug/㎖), and F6 (IC<sub>50</sub> : 5.8 ug/㎖) of the ethyl acetate fraction of Perilla sikokiana and the subfraction F8 (IC<sub>50</sub> : 5.3 ug/㎖) of the ethyl acetate fraction of Sophora, flavescens displayed greater inhibition of 5α-reductase type 2 than did finasteride in LNCaP cells. These active fractions are under the process of further sequential fractionation to find the effective pure compounds against 5α-reductase 2 activity.