Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Sphaeranthus indicus (Linn.)

Kirti. S. Prabhu,Richard Lobo,C. Dinesh Kumar,K. Rajendran,Annie Shirwaikar 한국생약학회 2006 Natural Product Sciences Vol.12 No.2

study presents a detailed pharmacognostical study of the underground portion of the crude drugSphaeranthus indicus dian system of medicine. The root and stolonwere studied using procedures of light, conofocal microscopy, WHO recommended-physicochemical determinations,and authentic phytochemical procedures. The physicochemical, morphological, and histological parameters presentedin this paper may be proposed as parameters to identify and establish the authenticity of S. indicus root and stolon.KeywordsS. indicus, pharmacognosy, adulterants

Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Coscinium fenestratum in STZ-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats

I.S.R.Punitha1,,Nalini Bhat3,,K.Rajendran1,,Arun Shirwaikar2,,Annie Shirwaikar1 한국생약학회 2005 Natural Product Sciences Vol.11 No.3

The aqueous extract of Coscinium fenestratum was studied for its antioxidant status in STZ-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats at two dose levels of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. At the end of theexperimental period, diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract at both dose levels showed a significant increase insuperoxide dismutase and catalase as compared to the untreated control. Similarly, a significant increase was alsoobserved in the levels of the non enzymatic antioxidants ceruloplasmin, ascorbic acid and tocopherol. The resultssuggest that the aqueous stem extract of C. fenestratum prevents type 2 diabetes mellitus induced oxidative stress.

Mesh distortion sensitivity of 8-node plane elasticity elements based on parametric, metric, parametric-metric, and metric-parametric formulations

Rajendran, S.,Subramanian, S. Techno-Press 2004 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.17 No.6

The classical 8-node isoparametric serendipity element uses parametric shape functions for both test and trial functions. Although this element performs well in general, it yields poor results under severe mesh distortions. The distortion sensitivity is caused by the lack of continuity and/or completeness of shape functions used for test and trial functions. A recent element using parametric and metric shape functions for constructing the test and trial functions exhibits distortion immunity. This paper discusses the choice of parametric or metric shape functions as the basis for test and/or trial functions, satisfaction of continuity and completeness requirements, and their connection to distortion sensitivity. Also, the performances of four types of elements, viz., parametric, metric, parametric-metric, and metric-parametric, are compared for distorted meshes, and their merits and demerits are discussed.

Transport, structural and thermal studies on nanocomposite polymer blend electrolytes for Li-ion battery applications

S. Rajendran,K. Kesavan,R. Nithya,M. Ulaganathan 한국물리학회 2012 Current Applied Physics Vol.12 No.3

Nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (NCPEs) composed of poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)(PVdF-co-HFP) as a host polymer, Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) as an additive, Ethylene Carbonate (EC) as a plasticizer, Lithium Perchlorate as dopant salt and Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) as a filler were prepared for various concentrations of BaTiO3 using solvent casting technique. Thermal stability of the sample having maximum ionic conductivity was found using TG/DTA analysis. Nano composite polymer electrolytes were subjected to ac impedance analysis spectra for acquiring the ionic conductivity values at different temperature. Surface structure of the sample was analysed using scanning electron microscope and the complexations of samples were analysed using X-ray diffraction analysis. It was noted that the polymer electrolyte contains 8 wt. % of BaTiO3 showed maximumionic conductivity than the other ratios of BaTiO3.

The unsymmetric finite element formulation and variational incorrectness

S. Rajendran 국제구조공학회 2008 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.28 No.6

Eight-node field-consistent hexahedron element in dynamic problems

Rajendran, S.,Prathap, G. Techno-Press 1999 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.8 No.1

Superior performance of field consistent eight-node hexahedron element in static bending problems has already been demonstrated in literature. In this paper, its performance in free vibration is investigated. Free vibration frequencies of typical test problems have been computed using this element. The results establish its superior performance in free vibration, particularly in thin plate application and near incompressibility regimes, demonstrating that shear locking, Poisson's stiffening and volumetric locking have been eliminated.

A technique to avoid aspect-ratio locking in QUAD8 element for extremely large aspect-ratios

S. Rajendran 국제구조공학회 2011 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.37 No.6

This paper investigates the aspect-ratio locking of the isoparametric 8-node quadrilateral (QUAD8) element. An important finding is that, if finite element solution is carried out with in exact arithmetic (i.e., with no truncation and round off errors), the locking tendency of the element is completely avoided even for aspect-ratios as high as 100000. The current finite element codes mostly use floating point arithmetic. Thus, they can only avoid this locking for aspect-ratios up to 100 or 1000. A novel method is proposed in the paper to avoid aspect-ratio locking in floating point computations. In this method, the offending terms of the strain-displacement matrix (i.e., B-matrix) are multiplied by suitable scaling factors to avoid ill-conditioning of stiffness matrix. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the method. The examples reveal that aspect-ratio locking is avoided even for aspect-ratios as high as 100000.

Iodine Supplementation of Leucaena leucocephala Diet for Goats. II. Effects on Blood Metabolites and Thyroid Hormones

Rajendran, D.,Pattanaik, A.K.,Khan, S.A.,Bedi, S.P.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.6

Twelve adult male goats, comprising of six castrated and six intacts, (2.5-3 years; $24.4{\pm}0.62kg$) were randomly but evenly divided into two groups ($I_0$ and $I_{100}$) and fed conventional concentrate mixture along with Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (100 g/head approx.), the latter to supply 50 per cent of the crude protein (CP) requirements. The $I_{100}$ group was provided with supplemental iodine as potassium iodide solution at 0.1 mg/day/animal. Wheat straw was provided ad libitum as sole source of roughage during the experimental period of 105 d. Blood samples were collected at the begining (0 d) and thereafter at 30, 60 and 90 d of experimental feeding. The study revealed that the serum glucose level was significantly higher (p<0.01) in $I_{100}$ group as compared to $I_0$. Haemoglobin, packed cell volume and serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, globulin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase did not show significant differences as a result of iodine supplementation. Though the serum levels of triiodothyronine ($T_3$) were comparable between the two groups, that of thyroxine ($T_4$) increased significantly (p<0.001) in the $I_{100}$ group. The $T_3:T_4$ ratio was also similar between both the groups. The study indicated that the adverse effect of Leucaena feeding on thyroid gland could possibly be alleviated by provision of extra iodine. However, this needs further confirmation using long duration studies.

Iodine Supplementation of Leucaena leucocephala Diet for Goats. I. Effects on Nutrient Utilization

Rajendran, D.,Pattanaik, A.K.,Khan, S.A.,Bedi, S.P.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.6

Twelve indigenous male goats, comprising of six intact and six castrated (2.5-3 years; $24.4{\pm}0.62kg$) were assigned evenly into two dietary treatments, viz. $I_0$ and $I_{100}$ and were used to study the effect of supplementation of iodine on the nutrient utilization when their diet contained Leucaena leaf meal. They were offered a conventional concentrate mixture along with Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal, the latter to meet 50% of their crude protein (CP) requirements, and supplemented with either no iodine ($I_0$) or 0.1 mg of iodine ($I_{100}$)/day/animal as potassium iodide for a period of 105 days. Wheat straw given ad libitum was the sole source of roughage. A metabolism trial of 8 days duration was conducted after 90 days of experimental feeding. It was observed that the overall dry matter (DM) intake during experimental period was higher (p<0.05) in $I_{100}$ group as compared to $I_0$ group (508.6 vs. $443.7g\;d^{-1}$). The intake of CP, digestible crude protein (DCP) and metabolisable energy (ME), although non-significant, tended to be higher in the iodine supplemented group, $I_{100}$. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract and crude fiber (CF) did not differ (p>0.05) between the treatments. However, nitrogen retention was higher (p<0.01) in $I_{100}$ than $I_0$ with the values being 2.63 and $1.70g\;d^{-1}$, respectively. No difference (p>0.05) was evident in the retention of calcium and phosphorus between the two groups. The castrated animal exhibited lower DM intake concurrent with higher digestibility of DM and crude fibre (p<0.05), and organic matter and total carbohydrates (p<0.01) when compared to intact ones. It was concluded that supplementation of iodine to leucaena based ration may help in improving the DM intake and nitrogen utilization by goats.

Completeness requirements of shape functions for higher order finite elements

Rajendran, S.,Liew, K.M. Techno-Press 2000 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.10 No.2

An alternative interpretation of the completeness requirements for the higher order elements is presented. Apart from the familiar condition, $\sum_iN_i=1$, some additional conditions to be satisfied by the shape functions of higher order elements are identified. Elements with their geometry in the natural form, i.e., without any geometrical distortion, satisfy most of these additional conditions inherently. However, the geometrically distorted elements satisfy only fewer conditions. The practical implications of the satisfaction or non-satisfaction of these additional conditions are investigated with respect to a 3-node bar element, and 8- and 9-node quadrilateral elements. The results suggest that non-satisfaction of these additional conditions results in poorer performance of the element when the element is geometrically distorted. Based on the new interpretation of completeness requirements, a 3-node element and an 8-node rectangular element that are insensitive to mid-node distortion under a quadratic displacement field have been developed.