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M. I. Pech-Canul,M. Rodríguez-Reyes3,M. A. Pech-Canul,J. C. Rendón-Angeles 대한금속·재료학회 2011 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.17 No.6
In this work, SiC_P and SiC_P/SiO_2 porous preforms were infiltrated without assistance in Ar→N_2 atmosphere with the alloy Al-10.3 Mg-12.04 Si (wt.%) at 1050 and 1100 °C, for 20, 40 and 60 min. It was found that a decrease in residual porosity and an increase in elastic modulus by about 22 % with respect to composites produced without SiO_2 additions to the preforms are associated with the formation of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl_2O_4). A concurrent increase of the matrix hardness is ascribed to a strengthening mechanism by MgAl_2O_4 formation, similar to the strengthening observed with Mg_2Si in aluminum alloys. Therefore, the spinel can be considered as a co-reinforcement of SiC_p in the aluminum matrix composites. Reactions for spinel formation and possible mechanisms for hardness enhancement are outlined.
Evolution pathway of CZTSe nanoparticles synthesized by microwave-assisted chemical synthesis
Reyes, Odin,Sanchez, Monica F.,Pal, Mou,Llorca, Jordi,Sebastian, P.J. Techno-Press 2017 Advances in nano research Vol.5 No.3
In this study we present the reaction mechanism of $Cu_2ZnSnSe_4$ (CZTSe) nanoparticles synthesized by microwave-assisted chemical synthesis. We performed reactions every 10 minutes in order to identify different phases during quaternary CZTSe formation. The powder samples were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that in the first minutes copper phases are predominant, then copper and tin secondary phases react to form ternary phase. The quaternary phase is formed at 50 minutes while ternary and secondary phases are consumed. At 60 minutes pure quaternary CZTSe phase is present. After 60 minutes the quaternary phase decomposes in the previous ternary and secondary phases, which indicates that 60 minutes is ideal reaction time. The EDS analysis of pure quaternary nanocrystals (CZTSe) showed stoichiometric relations similar to the reported research in the literature, which falls in the range of Cu/(Zn+Sn): 0.8-1.0, Zn/Sn: 1.0-1.20. In conclusion, the evolution pathway of CZTSe synthesized by this novel method is similar to other synthesis methods reported before. Nanoparticles synthesized in this study present desirable properties in order to use them in solar cell and photoelectrochemical cell applications.
Dissipation of energy in steel frames with PR connections
Reyes-Salazar, Alfredo,Haldar, Achintya Techno-Press 2000 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.9 No.3
The major sources of energy dissipation in steel frames with partially restrained (PR) connections are evaluated. Available experimental results are used to verify the mathematical model used in this study. The verified model is then used to quantify the energy dissipation in PR connections due to hysteretic behavior, due to viscous damping and at plastic hinges if they are formed. Observations are made for two load conditions: a sinusoidal load applied at the top of the frame, and a sinusoidal ground acceleration applied at the base of the frame representing a seismic loading condition. This analytical study confirms the general behavior, observed during experimental investigations, that PR connections reduce the overall stiffness of frames, but add a major source of energy dissipation. As the connections become stiffer, the contribution of PR connections in dissipating energy becomes less significant. A connection with a T ratio (representing its stiffness) of at least 0.9 should not be considered as fully restrained as is commonly assumed, since the energy dissipation characteristics are different. The flexibility of PR connections alters the fundamental frequency of the frame. Depending on the situation, it may bring the frame closer to or further from the resonance condition. If the frame approaches the resonance condition, the effect of damping is expected to be very important. However, if the frame moves away from the resonance condition, the energy dissipation at the PR connections is expected to be significant with an increase in the deformation of the frame, particularly for low damping values. For low damping values, the dissipation of energy at plastic hinges is comparable to that due to viscous damping, and increases as the frame approaches failure. For the range of parameters considered in this study, the energy dissipations at the PR connections and at the plastic hinges are of the same order of magnitude. The study quantitatively confirms the general observations made in experimental investigations for steel frames with PR connections; however, proper consideration of the stiffness of PR connections and other dynamic properties is essential in predicting the dynamic behavior.
Ductility and ductility reduction factor for MDOF systems
Reyes-Salazar, Alfredo Techno-Press 2002 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.13 No.4
Ductility capacity is comprehensively studied for steel moment-resisting frames. Local, story and global ductility are being considered. An appropriate measure of global ductility is suggested. A time domain nonlinear seismic response algorithm is used to evaluate several definitions of ductility. It is observed that for one-story structures, resembling a single degree of freedom (SDOF) system, all definitions of global ductility seem to give reasonable values. However, for complex structures it may give unreasonable values. It indicates that using SDOF systems to estimate the ductility capacity may be a very crude approximation. For multi degree of freedom (MDOF) systems some definitions may not be appropriate, even though they are used in the profession. Results also indicate that the structural global ductility of 4, commonly used for moment-resisting steel frames, cannot be justified based on this study. The ductility of MDOF structural systems and the corresponding equivalent SDOF systems is studied. The global ductility values are very different for the two representations. The ductility reduction factor $F_{\mu}$ is also estimated. For a given frame, the values of the $F_{\mu}$ parameter significantly vary from one earthquake to another, even though the maximum deformation in terms of the interstory displacement is roughly the same for all earthquakes. This is because the $F_{\mu}$ values depend on the amount of dissipated energy, which in turn depends on the plastic mechanism, formed in the frames as well as on the loading, unloading and reloading process at plastic hinges. Based on the results of this study, the Newmark and Hall procedure to relate the ductility reduction factor and the ductility parameter cannot be justified. The reason for this is that SDOF systems were used to model real frames in these studies. Higher mode effects were neglected and energy dissipation was not explicitly considered. In addition, it is not possible to observe the formation of a collapse mechanism in the equivalent SDOF systems. Therefore, the ductility parameter and the force reduction factor should be estimated by using the MDOF representation.
Reyes, Alisha Wehdnesday Bernardo,Hong, Tae Gyu,Hop, Huynh Tan,Arayan, Lauren Togonon,Huy, Tran Xuan Ngoc,Min, Wongi,Lee, Hu Jang,Lee, Kang Seok,Kim, Suk Elsevier 2017 Microbial pathogenesis Vol.109 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, we investigated the protective effects of tannin-derived components, gallic acid (GA) and tannic acid (TA), <I>in vitro</I> and <I>in vivo</I> against <I>Salmonella</I> infection in mice. Both GA and TA showed antibacterial effects against <I>Salmonella</I> (<I>S.</I>) Typhimurium as well as inhibitory effects on the adherence, invasion, and intracellular growth of the pathogens in macrophages. Following a lethal dose of <I>Salmonella</I> infection in mice, reduced virulence in both GA- and TA-treated groups was observed based on reduced mortality rates. In the non-infected groups, the average weights of the spleens and livers of GA- or TA-treated mice were not significantly different with the control group. In addition, the average weights of these organs in all of the <I>Salmonella</I>-infected groups were not significantly different but the numbers of bacteria in the spleens and livers in both GA- and TA-treated mice were significantly reduced. The levels of cytokine production in non-infected mice revealed that GA-treated and TA-treated mice elicited an increased level of IFN-γ, and both IFN-γ and MCP-1, respectively, as compared with the PBS-treated group. These findings highlight the potential of GA and TA as alternatives for the treatment of salmonellosis and as supplements to conventional antimicrobial food additives.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Gallic acid (GA) and tannic acid (TA) showed antibacterial effects against <I>S.</I> Typhimurium. </LI> <LI> GA and TA showed a treatment effect against <I>S.</I> Typhimurium infection in a mouse model. </LI> <LI> GA-treated and TA-treated mice elicited an increased level of IFN-γ, and both IFN-γ and MCP-1, respectively. </LI> <LI> GA and TA could be used as potential alternatives for the treatment of salmonellosis. </LI> </UL> </P>