Effect of Zeta-Potential on the Viscosity of Clay-Water Suspension

Lee, Young-Seek,Ree, Jong-Baik,Ree, Taik-Yue Korean Chemical Society 1982 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.3 No.3

Viscosity and zeta-potential of 11.0 wt. % aqueous bentonite suspension containing various electrolytes and hydrogen-ion concentration were measured by using a Couette type automatic rotational viscometer and Zeta Meter, respectively. The effects of pH and elcctrolytes on the rheological properties of the suspension were investigated. A system, which has a large zeta-potcntial, has a small intrinsic relaxation time ${\beta}$ and a small intrinsic shear modulus $1/{\alpha}$ in the Ree-Eyring generalized viscosity equation, i.e., such a system has a small viscosity value, since ${\eta}={\beta}/{\alpha}$. In general, a stable suspension system has large zeta-potential. The stability condition of clay-water suspension can be estimated by viscometric method since stable suspension generally has small viscosity. The correlation between the stability, viscosity and zeta-potential has been explained by the Ree-Eyring theory of viscous flow.

Molecular Theory of Plastic Deformation (Ⅲ)$^*$

Kim, Jae-Hyun,Ree, Tai-Kyue,Kim, Chang-Hong Korean Chemical Society 1981 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.2 No.3

(1) The flow data of f (stress) and ${\dot{s}$ (strain rate) for Fe and Ti alloys were plotted in the form of f vs. -ln ${\dot{s}$ by using the literature values. (2) The plot showed two distinct patterns A and B; Pattern A is a straight line with a negative slope, and Pattern B is a curve of concave upward. (3) According to Kim and Ree's generalized theory of plastic deformation, pattern A & B belong to Case 1 and 2, respectively; in Case 1, only one kind of flow units acts in the deformation, and in Case 2, two kinds flow units act, and stress is expressed by $f={X_1f_1}+{X_2f_2}$where $f_1\;and\;f_2$ are the stresses acting on the flow units of kind 1 and 2, respectively, and $X_1,\;X_2$ are the fractions of the surface area occupied by the two kinds of flow units; $f_j=(1/{\alpha}_j) sinh^{-1}\;{\beta}_j{{\dot{s}}\;(j=1\;or\;2)$, where $1/{\alpha}_j\;and\;{\beta}_j$ are proportional to the shear modulus and relaxation time, respectively. (4) We found that grain-boundary flow units only act in the deformation of Fe and Ti alloys whereas dislocation flow units do not show any appreciable contribution. (5) The deformations of Fe and Ti alloys belong generally to pattern A (Case 1) and B (Case 2), respectively. (6) By applying the equations, f=$(1/{\alpha}_{g1}) sinh^-1({\beta}_{g1}{\dot{s}}$) and $f=(X_{g1}/{\alpha}_{g1})sinh^{-1}({\beta}_{g1}{\dot{s}})+ (X_{g2}/{\alpha}_{g2})\;shih^{-1}({\beta}_{g2}{\dot{s}})$ to the flow data of Fe and Ti alloys, the parametric values of $x_{gj}/{\alpha}_{gj}\;and\;{\beta}_{gs}(j=1\;or\;2)$ were determined, here the subscript g signifies a grain-boundary flow unit. (7) From the values of ($({\beta}_gj)^{-1}$) at different temperatures, the activation enthalpy ${\Delta}H_{gj}^{\neq}$ of deformation due to flow unit gj was determined, ($({\beta}_gj)^{-1}$) being proportional to .$k_{gj}$, the jumping frequency (the rate constant) of flow unit gj. The ${\Delta}H_{gj}\;^{\neq}$ agreed very well with ${\Delta}H_{gj}\;^{\neq}$ (self-diff) of the element j whose diffusion in the sample is a critical step for the deformation as proposed by Kim-Ree's theory (Refer to Tables 3 and 4). (8) The fact, ${\Delta}H_{gj}\;^{\neq}={\Delta}H_{j}\;^{\neq}$ (self-diff), justifies the Kim-Ree theory and their method for determining activation enthalpies for deformation. (9) A linear relation between ${\beta}^{-1}$ and carbon content [C] in hot-rolled steel was observed, i.e., In ${\beta}^{-1}$ = -50.2 [C] - 40.3. This equation explains very well the experimental facts observed with regard to the deformation of hot-rolled steel..

Rheological Studies of Greases

이태규,Ma, Shao Mu,Ree, Tai Kyu 대한화학회 1976 대한화학회지 Vol.20 No.3

鋼製毛細管粘度計를 제작하여 윤활유의 流動性質을 연구하였다. 使用한 윤활유는 bentone 윤활유(thickener의 무게 농도 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 및 $10.0{\%}$)와 Lime-soap윤활유(thickener의 무게농도 2.4, 7.0, 9.3, 12.1 및 15.2%)이었다. Lime-soap윤활유의 流動性質에 對하여 resident-time(毛細管內에 윤활유가 殘留하는 時間) 效果를 硏究하기 위하여 半徑(R)과 길이(L)를 달리하는 各種毛細管을 使用하였다. 그러나 bentone 윤활유의 流動性質의 仔細한 硏究를 위하여서는 單一種의 毛細管을 使用하였다. 實驗結果(流出量對 shear 速度)에 對하여 Ree-Eyring 式에 나타나는 $X_1{\beta}_1/{\alpha}_1$(Newton 單位에 對한 量), $X_2/{\alpha}_2$ 및 ${\beta}_2$(非 Newton 單位에 對한 量) 等의 係數가 thickener 농도와 溫度에 對하여 어떻게 變化하는가를 보았다. 이 硏究의 分析結果에 依하면 ${\Delta}H_1^{\neq}$와 ${\Delta}H_2^{\neq}$(각각 流動單位 type1과 type2의 流動活性化엔탈피)가 溶媒(base oil)의 流動活性化엔탈피(${\Delta}H_b^{\neq}$)에 近似的으로 一致한다. 이 事實로부터 thickener의 流動單位 (type 1, type 2 공히)는 溶媒分子의 移動으로 因하여 장만된 小孔에 뛰어드러감으로써 全體系의 流動이 이루어짐을 알 수 있다. Bentone 윤활유에 대하여 ${\beta}_2$는 어느 주어진 溫度에 있어서 thickener 농도에 無關함을 알아냈으니 이것은 旣往文獻에 發表된 事實과 一致한다. 殘留時間效果를 lime-soap 윤활유에 對하여 보려고 詩圖하였으나 그 結果는 分明하지 않았다. 그 理由는 lime-soap 윤활유 自身의 性質에도 依存하지만 著者들의 使用한 毛細管의 L/R 値(殘留時間에 比例하는 常數)가 너무 적었음에 原因이 있다고 생각된다. A steel capillary viscometer was built for the study of rheological properties of greases. Bentone greases with thickener concentration of 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0 weight percent and lime-soap greases with soap concentrations of 2.4, 7.0, 9.3, 12.1 and 15.2 weight percent were studied. Capillaries with various radii R and lengths L were used to study the resident-time effect on the flow properties of lime soap greases. Detailed studies on bentone greases were conducted using a capillary with a fixed size. The results were analyzed by using Ree-Eyring flow equation. The factors appearing in the latter, ($X_1{\beta}_1/{\alpha}_1$ for Newtonian units, $X_2/{\alpha}_2$ and ${\beta}_2$ both for non-Newtonian units), were studied in order to investigate how they change with thickener concentrations and temperatures. Through this analysis, we have found that TEX>${\Delta}H_1^{\neq}$</TEX> and ${\Delta}H_2^{\neq}$, the activation enthalpies for flow of type-1 unit and of type-2 unit, respectively, are approximately equal to that of the base oil, the solvent. From this fact, it is concluded that these type units flow into the holes which were produced by the movement of solvent molecules. For bentone greases, the ${\beta}_2$ is about constant independent of concentration at a given temperature as found in the literature. The resident-time effect has not been clearly demonstrated in this research; this is due partly to the nature of the greases used in our research and partly to the small values of L/R of our capillaries, the resident time being proportional to the value L/R.

Rheological Properties of the Solutions of Incompatible Polymer Blends

Sohn, Jeong-In,Ree, Taik-Yue Korean Chemical Society 1981 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.2 No.4

A blend polymeric system composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA or PM) and polystyrene (PS) dissolved in chloroform was rheologically studied. The viscosities ${\eta}_{bl}$ of the blend system with various blending ratios ${\chi}$ changing from zero (pure PS solution) to unity (pure PMMA solution) were measured at $25{\circ}C$ as a function of shear rates ${\dot{s}}$ by using a Couette type viscometer. ${\eta}_{bl}$ at a given ${\dot{s}}$ decreased exponentially with ${\chi}$ reaching asymptotic constant value of ${\eta}_{bl}$ ; ${\eta}_{bl}$ at a given ${\chi}$ is greater at a smaller ${\dot{s}}$. These results are explained by using Ree-Erying's theory of viscosity, ${\eta}_{bl}=(x_1{\beta}_1/{\alpha}_1)_{b}_1+ (x_2{\beta}_2/{\alpha}_2)_{bl}[sinh^{-1}{\beta}_2(bl) {\dot{s}}]/{\beta}_2(bl){\dot{s}}$. The Gibbs activation energy ${\Delta}G_i^\neq$(i = 2 for non-Newtonian units) entering into the intrinsic relaxation time ${\beta}$ is represented by a linear combination ${\Delta}G_i^\neq(bl) ={\chi}{\Delta}G_i^{\neq}_{iPM}+(1-{\chi}){\Delta}G_i^{\neq}_{iPS}$;the intrinsic shear modulus$[[\alpha}_i]^{-1}$ is also represented by $[{\alpha}_i(bl)]^{-1}={\chi}[{\alpha}_{iPM}]^{-1}+(1-{\chi})[{\alpha}_{iPS}]^{-1}$ and the fraction of area on a shear surface occupied by the ith flow units $x_i(bl)$ is similarly represented, i.e., $x_i(bl) = {\chi}x_{iPM}+(1-{\chi})x_{iPS}$. By using these ideas the Ree-Eyring equation was rewritten which explained the experimental results satisfactorily.

Superplastic Deformation in the Low Stress Region

Jang, Chun-Hag,Kim, Chang-Hong,Ree, Tai-Kyue Korean Chemical Society 1984 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.5 No.2

Superplastic alloys generally exhibit a three-stage sigmoidal variation of stress (f) with strain rate (s), the stages being named region 1, 2 and 3 according to the increasing order of stress or strain rate. In the recent years, two different types of papers have been published on the plastic deformation of Zn-22% Al eutectoid in region Ⅰ differing in strain-rate sensitivity m (= dln f/dln s). In this paper, the data of the two groups have been analysed by applying Kim and Ree's theory of superplastic deformation. (1) We obtained the parametric values of $X_{gj}/{\alpha}_{gj}\;and\;{\beta)_{gj}$ (g: grain boundary, j = 1,2 indicating flow units) appearing in Kim and Ree's theory [Eq. (2a)]. (2) It was found that the value of $X_{g^2}/{\alpha}_{g^2}$ is small for the group data with small m, i.e., ${\alpha}_{g^2}$, which is proportional to the size of flow unit g2, is large whereas ${\alpha}_{g^2}$ is small for the groups data with large m, i.e., the size of the flow unit g2 is small. In other words, the two types of behavior occur by the size difference in the flow units. (3) From the ${\beta}_{gj}$ value, which is proportional to the relaxation time of flow unit gj, the ${\Delta}H_{gj}^{\neq}$ for the flow process was calculated, and found that ${\Delta}H_{g^2}^{\neq}$ is large for the group data with small m whereas it is small for the group data with large m. (4) The flow-unit growth was studied, but it was concluded that this effect is not so important for differentiating the two groups. (5) The difference in ${\alpha}_{g^2}$ and in the growth rate of flow units is caused by minute impurities, crystal faults, etc., introduced in the sample preparation.

Rheological Properties of Polystyrene Degraded by Mechanical Forces

Oh, In-Joon,Ree, Taik-Yue Korean Chemical Society 1981 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.2 No.4

Polystyrene was degraded by using a vibrating ball mill. The viscosities and molecular weights of the degraded products were measured, and the decrease of viscosity $[\eta}$ with ${\dot{s}}$ (rate of shear) observed for the degraded products were analyzed by applying the Ree-Eyring equation for viscous flow. The variation of the parameters $x_2$/{\alhpa}_2,{\beta}_2$ and $x_1{\beta}_1/{\alpha}_1$ in the equation were explained by the fracture of polymer molecules by mechanical force. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of the degraded sample was taken, and it was confirmed that free radicals were produced by the chain-scission of polystyrene.

「現代演戱」論 : 演劇과 舞踊의 特性 比較를 中心으로 Attaching Importance to the Comparison between Drama and Dancing

姜理文 新羅大學校 1983 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

In the primitive, ancient ages the general arts became the core of spiritual culture which all the members of the society felt commonly, for they were played as only one Choraldance However, through the medieval age with the stimulus such as the Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution England and the French Revolution, etc., as well as through the development of the rational thinking methods and scientific civilization by the improvement of the industrial society, arts came to be specialized and developed. On the other hand, all the arts brought about the brekup of the most important humanity through the rupture of human relation. In order to recover the human nature which is forced to be bitterly neglected by the world in the modern material civilization being today organized to a high degree, Neo Choral donce onght to be created as the general new art forms based upon the general viewpoint of art in the dimension of culture. So this study is to investigate the methodology in attaching importance to the comparison between the most humanistic art, drama and dancing. The procedure of this study is as follows: 1. Introduction 2. Arts as Transmission 3. The Norms of Modern Arts 4. Drama and Dancing as Performable Arts 1) Commonness of Drama and Dancing (1) General Commonness (2) Historical Commonness 2) Difference between Drama and Dancing (1) Formal Character (2) Genetic Character 5. Problems of Arts Differentiation 6. Methodology of Neo Choral dance 7. Conclusion

東西 兩大陳營, 그 體育·스포츠의 政策的 特徵 : 韓國的 實態와의 關聯究明 A study of Korean Actual state and relation

李來華 경북대학교 사회과학연구소 1985 社會科學硏究 Vol.1 No.1

Till now, we grasped the political characteristics and the actual state between the East and the west, and we studied their characteristics, Substantial problems and presented problems. So we hereby abstract them. First, not to speak of their idelogy and basic policy, the difference of their athletic sports forms a striking contrast between the two parts, the East and the west. That is the policy of communist camp are putting first in importance for their nations, but, on the contrary, that of the Free world guarantee indididual rights and demand. That is why nowadays we stick to that of the Free world. Second, the Free world consists of mostly peoples from nonpolitical civil and Social organizations in all fields, Such as structure, organization, administration, and government are sharing with its function and role from a standpoint of an ai association. on the Contrary, the Communist Camp consists of governmental high we rightly reject it, considering modern administration is changing from compulsion and submission to 'leading from'. Third, in its basic line and system, the former is characterized by the free-more distracted-state or local self-government, on the contary, the latter has established uniform centralization of administrative power. considering(that) centralism is linked with Dictatorship (Autocracy) and decentralization of power is linked with Democracy, it is useless to say that their system is very premodern. Fourth, in the problem of coexistence and harmony of Sound civil policy and enhancement of national prestige policy, even though the characteristic difference is quite outstanding, the developed country between the two sides has better coexistence and harmony. In this problem, therefore, underdeveloped countries which are developing are losing balance in propelling these two policy and are generally inclined to make much of the selected athletes. That is very false phenomenon, which needs deep Self-examination and correction. Finally, we must learn from the occasion between the East and west Germany an promote the idealism and rationalism which only the free world has, keeping Janpanese suggestion and instraction in our mind. And, in the problem of sports competition between South and Norht Korea, inscribing rather aloof attitude an sports conciousness of people and government of America, which is behind Soviet, Japan, which is behind communist china, and west Germany, which is behind East Germany, we must appreciate the meaning of medal again and display knowledge and magnanimity as developed country giving the meaning to the lofty thing.

韓國舞踊의 課題探索을 위한 基盤要素에 대한 考察

姜理文 新羅大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

The subjects that confront Korean dancing are diver-sified and complicated. In these days, however, the most urgent subject is how to cherish and develop the cultural hereditament of Korean national dancing which has been created neculiarly in the history from time immemorial. At the same time, this urgent subject is one of the im-portant national propositions for building up our great future. However, the concrete subject for cherishing and developing Korean dancing is not given to us yet. We will have to find is out. Therefore, the aim of this study is to indicate the right direction for Korean dancing by examining the fundamental elements for in-vestigating the concrete suaject. The table of contents of this study is as follows: Ⅰ. Introduction Ⅱ. Basic Recognition of the Nature of Korean Dancing Ⅲ. Scientific Attitude toward the Study of Korean Dancing Ⅳ. Educational Mode for Korean Dancing Ⅴ. The Idea of Classic Dancing and Modern Dancing Ⅵ. Conclusion.

韓國舞踊文化의 傳統的 課題

姜理文 新羅大學校 1982 論文集 Vol.12 No.-

Arts are the cultural products, and the culture is a functional relation between the philosophy and the thought. If the groundwork of culture were on the basis of the philosophy and the thought in addition to the practical and active characteristics, the arts could be expressed as one side of the skillfulness with a means of symbolism. When, therefore, we consider the Dance on the artistic point of view, it should be comprehended with the cultural idea including the philosophy and the thought. On the other hand, the culture is dualistic and it will proceed to be interwoven with the pluralistically individualistic one; that is to say, the culture of a certain social group means to be developed with the contact of the other cultural group. However, there exists the respectively relevant, cultural identity in a certain social group; it is a collective individuality in the regional environment; there also exists the divers, racial centripetal force; the historical movement and the endemically environmental condition. These are definitely to become the cultural identity, the nationalistic thought and the conventional consciousness. One the standpoint of such a view, and artistic idea of the Korean Dance imbues surely an historical consciousness but we are obliged to feel that it is out of the cultural value; it is owing to the tendency to regard the arts of dance as merely a simplistically independent, phenomenal skillfulness. It certainly means that these are the confusion of the traditional consciousness and the perturbation of the culturall identity consciousness. Accordingly, the writer intends to throw the light on analyzing and observing the arts of the Korean Dance on the cultural and traditional point of view and furthermore on seeking the alternative countermeasure for its continuance and development. The developments of this paper are as follows: 1. Idea of the philosophy, the thought and the culture in order to grasp the traditional culture. 2. The characteristics and background of the thought in the Korean culture. 3. The primary characteristics of the thought of the Korean traditional arts. 4. The modernistic meaning in the succession of traditional culture. 5. The survey of the tradition in the development of the Korean Modernistic Dance.