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Русские речевые стереотипы на фоне корейского языка
Raissa Koulkova,Vadim Slepchenko 서울대학교 언어교육원 2012 語學硏究 Vol.48 No.1
Russian speech patterns in comparison with the Korean language can be classified into four groups. These are full equivalents (speech patterns in which the type of metaphorical transfer and its linguistic expression in Russian and Korean are practically the same), partial equivalents, lexical gaps (stereotyped expressions that do not exist in other languages), and pseudo-equivalents: multivalent lexical and grammatical structures, the specific meaning of which can be understood only in the specific context and in conjunction with the intonation. They can be called “faux amis of translator” in the syntax. Evidence of complete match of stereotyped expressions (full equivalents) indicates the existence of general patterns of thinking of both cultures, and the facts of the differences (lexical gaps and partial equivalents) indicate a different logic of reflection of the world in different languages. The presence of multivalent structures in the Russian language that exerts their meaning by context and intonation is a typical feature of the Russian language compared to the Korean language because intonation and context in Russian language are more functional.
The Progress of Stem Cell Therapy in Myocardial-Infarcted Heart Regeneration: Cell Sheet Technology
Munderere Raissa,김선화,Kim Changsu,Park Sang-Hyug 한국조직공학과 재생의학회 2022 조직공학과 재생의학 Vol.19 No.5
Various tissues, including the heart, cornea, bone, esophagus, bladder and liver, have been vascularized using the cell sheet technique. It overcomes the limitations of existing techniques by allowing small layers of the cell sheet to generate capillaries on their own, and it can also be used to vascularize tissue-engineered transplants. Cell sheets eliminate the need for traditional tissue engineering procedures such as isolated cell injections and scaffold-based technologies, which have limited applicability. While cell sheet engineering can eliminate many of the drawbacks, there are still a few challenges that need to be addressed. The number of cell sheets that can be layered without triggering core ischemia or hypoxia is limited. Even when scaffold-based technologies are disregarded, strategies to tackle this problem remain a substantial impediment to the efficient regeneration of thick, living three-dimensional cell sheets. In this review, we summarize the cell sheet technology in myocardial infarcted tissue regeneration.
Условия эффективности урока по развитию речи на продвинутом этапе
P.А. Кулькова(Koulkova Raissa) 한국노어노문학회 2002 노어노문학 Vol.14 No.2
외국어를 가르치는 데 있어서는 언어에 대한 새로운 결합능력이라는 명제가 일반적으로 인정된다. 즉, 새로운 정보를 표현하기 위한 단어의 결합, 〈상황에 따라 발화행위를 변화시킬 수 있는 능력〉을 발달시키는 것이 외국어 교수법의 기본 사항이 된다. 따라서 회화 과목 수업은 초급 단계부터 이루어지지만 좀더 자유롭게 말하는 능력을 키우는 학습은 중, 고급 단계에서 이루어진다. 이 단계는 바로 완벽한 문법적 기반이 갖추어져 단순한 〈암기〉가 큰 역할을 하지 않게 되기 때문이다. 그리고 이 단계에서 학생들은 그들이 공부하는 교재에 대한 비판 능력이 만들어지고 좋은 학습과 나쁜 학습을 구분할 수 있게 된다. 일반적으로 학생들은 수업 시간에 스스로 많이 말했던 수업을 좋은 수업이라 생각하고 〈지루한 연습문제를 푸는 데 불과했던〉 수업을 나쁜 수업이라 생각한다. 중급 러시아어 회화는 교사들에게 있어서도 쉽지 않은 과목이다. 한편으로는 자료가 분명하고 이해하기 쉬워야 하며, 다른 한편으로는 자료에서 반드시 대화를 이끌어낼 수 있어야 하기 때문이다. 따라서 중급 러시아어 회화의 효과적인 학습을 위해서는 다음과 같은 사항이 필수적이다: 1) 확실한 문법적 바탕과 스스로 문법적 오류를 수정할 수 있는 능력. 2) 임의의 대화에 있어서 전형적인 표현 목록과 같은 참고 자료들의 활용. 3) 대화에 적합한 주제에 대해 가능한 질문의 목록과 같은 교수법적 연구. 특히 주제 연구에 있어서 적합한 주제는 정보력이 큰 것이어야 한다. 중급 단계의 외국어 학습에 있어서, 특히 정보력이 강하고 지적인 현대 젊은이들은 그들이 공부하는 회화 주제의 내용에 비판적이라는 사실을 잊지 말아야 한다. 그러므로, 학습자료는 다음과 같은 조건을 충족해야 한다. - 피동적으로 받아들여지는 텍스트와 실제 회화의 양적인 균형, - 다양한 관점에서의 대조 필요성, - 대화를 위한 발화-동기의 패러독스, 경구, - 실제 생활과의 관계, - 최대한으로 많은 세부 대화, - 주제의 해결. 본 연구 주제는 언어 습관과 능력을 발달시킬 뿐만 아니라, 학생들의 일반적인 문화 의식을 높일 수 있고 언어와 사상을 통한 〈러시아 국민의 문화적 가치〉를 알게하는 데에도 도움이 된다고 생각한다.
Cracking of Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete due to Restrained Shrinkage
Kwon, Seung-Hee,Ferron, Raissa P.,Akkaya, Yilmaz,Shah, Surendra P. Korea Concrete Institute 2007 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.1 No.1
Fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) is a new type of concrete mix that can mitigate two opposing weaknesses: poor workability in fiber-reinforced concrete and cracking resistance in plain SCC concrete. This study focused on early-age cracking of FRSCC due to restrained drying shrinkage, one of the most common causes of cracking. In order to investigate the effect of fiber on shrinkage cracking of FRSCC, ring shrinkage tests were performed for polypropylene and steel fiber-reinforced SCC. In addition, finite element analyses for those specimens were carried out considering drying shrinkage based on moisture diffusion, creep, cracking resistance of concrete, and the effect of fiber. The analysis results were verified via a comparison between the measured and calculated crack width. From the test and analysis results, the effectiveness of fiber with respect to reducing cracking was confirmed and some salient features on the shrinkage cracking of FRSCC were obtained.
Ribeiro Emanuelle Olympia Silva,Gosselink Rik,Moura Lizandra Eveline da Silva,Correia Raissa Farias,Leite Wagner Souza,Araújo Maria das Graças Rodrigues de,Andrade Armele Dornelas de,Brandão Daniella 대한중환자의학회 2022 Acute and Critical Care Vol.37 No.4
Background: Respiratory muscle strength in patients with an artificial airway is commonly assessed as the maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and is measured using analogue or digital manometers. Recently, new electronic loading devices have been proposed to measure respiratory muscle strength. This study evaluates the agreement between the MIPs measured by a digital manometer and those according to an electronic loading device in patients being weaned from mechanical ventilation.Methods: In this prospective study, the standard MIP was obtained using a protocol adapted from Marini, in which repetitive inspiratory efforts were performed against an occluded airway with a one-way valve and were recorded with a digital manometer for 40 seconds (MIPDM). The MIP measured using the electronic loading device (MIPELD) was obtained from repetitively tapered flow resistive inspirations sustained for at least 2 seconds during a 40-second test. The agreement between the results was verified by a Bland-Altman analysis.Results: A total of 39 subjects (17 men, 55.4±17.7 years) was enrolled. Although a strong correlation between MIPDM and MIPELD (R=0.73, P<0.001) was observed, the Bland-Altman analysis showed a high bias of –47.4 (standard deviation, 22.3 cm H2O; 95% confidence interval, –54.7 to –40.2 cm H2O).Conclusions: The protocol of repetitively tapering flow resistive inspirations to measure the MIP with the electronic loading device is not in agreement with the standard protocol using one-way valve inspiratory occlusion when applied in poorly cooperative patients being weaned from mechanical ventilation.
An optimized index for cold tolerance assessment in rice during germination and early seedling stage
Monzón Daisy Leticia Ramirez,Cantero Jorge,Danielowski Rodrigo,da Luz Viviane Kopp,Venske Eduardo,Mota Monalize Salete,da Silva Raissa Martins,de Oliveira Victoria Freitas,de Oliveira Antonio Costa,de 한국작물학회 2023 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.26 No.2
Cold tolerance at germination and seedling stage is one of the most seeked traits in Southern Brazilian rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, thus, the availability of improved methods for germplasm assessment is of high importance for breeding programs. The aim of this study was to validate an optimized Average Tolerance Index (ATI) for rice germplasm assessment under cold at germination and early seedling stage. A diverse panel composed by 124 rice accessions was assayed. Four genotypes with known performance under cold were used as controls (two tolerant and two sensitive). The genotypes were sown in roll papers, and evaluated at 13 °C for 28 days (cold stress) and 25 °C for seven days (control). Four traits were measured, germination percentage, coleoptile length, root length and shoot length, which were converted in terms of relative perfor‑ mance (cold/control). A PCA analysis was carried out. The ATI was calculated as a linear combination of all trait’s relative performance, weighted by the importance of each trait in explaining the genetic variability in the set, through including the PC1 vectors as trait coefcients. K means was applied for genotype classifcation. The panel showed expressive genetic variability for performance under low temperature. The ATI successfully distinguished the controls regarding their cold tolerance and allowed the formation of four classes of genotypes, sensitive, moderately sensitive, moderately tolerant and tolerant. The assessment of rice germplasm for cold tolerance at germination and seedling stage through ATI is a viable alternative for the identifcation of tolerant genotypes.