상하이 상장회사의 소유구조 및 이익관리와 대리인비용 간의 관계

Quan,Yiqing(권예경),Li-Rong,Zheng(정력용) 한국국제회계학회 2011 국제회계연구 Vol.0 No.37

본 연구는 중국기업의 소유구조, 이익관리와 대리인비용 간의 관계를 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 중국 상하이 증권거래소에 상장되어 있는 기업들 중에서 상장 폐지, 금융보험업, ST(Special Treatment)기업, 재무자료 결측치 기업 및 극단치를 보이는 기업들을 제외한 675개를 연구대상으로 하고 2008회계연도 데이터를 사용한다. 기업소유구조와 관련된 기타자료 및 재무자료는 북경 SinoFin 정보 서비스 유한회사가 제공한 CCER 데이터베이스를 이용하였다. 본 연구결과는 중국 상하이 증권시장의 상장회사들에서 대리인비용은 소유권의 집중 정도가 높아질수록 판매 및 관리비 비율이 낮아지고 자산회전율이 높아지는 것으로 나타나 소유권의 집중정도가 높은 기업의 경우 대주주가(특히 1대주주) 경영자에 대한 감시·감독 역할이 대리인비용을 통제할 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 또, 소유권의 견제정도가 높은 기업일수록 기업의 대리인비용은 상대적으로 높다는 연구결과를 얻었다. 이러한 현상은 선행연구들의 결과와 마찬가지로 대주주가 몇 명 있는 경우에서 기업경영에 대한 책임을 지는 주주가 분명하지 않기 때문에 대주주들의 무임승차문제가 발생하고 있음을 의미한다. 일반적으로 이익관리를 많이 하는 기업일수록 영업외 비용비율이 높아 지지만 소유권의 견제정도가 높은 기업일수록 이익관리의 상호작용을 통하여 그 비율이 더욱더 증가됨을 알 수 있다. 그리고 중국의 상장회사들에서 이루어지고 있는 이익 관리가 효율적인 이익관리가 아니고 기회주의적인 이익관리라는 증거를 얻었다. 즉, 중국 상장회사들의 경영자는 자신의 이익을 극대화하기 위한 이기적인 목적으로 이익조정을 하고 있다고 보아야 할 것이다. This study is focused on the effects of ownership structure, earnings management on the agency costs in Chinese listed companies. The processes of this empirical study are establishment of research hypotheses, elaboration of test model, definition and measurement of 675 sample companies, empirical analysis and interpretation of results. The data used in this research are provided from SSEportal and SinoFin information service co. in China. The proxies of ownership structure are ownership concentration, outside blocck-holders and proxies of earnings management is absolute discretionary accruals of modified Jones, model. the proxies of agency costs are firm size, ratio of sale and management expenses per operating revenues, ratio of operating revenues per total assets, ratio of operating revenues per other operating expenses, control variables are ratio of current liabilities/total assets, ratio of net cash inflow per total liabilities, industry dummy variable. The results of this study are as followings. First, the ownership concentrated companies tried to reduce agency cost actively rather than decentralized companies in China. Second, the interaction between ownership concentration and earnings management take negative effects on agency cost. Therefore we can say that the listed companies on Shanghai Stock Exchange implemented earnings management opportunistically.

권협(權悏) 고급사(告急使)의 연행(燕行)에 대하여

劉寶全(Liu Bao?quan) 가천대학교 아시아문화연구소 2008 아시아문화연구 Vol.14 No.-

During the period of Chosun Dynasty, the works named Record of Trip in Yan(燕) by some envoy from Korea to China provided a large number of attractive and rare historical data to future generations. It’s also a complement to something not concerned in official history. These travel notes are important information on researching the history of relation between China and Korea. In the Record of Trip in Yan of Seoktanggong(石塘公), which was written in the style of diary, Kuang Hyeop(權?) recorded the process of his trip in Ming Dynasty as a envoy before the year of 1597 when the War against Japanese Troops happened. The thesis takes the record as basic information, and analyzes the event of requesting rescue when Kuang Hyeop was in Beijing. He went in for purchasing military supplies and the process of determining whether the Ming Dynasty would rescue Chosun. The diplomatic mission of Kuang Hyeop was an important part of the relation between China and Korea during the period of Imjin Waeran. Also, his Record of Trip in Yan provided strong evidence for researching the relation between the two countries.

One simple, rapid and economical method for ploidy detection of Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura (Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae)

Liu Quan-quan,Zhang Chen,Zhou Jin-cheng,Dong Qian-jin,Huo Liang-xiao,Dong Hui 한국응용곤충학회 2020 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.23 No.2

Ploidy diversity provides valuable scientific information, thus making the detection technique of ploidy important. However, traditional methods of cytological observation and flow cytometry are either laborious or expensive. We here report a simple and rapid, effective and economical quantitative PCR (qPCR) approach to determine the ploidy of a parasitoid species Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura, an economically important biocontrol agent. We applied a mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase (COI) and a nuclear gene forkhead to evaluate the mitochondrial number per nuclear copy in a thelytokous Wolbachia-infected strain of T. dendrolimi and its bisexual uninfected counterparts. The 2 −ΔCq values calculated from C q values which resulted from qPCR experiments were significantly larger in haploid males than that in diploid females. Haploid males possessed about 2.69 times mitochondrial number per nuclear copy as diploid females. Not a single significant difference was found between diploid females from thelytokous and bisexual strains. Based on the differences in relative mitochondrial content, we were allowed to distinguish between haploid males and diploid females. Moreover, the number of mitochondria significantly decreased with higher ploidy level but was not affected by Wolbachiainfection. Our study supplied an available tool to investigate the ploidy diversity in sex determination of T. dendrolimi and thelytokous manipulation of Wolbachia, which is the crucial step to further study their underlying mechanisms. This will in turn contribute to the biocontrol efficiency by enhancing the female production and hence the parasitism rate.

Nanotwinned Microstructure Engineering of Electroplated Copper for Enhanced Anti-corrosion in Alkaline Medium

Xing‑Quan Liu,Zhe Li,Zhen‑Jia Peng,Rui‑Xun Wang,Zhi‑Quan Liu 대한금속·재료학회 2024 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.30 No.1

Electroplated copper is a key electronic interconnect material in integrated circuits and printed circuits and inevitablyexposed to corrosive media in manufacturing processes. The present work reports, for the first time, that corrosion resistanceof electroplated copper in 4 wt% NaOH is enhanced via nanotwinned microstructure engineering. Nucleation and growthof oxide/hydroxide on nanotwinned copper are inhibited, attributed to existence of highly (111)-preferred grain orientationand high-density parallelly-aligned coherent twin boundaries at surface. This study unveils a novel anti-corrosion strategyof nantowinned microstructure engineering against alkaline etchant, and exhibits great application values in industrial electroplatingof copper, silver, or their alloys.

Correlation between Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Derived Metrics and Serum Soluble CD40 Ligand Level in an Embolic Canine Stroke Model

Xiao-Quan Xu,Chen-Jiang Wu,Shan-Shan Lu,Qian-Qian Gao,Qing-Quan Zu,Xing-Long Liu,Hai-Bin Shi,Sheng Liu 대한영상의학회 2017 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.18 No.5

Objective: To determine the relationship between intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging derived quantitative metrics and serum soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) level in an embolic canine stroke model. Materials and Methods: A middle cerebral artery occlusion model was established in 24 beagle dogs. Experimental dogs were divided into low- and high-sCD40L group according to serum sCD40L level at 4.5 hours after establishing the model. IVIM imaging was scanned at 4.5 hours after model establishment using 10 b values ranging from 0 to 900 s/mm2. Quantitative metrics diffusion coefficient (D), pseudodiffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) of ischemic lesions were calculated. Quantitative metrics of ischemic lesions were normalized by contralateral hemisphere using the following formula: normalized D = Dstroke / Dcontralateral. Differences in IVIM metrics between the low- and high-sCD40L groups were compared using t test. Pearson’s correlation analyses were performed to determine the relationship between IVIM metrics and serum sCD40L level. Results: The high-sCD40L group showed significantly lower f and normalized f values than the low-sCD40L group (f, p < 0.001; normalized f, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in D*, normalized D*, D, or normalized D value between the two groups (All p > 0.05). Both f and normalized f values were negatively correlated with serum sCD40L level (f, r = -0.789, p < 0.001; normalized f, r = -0.823, p < 0.001). However, serum sCD40L level had no significant correlation with D*, normalized D*, D, or normalized D (All p > 0.05). Conclusion: The f value derived from IVIM imaging was negatively correlated with serum sCD40L level. f value might serve as a potential imaging biomarker to assess the formation of microvascular thrombosis in hyperacute period of ischemic stroke.

Follow-Up of 58 Traumatic Carotid-Cavernous Fistulas after Endovascular Detachable-Balloon Embolization at a Single Center

Xiao-Quan Xu,Sheng Liu,Qing-Quan Zu,Lin-Bo Zhao,Jin-Guo Xia,Chun-Gao Zhou,Wei-Zhong Zhou,Hai-Bin Shi 대한신경과학회 2013 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.9 No.2

Background and Purpose This study evaluated the clinical value of detachable-balloon embolization for traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (TCCF), focusing on the frequency, risk factors, and retreatment of recurrence. Methods Fifty-eight patients with TCCF underwent transarterial detachable-balloon embolization between October 2004 and March 2011. The clinical follow-up was performed every 3months until up to 3 years postprocedure. Each patient was placed in either the recurrence group or the nonrecurrence group according to whether a recurrence developed after the first procedure. The relevant factors including gender, fistula location, interval between trauma and the interventional procedure, blood flow in the carotid-cavernous fistula, number of balloons, and whether the internal carotid artery (ICA) was sacrificed were evaluated. Results All 58 TCCFs were successfully treated with transarterial balloon embolization, including 7 patients with ICA sacrifice. Recurrent fistulas occurred in seven patients during the follow-up period. Univariate analysis indicated that the interval between trauma and the interventional procedure (p=0.006) might be the main factor related to the recurrence of TCCF. The second treatments involved ICA sacrifice in two patients, fistula embolization with balloons in four patients, and placement of a covered stent in one patient. Conclusions Detachable balloons can still serve as the first-line treatment for TCCFs and recurrent TCCFs despite having a nonnegligible recurrence rate. Shortening the interval between trauma and the interventional procedure may reduce the risk of recurrence.

Improving the drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by exogenous application of vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Nguyen Thanh Quan,Do Tan Khang,Nguyen Van Quan,Truong Ngoc Minh,Tran Dang Xuan 한국작물학회 2017 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.-

Improving the drought tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by exogenous application of vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid

Nguyen Thanh Quan,Do Tan Khang,Nguyen Van Quan,Truong Ngoc Minh,Tran Dang Xuan 한국작물학회 2017 한국작물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2017 No.-

Khảo sát ghi chép về mối quan hệ Việt – Trung trong ĐẠI VIỆT SỬ KÝ TOÀN THƯ 大越史記全書 (VIỆT NAM) và MINH THỰC LỤC 明實錄 (TRUNG QUN

PHAM HOANG QUAN(Phạ,mHoà,ngQuâ,n),BUI PHAN ANH THU(Bù,iPhanAnhThư,) 서울여자대학교 인문과학연구소 2011 인문논총 Vol.22 No.-

베트남과 중국의 역사서에는 동질성을 지닌 사건들에 대한 기록이 많다. 본 논문에서는 베트남의 국학을 대표하는 최초사관들에 의해 만들어진 『大越史記全書』 (대월사기전서) 중에서 중국의 『명실록』에 들어 있는 두 나라의 관계사에 대한 동질적 기록을 발췌하여 서로 비교하였다. 그 결과 『명실록』은 『대월사기전서』에 비해 구체적으로 쓰여 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 텍스트의 내용과 그 텍스트의 시대적 배경에 따라 명나라와 대월 간의 외교 관계를 종합적으로 분석하자면 다음과 같은 해석이 가능하다. 첫째, 대월의 호계리가 내란(內亂) 진압을 위한 식량 지원을 해 달라는 명 조정의 요청에 완전히 순종하지 않고 서로 합의하면서 결국 4분의 1만 도와 줬다는 점에서 두 나라의 외교 관계가 평등한 편이라고 볼 수 있다. 둘째로 『대월사기전서』에 들어 있는 5만의 병력과 50마리의 코끼리에 대한 요청은 『명실록』에서 찾을 수 없는 기록이고 식량 수량에 대한 기록도 큰 차이가 난다는 점은 간과할 수 없는 의문점이 된다. 명 조정에서 대국으로써의 체면 때문에 일부러 언급하지 않았는가, 아니면 대월의 사관이 사실보다 지나치게 부풀렸는가에 대한 의문이 생기지 않을 수 없다. 또는 명나라의 사신들이 공무(公務)의 직책을 이용하여 개인적 욕심을 부려서 조정의 뜻에 어긋난 조치라고도 해석할 수 있다. 본문에서 명나라와 대월의 중요한 역사서들의 기록들을 발췌하여 공통점과 차이점을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 삼은 것은, 어느 측이 틀리고 옳다는 판단보다는 사료적 신뢰성을 찾아 베트남과 중국의 외교 관계 성격을 밝히고자 했기 때문이다. 이러한 관점으로 『명실록』과 『대월사기전서』에 나타난 베트남과 중국의 관계사와 전쟁 역사에 대한 많은 공통적 기록들을 발견하게 되었다. 이러한 기록들 간의 차이에 대한 원인은 당시 사관들이 국가주의, 민족주의, 이데올로기, 시대성 등과 같은 요소로부터 지배를 받으면서 사서를 편찬했기 때문일 것이다. 하나의 사건만으로는 명 왕조 시기의 베ㆍ중 관계의 특징을 밝히기는 쉽지 않지만, 본문에서 이러한 시도를 계속해야 동아시아문화권의 ‘문화 교류’의 역사에 대한 연구를 올바르게 할 수 있다는 제의를 하고자 한다. 우선 원천 텍스트 연구에 대해서 한 민족의 역사서인 『대월사기전서』이나 『명실록』의 편찬 과정에 두 나라의 사관들이 민족주의ㆍ국가주의ㆍ정치적 이데올로기ㆍ본국의 정치적 주장 등의 요소들에 영향을 받지 않을 수 없다는 것은 사실이다. 그러므로 이러한 자료들을 가치가 있는 사료로 활용하기 위해서 많은 자료들을 서로 비교하여, 외교적 관계사나 문화 교류의 관계사의 연구 영역을 넓힐 수 있다.

Ultrastructural and mechanical changes in tubular epithelial cells by angiotensin II and aldosterone as observed with atomic force microscopy

Quan, Fu-Shi,Jeong, Kyung Hwan,Lee, Gi-Ja Elsevier 2018 Micron Vol.110 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Tubular epithelial cells (TECs) play an important pathophysiological role in the promotion of renal fibrosis. Quantitative analysis of the mechanical changes in TECs may be helpful in evaluating novel pharmacological strategies. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a common nanotechnology tool used for imaging and measuring interaction forces in biological systems. In this study, we used AFM to study ultrastructural and mechanical changes in TECs mediated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. We quantitatively analyzed changes in the mechanical properties of TECs using three extrinsic factors, namely, chemical fixation, angiotensin II (AT II), and aldosterone (AD). Fixed TECs were 11 times stiffer at the cell body and 3 times stiffer at the cell–cell junction compared to live TECs. After stimulation with AT II, live TECs were four times stiffer at the junctional area than at the cell body, while fixed TECs after AT II stimulation were approximately two times stiffer at the both cell body and cell–cell junction compared to fixed unstimulated TECs. Fixed TECs also reflected changes in the mechanical properties of TECs at the cell body region after AD stimulation. Together, our results suggest that cell stiffness at the cell body region may serve as an effective index for evaluating drugs and stimulation, regardless of whether the cells are live or fixed at the time of analysis. In addition, studying the changes to the intrinsic mechanical property of TECs after application of external stimuli may be useful for investigating pathophysiologic mechanisms and effective therapeutic strategies for renal injury.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> We quantitatively analyzed the ultrastructure and mechanical changes in TECs. </LI> <LI> Three extrinsic factors including chemical fixation, AT II and AD treatments were used. </LI> <LI> The mechanical changes in fixed cells after stimuli can reflect those of live cells in cell body region. </LI> <LI> Cell stiffness at cell body region can be utilized as effective index for the evaluation of stimulation. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>