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Prem Bhattarai,Bishnu H. Paudel,Dilip Thakur,Balkrishna Bhattarai,Bijay Subedi,Rita Khadka 대한직업환경의학회 2018 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.30 No.-
Background: Despite the successful adaptation to high altitude, some differences do occur due to long term exposure to the hypoxic environment. The effect of long term high altitude exposure on cardiac autonomic adjustment during basal and post-exercise recovery is less known. Thus we aimed to study the differences in basal cardiac autonomic adjustment and its response to exercise in highlanders and to compare it with lowlanders. Methods: The study was conducted on 29 healthy highlander males who were born and brought up at altitude of 3000 m and above from the sea level, their cardiac autonomic adjustment was compared with age, sex, physical activity and ethnicity-matched 29 healthy lowlanders using Heart Rate Variability (HRV) during rest and recovery from sub-maximal exercise (3 m step test). Intergroup comparison between the highlanders and lowlanders and intragroup comparison between the rest and the postexercise recovery conditions were done. Results: Resting heart rate and HRV during rest was comparable between the groups. However, heart rate recovery after 3 min step test was faster in highlanders (p 〈 0.05) along with significantly higher LF power and total power during the recovery phase. Intragroup comparison of highlanders showed higher SDNN (p 〈 0.05) and lower LF/HF ratio (p〈 0.05) during recovery phase compared to rest which was not significantly different in two phases in lowlanders. Further highlander showed complete recovery of RMSSD, NN50, pNN50 and HF power back to resting level within five minutes, whereas, these parameters failed to return back to resting level in lowlanders within the same time frame. Conclusion: Highlanders completely recovered back to their resting state within five minutes from cessation of step test with parasympathetic reactivation; however, recovery in lowlanders was delayed.
Landslide Characteristics and Hazard Evaluation in Central Nepal Himalaya
( Prem Bahadur Thapa ) 대한지질공학회 2019 대한지질공학회 학술발표회논문집 Vol.2019 No.2
Various types of landslides are occurring in the central Nepal Himalaya due to variable topography, diverse geology and extreme events. Rainfall and earthquake play the vital role to cause the hill-slopes vulnerable to landslides and other mass wasting processes. Landslides are spatially distributed in steep slopes of river valleys, close proximity to thrust/fault or boundary between competent and incompetent geological units. Daylight conditions in dip-slopes are the main cause of landslides when excavations are made with inclined strata i.e. potential planes of weakness can be exposed. Landslides are frequently initiating as planar slides and that converted into debris slide to flow and usually moves in down-slope with high speed. Data modeling and field evidence showed that landslides in central Nepal are because of the interplay of various factors such as slope geometry, lithology, geological structures, rainfall or earthquake etc. and these factors are crucial for the hazard evaluation. Due to the large spatial variability of the mechanical, hydrological and geometrical parameters in different geo-environmental settings, the statistical modeling is used for landslide hazard modeling. The modeling result indicated that the slope gradient and bed-rock layering are statistically significant slope instability factors and are contributing to landslides. Generally a combination of human engineering activities and precipitation events are the principal triggering factors for the instability in mountain-slopes as the landslides are distributed in diverse engineering geological settings which are mainly prevailed in colluvial soils or in stratified rocks with contrasting competency.
Assessing Bank Competition in Nepal Using Panzar-Rosse Model
Prem Bahadur BUDHATHOKI,Chandra Kumar RAI,Arjun RAI 한국유통과학회 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.11
The purpose of this study is to assess the state of competition in Nepalese banking over the period from 2010 to 2019. This study employs panel data and a non-structural Panzar-Rosse model to measure the degree of competition in the Nepalese banking industry. The first reduced-form equation is applied to gauge competition, and the second model is used to test the long-run equilibrium in the banking market. The finding reveals that the Nepalese banking market is equilibrium in the long-run. It implies that the factor prices do not affect ROA in the long-run. The result of the H-statistic shows that the Nepalese banking system is operating under the state of perfect competition and is shifted from monopolistic competition to perfect competition. The reduced-form model reveals that the interest income is positive and significantly affected by factor prices. Similarly, the macroeconomic variable GDP growth is positively related to interest income. On the contrary, the bank’s specific factors risk and the number of bank branches are inversely associated with the regressand. The outcomes of the study may be advantageous to the policymakers, especially to Nepal Rastra Bank to implement monetary policy and M&A policy for the stability and growth of the financial system of Nepal.
Prem Singh,Dharmpal Deepak,Gurinder Singh Brar 대한기계학회 2023 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.37 No.4
Solid state welding processes are one of the growing principal technologies used to join similar and dissimilar materials. Friction crush welding (FCW) is a recently developed solid state welding process to overcome the difficulties in fusion welding of thin sheet metal workpieces. In this communication, dissimilar aluminium and stainless steel (Al - SS) welds prepared by FCW technique at different levels of process parameters, i.e., feed rate (15, 30, 45 mm/min) and tool rotation (2000, 3000, 4000 rpm) are investigated in terms of mechanical properties and micro-structural features. Tensile test investigation along with microscopic study gives the optimum welding conditions. Optical inverted microscopic study shows that deformation of material increases with increase in feed rate and tool rotation. Energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) indicates the formation of intermetallic compounds, i.e., FeAl 2 , FeAl 3 and Fe 2 Al 5 in the weld zone. The successful demonstration of joining Al - SS dissimilar materials justifies the potential of FCW process.
Mechanical and durability properties of fluoropolymer modified cement mortar
Prem Pal Bansal,Ramandeep Sidhu 국제구조공학회 2017 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.63 No.3
The addition of different types of polymers such as SBR, VAE, Acrylic, etc. in concrete and mortar leads to an increase in compressive, tensile and bond strength and decrease in permeability of polymer modified mortar (PMM) and concrete (PMC). The improvement in properties such as bond strength and impermeability makes PMM/PMC suitable for use as repair/retrofitting and water proofing material. In the present study effect of addition of fluoropolymer on the strength and permeability properties of mortar has been studied. In the cement mortar different percentages viz. 10, 20 and 30 percent of fluoropolymer by weight of cement was added. It has been observed that on addition of fluoropolymer in mortar the workability of mortar increases. In the present study all specimens were cast keeping the workability constant, i.e., flow value 105±5 mm, by changing the amount of water content in the mortar suitably. The specimens were cured for two different curing conditions. Firstly, these were cured wet for one day and then cured dry for 27 days. Secondly, specimens were cured wet for 7 days and then cured dry for 21 days. It has been observed that compressive strength and split tensile strength of specimens cured wet for 7 days and then cured dry for 21 days is 7-13 percent and 12-15 percent, respectively, higher than specimens cured one day dry and 27 days wet. The sorptivity of fluoropolymer modified mortar decreases by 88.56% and 91% for curing condtion one and two, respectively. However, It has been observed that on addition of 10 percent fluoropolymer both compressive and tensile strength decreases, but with the increase in percentage addition from 10 to 20 and 30 percent both the strengths starts increasing and becomes equal to that of the control specimen at 30 percent for both the curing conditions. It is further observed that percentage decrease in strength for second curing condition is relatively less as compared to the first curing condition. However, for both the curing conditions chloride ion permeability of polymer modified mortar becomes very low.