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Good Arabic : Ability and Ideology in the Egyptian Arabic Speech Community
Parkinson, Dilworth B. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1992 語學硏究 Vol.28 No.2
This paper reports on the results of research conducted in Cairo, Egypt, on the abilities of native speakers of Arabic with their standard language. While it is assumed that most speakers control their own colloquial dialect perfectly, the results of a grammar test administered to more than 150 subjects of various ages, both sexes, and various levels of education indicate that while there are some aspects of the grammar that are apparently learned well by all, there are many common difficult constructions that are controlled by only a small minority. Subjects also consistently scored better on the multiple choice items than on corresponding items in a production test. Reading, writing, listening and speaking tests (all based on the proficiency testing model) were also administered to these same subjects. Results indicate that average educated subjects are proficient readers and listeners (the receptive skills), but are deficient speakers and writers (the productive skills). A discussion of an appropriate model for analyzing the social position of Standard Arabic ensues, and the results of an set of surveys are presented that throw light on how Egyptians view this language. The paper concludes that Egyptians have not yet made up their minds to agree on exactly what "good" Arabic is, and suggests that what "good" Arabic ultimately comes to be for these people will be a result of the clash of the incompatible views of it which they currently hold.
Performance-Based Design of Structural Steel for Fire Conditions-A Calculation Methodology
D. L. Parkinson,V. K. R. Kodur 한국강구조학회 2007 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.7 No.3
the fire resistance rating requirements prescribed by national building codes. With the development of performance-basedbuilding codes throughout America, It is important that the design comunity have the tols necessary to take advantage ofthese new codes. In order to provide structural enginers with these tools, a method is being proposed that wil facilitate thedesign of structural steel for fire conditions using a performance-based aproach. This approach is simplistic in nature, and onlydesigner to predict the time-temperature relationship expected in a compartment fire with a reasonable level of conservatism,which can be used to determine the required level of protection.
Lauren Whitty,Jean Parkinson,Ha Thi Phuong Pham 아시아테플 2022 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.19 No.1
The English modal system is complex, and linguistic descriptions of the modals present varied accounts of the meanings that modal verbs express. It is therefore unsurprising that English modal auxiliaries can present difficulties for language learners. Focusing on can and could, this article uses the highly graded academic writing in the Michigan corpus of upper-level student papers (MICUSP) to describe epistemic modal use of can and could by L1 writers. This description is then employed in analysing the use of can and could in academic writing by Vietnamese learners of English, and in discussing atypical uses. Our analysis found that atypical uses of could involved the use of could to express meanings in contexts where likelihood was relatively high, making can more appropriate. Based on this analysis, pedagogical applications are suggested for English language teaching.
Compensatory Neural Reorganization in Tourette Syndrome
Jackson, Stephen ,R.,Parkinson, Amy,Jung, Jeyoung,Ryan, Suzanne ,E.,Morgan, Paul ,S.,Hollis, Chris,Jackson, Georgina ,M. Cell Press 2011 Current biology Vol.21 No.7
<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>Children with neurological disorders may follow unique developmental trajectories whereby they undergo compensatory neuroplastic changes in brain structure and function that help them gain control over their symptoms [1–6]. We used behavioral and brain imaging techniques to investigate this conjecture in children with Tourette syndrome (TS). Using a behavioral task that induces high levels of intermanual conflict, we show that individuals with TS exhibit enhanced control of motor output. Then, using structural (diffusion-weighted imaging) brain imaging techniques, we demonstrate widespread differences in the white matter (WM) microstructure of the TS brain that include alterations in the corpus callosum and forceps minor (FM) WM that significantly predict tic severity in TS. Most importantly, we show that task performance for the TS group (but not for controls) is strongly predicted by the WM microstructure of the FM pathways that lead to the prefrontal cortex and by the functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygen level-dependent response in prefrontal areas connected by these tracts. These results provide evidence for compensatory brain reorganization that may underlie the increased self-regulation mechanisms that have been hypothesized to bring about the control of tics during adolescence.</P>
On the functional anatomy of the urge-for-action
Jackson, Stephen R.,Parkinson, Amy,Kim, So Young,Schü,ermann, Martin,Eickhoff, Simon B. TaylorFrancis 2011 Cognitive neuroscience Vol.2 No.3
<P>Several common neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette syndrome (TS), autistic spectrum disorder) are associated with unpleasant bodily sensations that are perceived as an urge for action. Similarly, many of our everyday behaviors are also characterized by bodily sensations that we experience as urges for action. Where do these urges originate? In this paper, we consider the nature and the functional anatomy of “urges-for-action,” both in the context of everyday behaviors such as yawning, swallowing, and micturition, and in relation to clinical disorders in which the urge-for-action is considered pathological and substantially interferes with activities of daily living (e.g., TS). We review previous frameworks for thinking about behavioral urges and demonstrate that there is considerable overlap between the functional anatomy of urges associated with everyday behaviors such as swallowing, yawning, and micturition, and those urges associated with the generation of tics in TS. Specifically, we show that the limbic sensory and motor regions—insula and mid-cingulate cortex—are common to all of these behaviors, and we argue that this “motivation-for-action” network should be considered distinct from an “intentional action” network, associated with regions of premotor and parietal cortex, which may be responsible for the perception of “willed intention” during the execution of goal-directed actions.</P>