서구 공원 녹지 배치 계획 이론의 초기 발전 과정과 특성

박구원 ( Koo Won Park ) 한국녹지환경디자인학회 2006 녹지환경학회지 Vol.2 No.2

In America and Europe from the latter part of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the planning ideologies of park system and greenbelts were made and these planning ideologies are called Green Network System. They are different in terms of the purpose, type and method, but they have common characteristics of encouraging order and amenity in cities based on the consecutive connection of green space, and of coping with the problems happening in cities. Just as the park system was made, centering around new America and greenbelts were developed to meet with the problems happening in large cities, the structural arrangement and the roles of greens should be different. However, this connection system of greens was oriented in the circumstances of America and Europe at that time so it has not been confirmed what sizes of cities it would be useful for. On the other hand, separately from the Green Network System, the theory of park arrangement is being developed. It intends to cope with deterioration of the living environment caused by overcrowded cities and with increase in the demands of public parks. It is based on the neighborhood unit and the science of human settlement. In addition, the theory of park arrangement is based on the effects of greens in use, rather than, in decoration so it encourages dispersion and hierarchical system of parks, having the human settlement as base. Consequently, the theory of park arrangement is influenced by the characteristics and the type of households, and it has a required area and planning unit. However, this theory has the right for walking and human scale as the basic unit so for the large parks that are beyond the human scale, the planning criteria are not clear. The theory of park arrangement, which is based on the neighborhood unit, may be useful for the cities with tens of thousands of residents, but it is partially applied for the cities with 500,000~1,000,000 residents. And further, in organizing the green system for the whole city, the theory of park arrangement can be ignored. As seen in the above, the existing arrangement theory has some problems: it is just for partial application; and it is not suitable for the size and the growing speed of cities. The greens in cities should be operated as the comprehensive system, but greenbelts and park arrangement have been studied separately so far. That`s why it is necessary to review again the existing arrangement theory.

저전력 주차 안내 시스템 설계

박주용(Ju-Yong Park),임형규(Hyeong-giu Lim) 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 2011 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.5 No.1

주차안내 시스템은 주차장에서 주차정보를 제공하여 운전자에게 주차 편리성을 제공한다. 동시에 다수의 센서, 디스플레이와 제어모듈을 이용하여 아주 소량의 전기 에너지 만을 소모한다. 녹색 빌딩 설계의 요구가 점차 증가함에 따라 주차관리 시스템의 운용 전력 감축 문제가 이수화 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 주차 관리 시스템의 감지기와 디스플레이 장치의 설계와 소비전력 감축의 결과를 제시한다. 이 시스템은 무선 Park Tile 과 Park Disk를 사용하여 전력소비를 감축 시키고, 여러 개의 주차공간 감지기와 자동차 카운터, 정보 디스플레이 장치, 안내 터미널과 제어장치로 구성되어 있다. 그리고 시스템 구조설계와 통신망 설계, 주차정보 서비스 시나리오 설계, .배터리 수명 제어, 운영 전력 평가 등이 수행되었다. 주차장당 운영전력은 0.4W로 평가 되었으며, 이는 기존 시스템의 17%정도 이고 매년 유지비는 기존 시스템에 비해 43%에 해당된다. The parking guidance system can increase driver’s convenience with detailed parking information service in the parking lot. At the same time, parking guidance system consumes non-negligible electrical energy with large amount of sensors, displays and control modules. With the increase in the demand for green and sustainable building design all over the world, it becomes a meaningful issue for parking guidance system to reduce operating power. This paper presents the preliminary design and estimated results of a parking guidance system which is optimized to reduce the power consumption mainly on detectors and displays. The system design is based on pre-developed wireless parking detectors, Park Tile and Park Disk. The system has a number of parking space detectors, vehicle count detectors, information displays, guidance terminals and other control units. We have performed system architecture design, communication network design, parking information service scenario planning, battery life regulation and at last operating power estimation. The estimated operating power was 0.4 watt per parking-slot, which is 17% of traditional systems. The estimated annual maintain cost was 43% of traditional systems.

DJ-1/park7 modulates vasorelaxation and blood pressure via epigenetic modification of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Won, Kyung Jong,Jung, Seung Hyo,Jung, Soo Hyun,Lee, Kang Pa,Lee, Hwan Myung,Lee, Dong-Youb,Park, Eun-Seok,Kim, Junghwan,Kim, Bokyung Oxford University Press 2014 Cardiovascular research Vol.101 No.3

<P><B>Aims</B></P><P>DJ-1/park7, a multifunctional protein, may play essential roles in the vascular system. However, the function of DJ-1/park7 in vascular contractility has remained unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether the DJ-1/park7 is involved in the regulation of vascular contractility and systolic blood pressure (SBP).</P><P><B>Methods and results</B></P><P>Norepinephrine (NE) elevated contraction in endothelium-intact vessels in a dose-dependent manner, to a greater extent in DJ-1/park7 knockout (DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP>) mice than in wild-type (DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP>) mice. Acetylcholine inhibited NE-evoked contraction in endothelium-intact vessels, and this was markedly impaired in DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice compared with DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP>. Nitric oxide (NO) production (82.1 ± 2.8% of control) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression (61.7 ± 8.9%) were lower, but H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> production (126.4 ± 8.6%) was higher, in endothelial cells from DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice than in those from DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP> controls; these effects were reversed by DJ-1/park7-overexpressing endothelial cells from DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice. Histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1 recruitment and H3 histone acetylation at the eNOS promoter were elevated and diminished, respectively, in DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice compared with DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP> controls. Moreover, SBP was significantly elevated in DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice compared with DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP> controls, but this elevation was inhibited in mice treated with valproic acid, an inhibitor of Class I HDACs including HDAC-1.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>These results demonstrate that DJ-1/park7 protein may be implicated in the regulation of vascular contractility and blood pressure, probably by the impairment of NO production through H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>-mediated epigenetic inhibition of eNOS expression.</P>

상용차 기반에 대한 주차보조시스템 사용자 감성 평가

전재석(Jaeseok Jeon),박현배(Hyunbae Park),문희석(Heeseok Moon),곽수진(Sujin Kwag) 한국자동차공학회 2013 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2013 No.5

In this paper, we described about evaluation of human sensibility using park assist system of the commercial vehicle. The perpendicular parking and parallel parking have been carried out as a user test and subjects are classified as beginning drivers, drivers with less than 1 year experience and over 3 years experience. As a result, parking duration of beginning drivers and drivers with less than 1 year experience who use automatic parking assistance system is similar to drivers with over 3 years experience. However error occurred according to sensor position and distance between vehicle and parking space. And also it occurred that the vehicle leaves from parking line or does not recognize the parking space. Therefore, if we improve its completeness by compensating problems that came up from this evaluation and distribute the automatic parking assistance system, it is expected that the park assistance system is to help driver providing convenience of parking.

도시공원의 이용후 평가에 기초한 공원의 개발지표 설정 : 부산광역시 암남공원을 사례로 Case Study of Amnam Park in Busan City

박승범,김승환,남정칠,강영조,이기철,김석규 동아대학교 환경문제연구소 1999 硏究報告 Vol.22 No.2

The purpose of this study is to investigate the prime factors that affect to user postoccupancy evaluation of activities and facilities in urban parks, to classify those factors, to find out factors about them, and then to suggest important indicators in the urban park planning, design, and development. The survey research was done using the self-administered questionnaire method by 435 peoples in the Busan City who participated in recreational activities in the Amnam Park. The Analysis of the data primarily consists of two phase: The first analysis was dealt an exploratory factor analysis which identified major factors involved in user postoccupancy evaluation with reacreational activities and facilities in Amnam Park by the SPSS(Ver.6.0) program and the second analysis was used to investigate the factors affected to user postoccupancy evaluation in the urban park by the Regression Analysis. According to the factor analysis, user postoccupancy evaluation of facilities in urban parks concerning the 20 variables, 5 prime factors by the staistical values were considered. The factor analysis showed that user postoccupancy evaluation of activities in urban parks concerning the 11 variables, 3 prime factors by the staistical values were analysed. Postoccupancy evaluation in the urban park by the Regression Analysis suggested that the two varlables as 'the directions of park development' and 'companies with the personal specific characteristics' are significant in addition to the some variables presented in user postoccupancy evaluation with reacreational activities and facilities in Amnam Park by the factor analysis. Furthomore the analysis models were identified as having significant effects on the factor and regression analysis. Overall fits of both models were very good. These significant relationships indicate important factors and variables that should be considered in planning, design, and development of the urban parks. Therefore, development direction of the h a m park has to be analyzed as significant factors concerning user postoccupancy evaluation in a systematic way, recognized as important variables for planning process. The urban park has to be fully designed and established in the planning process not by the decision-maker's subjective evaluation but by user postoccupancy evaluation.

노인의 공원이용 활성화를 위한 공원환경 평가지표 선정 및 환경 인식 분석-대구광역시를 중심으로-

박영은 ( Park Youngeun ),이우성 ( Lee Woosung ) 한국공간디자인학회 2021 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.16 No.4

(연구배경 및 목적) 근린공원은 노인이 경제적 부담 없이 손쉽게 접근하여 다양한 신체활동을 실행할 수 있는 장소이며, 체력 증진 및 건강 유지가 이루어지는 도시시설이다. 그러나 우리나라의 많은 공원은 설계자의 주관적이고 일률적인 공원설계 기준에 의해 조성되어 있어 노인들이 이용하기에는 많은 불편함이 있다. 이에 본 연구는 노인들의 건강 유지 장소로서의 근린공원 이용 활성화를 위해 공원환경 평가지표를 선정하고, 대구광역시의 근린공원을 대상으로 평가지표를 적용하여 노인의 공원환경에 대한 인식을 분석하였으며, 노인의 개인적 특성에 따른 공원환경 인식의 차이를 탐색하였다. (연구방법) 연구대상지는 노인인구비율이 14% 이상인 대구광역시 중구, 동구, 남구, 서구를 대상으로 하였으며, 연구 대상공원은 행정구별 1개의 근린공원을 선정하였다. 공원환경 평가지표의 선정은 총 10편의 선행연구 고찰 및 브레인스토밍 과정을 통해 이루어졌으며, 설문조사는 노인들을 대상으로 2차에 걸쳐 진행되었다. 설문데이터의 분석에는 기술통계 및 빈도분석, T-검정 및 F-검정(Scheffe 검증)이 활용되었다. (결과) 노인의 관점에서 공원환경 관련 선행연구 고찰 및 브레인스토밍 과정을 통해 ‘다양한 운동시설’, ‘운동시설의 안전성’, ‘충분한 휴게시설’, ‘휴게시설의 안락함’ 등 총 20개 지표가 선정되었다. 설문에 의해 수집된 290개 데이터를 통해 노인의 공원환경 인식을 분석한 결과, ‘공원까지의 거리’, ‘충분한 녹지면적’, ‘충분한 그늘’, ‘이동의 무장애성’ 등의 지표가 4.0점 이상으로 높은 환경 수준을 가지는 것으로 분석되었다. 반면, ‘원예활동지원 공간’, ‘다양한 볼거리’, ‘복지시설과의 연계’ 등의 지표는 3.2점 이하의 낮은 환경 수준으로 평가되었다. 또한, 노인의 개인적 특성에 따른 공원환경 인식의 차이를 분석한 결과, 성별, 연령대, 교육수준, 소득수준에 따른 공원환경 인식의 차이가 통계적으로 유의하게 분석되었다. 남성보다 여성이 전반적인 공원환경을 긍정적으로 평가하였으며, 60대는 동적 시설에 대한 인식이, 80대는 정적 시설에 대한 인식이 높게 나타났다. (결론) 본 연구에서 도출된 결과들은 노인인구 밀집지역의 근린공원 리모델링 사업, 주변 환경 개선 사업 등을 진행코자 할 경우 의미 있는 기초자료가 될 것으로 판단된다. (Background and Purpose) Neighborhood parks are places where the elderly can easily access and perform various physical activities without without financial burden and are urban facilities where they can improve physical strength and maintain health. However, many parks in Korea are built according to the subjective and uniform design standards of the landscape designers, so there are many inconveniences for the elderly to use them. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to select the assessment indicators in order promote park use the elderly as a place for maintaining health, to analyze the perception of park environment by applying the indicators targeting the neighborhood parks of Daegu Metropolitan City, and to explore the differences in perception of park environment according to the individual characteristics. (Method) The study areas were Jung-gu, Dong-gu, Nam-gu, and Seo-gu of Daegu, where the ratio of the elderly population was 14% or more and one neighborhood park was selected for each administrative district. The assessment indicators of park environment were selected based on 10 previous studies and brainstorming and the questionnaire survey was conducted in two rounds for the elderly. Descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, T-test, and F-test (Scheffe’s method) were used to analyze the questionnaire data. (Results) Through the review and brainstorming related to the park environment from the perspective of the elderly, a total of 20 indicators were selected such as 'various exercise facilities', 'safety of exercise facilities', 'enough resting facilities', and 'convenience of resting facilities'. As a result of analyzing the perception of the elderly's park environment based on the 290 survey data, the indicators such as 'distance to the park', 'area of green space', 'shade by trees', and 'convenience of walk' had a high environmental level of 4.0 or more. On the other hand, the indicators such as 'horticultural support space', 'various attractions', and 'linkage with welfare facilities' were evaluated at a low environmental level of 3.2 points or less. In addition, as a result of analyzing the difference in perception of park environment according to the individual characteristics of the elderly, the differences according to gender, age group, education level, and income level were analyzed statistically significant. Women rather than men perceived the overall park environment more positively. Those in their 60s had positive perceptions of dynamic facilities and those in their 80s had positive perceptions of static facilities. (Conclusions) The findings from this study will be meaningful basic data to carry out a remodeling for a neighborhood park or a project for improving the neighborhood environment in the elderly concentration area.

朝鮮初期 密陽 在地勢力의 淸道移住와 定着過程

朴洪甲(Park, Hong-Gab) 백산학회 2004 白山學報 Vol.- No.70

Since the early Chosun, the Milyang Park’s(밀양박씨) had lived in Cheongdo. It is not discovered yet how Park Gun(朴乾), who had moved first to Cheongdo, had lived. Therefore, I want to explain how Milyang Park’s settled down there and adjusted to it. Park Ik(朴翊), Park Gun’s grandfather, was raised in the native Milyang Park’s family, and held the post of Yea-Jo-Pan-Seo(예조판서). However he retired to this hometown against the foundation of Chosun Dynasty. His four sons were not in the government services, but they held government offices thanks to the will of Park Ik, who died in 1398. The first son, Park Yung(朴融), passed the classical examination and held the post of the governor of KyoungsangDosa(慶尙都事), and this made him closely connected with Cheongdo. As a result, he had his son, Park Gun, marry the daughter of Kim Cheol-sung(金哲誠). This led Park Gun move to Cheongdo where his wife’s family lived. After that, Park Seung-won(朴承元), the son of Park Gun, became Ha Suk-pu’s son in law. At that time, Ha Suk-pu(河叔溥) was the richest person in Cheongdo. However he didn’t have any sons to leave his great estate and slaves to, so Park Seung-won inherited all those estate and slaves. This made the Park’s become stable economically. Both Park Gun’s father and grandfather passed the classical examinations, and both he and his only son, Park Seung-won, passed the military service examinations. Being in the central government services helped them to make the field of their business wider in their hometown. Furthermore, it was a strong backing for the descendants to become Sa-lim(士林), the representatives of that area. At that time, the same families lived together in one village. This story shows how the Milyang Park’s village became the biggest ever.

국산 캐릭터를 테마로 한 어린이 실내 테마파크의 현황 및 시장전략에 관한 기초연구

박성식(Park, Seongsik) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2012 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.28

본 연구는 문화콘텐츠 비즈니스의 한 분야인 테마파크 비즈니스와 관련하여, 기존의 대규모 야외 복합 테마파크 중심의 접근에서 벋어나 소규모?소자본 전략의 실내 테마파크를 지향하는 흐름에 주목하고 있다. 기존의 대규모 야외 복합 테마파크가 수천억 원 규모의 자본과 고난이도의 기술력, 최신 운영 노하우 등을 필요로 함으로써 큰 리스크와 함께 높은 신규 진입장벽을 가지고 있는 것에 반해, 최근의 실내 테마파크들은 효율적인 리스크 관리와 탄력적인 시장전략으로 시장진입에 성공하고 있기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 실내 테마파크들 가운데 새로운 시장인 국산 캐릭터를 테마로 한 어린이 실내 테마파크 시장의 현황을 살펴보고, 국산 캐릭터의 프로퍼티 가치 확장과 국내 테마파크 시장의 확산이라는 두 가지 확장의 측면에서 이 시장의 시장전략을 살펴보고자 한다. 이를 위해 테마파크에 관한 선행연구들을 검토하여 공간적 분류와 테마별 분류, 주 사용자층에 따른 분류 등을 기준으로 국내에 존재하는 테마파크의 유형을 나누어보았다. 또한 국산 캐릭터를 테마로 한 어린이 실내 테마파크 가운데 수도권 소재 5개소를 직접 방문하여 현황조사를 실시하였고, 수도권 소재 2개소와 지방 4개소는 업체 담당자를 통해 현황자료를 입수하여 분석하였다. 또 올 4월 25일 신규 개관한 ‘디보빌리지’ 청계천점을 방문한 관람객을 대상으로 만족도 조사를 시행하여 분석하였다. 이를 통해 현재 국산 캐릭터를 테마로 한 어린이 실내 테마파크 비즈니스의 구조를 분석하고 수행중인 시장전략의 유효성을 분석할 수 있는 토대를 제시하여 보았다. 본 연구를 통하여 테마파크 비즈니스의 틈새시장이라 할 수 있는 실내 테마파크 비즈니스에 대한 체계적이고 심도 있는 논의의 단초를 마련하여 소규모 지역밀착형 실내 테마파크들이 국내 테마파크 산업의 유력한 비즈니스 모델로 연구될 수 있기를 기대한다. 또한 캐릭터 비즈니스의 측면에서도 국산 애니메이션 캐릭터들의 프로퍼티 가치의 공간적?스토리텔링적 확장의 새로운 모델을 정립하는 계기가 될 수 있기를 바란다. Regarding the theme park business as an area of cultural content business, this study focuses on the trend of pursuing indoor theme parks as a small-scale?small capital strategy escaped from the existing approach oriented to large-scale outdoor complex theme parks. It is because although existing large-scale outdoor complex theme parks require the capital with the scale of hundreds of billion won and also high-level technique and the latest operational know-how that they have a great barrier for new entry as well as enormous risk, the rent indoor theme parks succeed in market entry with efficient risk management and flexible market strategies. Thereupon, this study examines the current status of the children’s indoor theme park market with Korean characters as their theme as a new market among the indoor theme parks and also investigates the market strategies of this market in the two aspects of expansion: the expansion of Korean characters’ property value and the expansion of the local theme park market. For that, this article reviewed the advanced researches on theme parks and divided the types of theme parks existing in Korea with the criteria of classification by space and theme or classification by main users. Also, among the children’s indoor theme parks with Korean characters as their theme, this study visited five ones located in the capital area to examine the current status. And about two located in the capital area and also four in the local area, the current data were received from the persons in charge of the companies for analysis. Also, with the subjects of spectators visiting the ‘DIBO VILLAGE, Cheonggye-cheon’ newly opened on April 25th, 2012, the research on satisfaction was conducted for analysis. Through that, this study analyzed the structure of the existing children’s indoor theme park business with Korean characters as their theme and suggested the ground to analyze the effectiveness of market strategies being implemented. It is expected that this study will establish the clues of systematic and profound discussion for the indoor theme park business that can be said to be the niche market of the theme park business and allow the small-scale areal indoor theme parks to be examined as a significant business model for the local theme park industry. In the aspect of character business as well, it is expected that this will give a chance to establish a new model of spatial?storytelling expansion in terms of the property value of Korean animation characters.

마곡중앙공원 기본계획과 현대도시공원으로서의 의의

박훈(Park, Hoon) 한국도시설계학회 2015 도시설계 : 한국도시설계학회지 Vol.16 No.2

마곡중앙공원 조성계획은 기존 마곡워터프론트 계획이 백지화 된 이후 다양한 논의를 거쳐 보타닉가든으로 방향성이 결정되었으며, 식물원과 공원이 결합되는 새로운 타입의 도시공원으로 방향이 제시되었다. 마곡이 가지고 있는 지형적 특성과 역사적 의의, 그리고 도시공간에서의 입지특성은 공원조성을 위한 기본 철학과 조성원칙으로 발전하였으며, 공간계획으로 구체화 되었다. 이와 같은 개념은 식물원, 호수공원, 열린숲공원, 생태천이원 등 4개의 존으로 영역화하여 세부공간계획으로 구체화 된다. 특히 식물원 부분은 핵심적인 공간으로 약 128,000㎡의 규모로 조성되어 새로운 명소가 될 것으로 기대하며, 도시공원에서 경험할 수 있는 호수와 잔디마당은 도시민들이 쉴 수 있는 여가의 공간으로 조성될 것이다. 또한 마곡중앙공원은 내ㆍ외적 성장의 개념을 바탕으로 조성될 것이며, 100년의 시간을 통해 성장하게 될 것이다. 이와 같은 종합적인 계획은 기존 선행하여 연구되었던 현대공원설계의 특성에서 제안한 여섯 가지 전략과 밀접하게 연관성을 갖고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. After the Magok Waterfront Plan was annulled, discussions led to the decision to develop Magok Central Park as a botanical garden. It was proposed that the botanical garden and park be combined to create a new type of city park. The geographical characteristics and historical implications of Magok and the location’s urban spatial characteristics were developed into a basic philosophy and a composition principle for a park design and then shaped into a spatial plan. The concept divides the space into four zones, including a botanical garden, a lake park, an open forest park, and an ecological succession area, which are given shape through a detailed spatial plan. The botanical garden, in particular, as a core space that occupies 128,000㎡, is expected to become a new attraction. A lake and a lawn in the city park will become a leisure area where citizens can relax. Moreover, Magok Central Park will be built based on the concept of internal and external growth, and it will grow over 100 years. It was identified that this comprehensive plan is closely related to six strategies for modern park design as delineated in existing studies.

국립공원 구역 조정에 따른 환경,경제,사회적 파급효과 분석

홍현정 ( Hyun Jung Hong ),최현아 ( Hyun Ah Choi ),변병설 ( Byung Seol Byun ),박용하 ( Yong Ha Park ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2013 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.16 No.6

As ten years have passed since national parks were adjusted and released inceptively, it is the time for evaluating the effectiveness of the national park policy and improving it on the basis of the evaluation result. In this study, the method of appraising the environmental and socio-economical ripple effect on the implementation of national park regulation were provided, based on the institutional consideration, the environment analysis, the survey of residents consciousness, the statistical analysis and so on. It is applied to target sites where were released from national parks, and the policy direction was suggested for sustainable use and management of national parks. National parks, that exhibit various characteristics depending on geographical and local conditions, were categorized through the statistical approach. Released sites from Seoraksan National park, where was categorized as the core national park for sustainable use and management, were evaluated environmentally based on the time-series analysis of environmental thematic maps and socio-economically based on the survey on residents perceptions. As a result of this study, the environmental effect of released sites has been declined or threatened, and the residents` economic, social and living condition in these areas are still not improved(p<0.05) since the adjustment of national parks. Based on the policy approach reflecting regional characteristics, natural resources are kept and enhanced for the sustainable use and management of national parks. And a consensus on the national park policy of national park should be developed between local residents and voluntary participation and public awareness should be attracted from them, based on the construction and the supplement of the infrastructure.