高等學校 漢文科 評價의 問題點과 改善 方案

梁判石 한국한문교육학회 2002 한문교육논집 Vol.19 No.-

漢文敎育에 있어서 가장 기본이라 할 수 있는 基礎漢字에 대한 지식수준은 갈수록 저하되고 있다. 이 같은 현상의 원인은 여러 가지가 있을 수 있겠지만, 한문 교육 목표와 관련하여 評價에서 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 왜냐하면 평가는 敎育課程에서 제시하고 있는 목표를 학생들이 얼마나 잘 성취하고 있는지를 확인하는 수단이기 때문이다. 高等學校 漢文科 評價의 問題點과 改善 方案에 대한 先行硏究에서는, 주로 다양한 評價 問項을 開發해야 한다는 쪽으로 치우친 경향이 많다. 따라서 本稿에서는 새로운 평가 문항을 하나 추가하기보다는, 평가가 갖는 제도적·현실적인 문제를 감안한 실질적인 평가 방안을 모색해 본 것이다. 먼저 제7차 교육과정에 있어서 고등학교 한문과의 位相과 그에 따른 評價上의 問題點을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 漢文敎科가 選擇科目이 됨으로써 학습자들로부터 소홀히 다루어지는 성향 때문에 정상적인 평가가 어렵게 되었다는 점이다. 따라서 평가 문항의 개발만으로는 평가의 정상화를 기대하기 어려울 전망이다. 둘째, 정상적인 평가를 위해 한문과의 시수 확보가 선행되어야 하며, 정해진 단위수도 반드시 지켜져야 한다. 셋째, 수행평가가 정상적으로 시행되기 위한 여건의 조성을 들 수 있다. 그러기 위해서 우선 班別 학생수의 감소가 선행되어야 한다. 또한 평가의 客觀性과 公正性이 확보되어야 하고, 아울러 기본점수를 주는 등 점수 부풀리기 식은 사라져야 한다. 고등학교 한문과 평가는 이렇듯 제도적인 제반 사항이 갖추어지지 않는 상황에서 실시되었고, 그로 인한 여러 가지 문제점이 惹起되었다. 특히 漢文敎育에 있어 가장 중요하고도 바탕이 되는 基礎漢字도 모르는 소외 漢盲을 낳기에 이르렀다. 따라서 평가의 정상화를 위한 이상적인 방안을 제시할 것이 아니라, 맨먼저 현재 학생들의 수준과 교육여건을 고려한 평가 방안이 반드시 모색되어야 한다는 것이다. 첫째, 고등학교 학습의 기초가 되는 중학교용 기초한자 900자에 대한 진단 평가를 권장하였다. 둘째, 한문과의 학습 목표가 한자·한자어·한문 능력 습득이라는 점층적 구조 속에 있다는 점에 착안하여, 그 基底가 되는 한자 학습을 언급하였다. 아울러 한자 쓰기 평가의 강화를 몇 가지 방법과 함께 제시하였다. 셋째, 가장 기본적인 사항인 字典活用을 권장하고 그것을 평가에 반영하는 점을 거론하였다. The level of Korean students' basic knowledge about Chinese Characters is gradually decreasing. One of the reasons about this could be the assessment related to the objectives of Chinese Characters subject since assessment is an instrument to measure students' achievement in the educational curriculum. In the previous studies, problems and solutions of assessing Chinese Characters had a tendency to focus on developing the diverse testing forms. In this study, I search for systematic, authentic ways of improving assessment rather than making new test problems in a testing form. The status of Chinese Characters and its problems in assessment in the seventh educational curriculum are presented in this study. First, the reasonable assessment is impossible in Chinese Characters subject because students are not enthusiastic in studying Chinese characters, because the subject is optional, not mandatory. Second, the credit hours for Chinese Characters subject should be acquired and the subject should be taught exactly according to the credit hours. Third, the overall conditions for assessment should be soundly built such as appropriate class size, the reliability and fairness of the subject. These problems led many students to be illiterate of Chinese characters who do not even know the basic Chinese letters. Against the above problems, the assessment should consider the level of students and educational environment rather than presenting the ideal ways about assessment. The solution would be like this : First, the diagnostic assessment is recommended, testing 900 Chinese letters used in the middle school. Second, the learning of Chinese letters are mentioned from the perspective that the learning objectives of Chinese Characters subject are in the spiral structure of Chinese letters, Korean words based on Chinese letters, and it's ability of acquisition. Third, the use of Chinese-Korean dictionary is recommended and its use should be involved in the assessment.

여행사에 있어 리더십 유형과 직무만족·조직몰입에 관한 연구

민양기,김판영 문화관광연구학회 2002 문화관광연구 Vol.4 No.3

The purpose of this study is to identify what kind of leadership styles on travel agency empirically. Also described are the relationship between these leadership styles and the job satisfaction, the organizational commitment of employee. Leadership is divided into two categories(transactional leadership and transformational leadership). Transformational leadership was more deeply analyzed and the empirical analysis was conducted to apply into the service industry. But we have some other results. In conclusion, there is no leadership style which could be applied in every condition and all kind of leadership should be applied case by case.

중합억제제의 반응성에 관한 연구

金洋,朴板煜 부산대학교 공과대학 부설 생산기술연구소 1975 硏究報告 Vol.14 No.-

중합억제반응 실험은 진공(~10^(-5) mmHg)하에서 조심스럽게 용액중의 기체를 제거한 후 dilatometer로써 반응속도를 측정하였다. 실험결과는 Fukui의 fornitier electron density 法으로 반응성과 반응기구를 고찰하였다. 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 억제제를 넣지않고 AIBN과 styrene만의 반응속도는 dl_(n)[M] - ------- = R_(0)=6.863[AIBN]^(½)percent per hour=16.178×10^(-5)[AIBN]^(½)mole^(-½)l^(½)sec^(-1) dt 로 표시할 수 있었다. 2. Heterosulfur 化學物인 phenothiazine, thioxanthene 및 thianthrene은 styrene 중합에서는 억제효과가 없었다. 3. acridine의 Kx값이 anthracene의 Kx 값의 약 절반이었다. acridine의 meso 탄소 위치가 다른 위치의 탄소보다 반응성이 크고 styryl radical의 첫 번 공격은 이 meso炭素에서 일어난다. 4. phenazine은 가장 좋은 억제제였다. phenazine의 side ring은 anthracene이나 acridine의 side ring보다 反應性이 크고 styryl radical은 meso 위치의 질소에게도 공격할 수 있을 것이다. 5. 억제제의 Sr(혹은 Sr^(9))값은 억제제의 반응성을 잘 나타내 주었다.

A Study on the Imagery of Liu Bang (劉邦) in the Geumhwasa Mongyurok (金華寺夢遊錄)

YANG Pan(YANG Pan) 영남퇴계학연구원 2022 The Journal of Toegye Studies Vol.5 No.2

As the founding emperor of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang made outstanding contributions to the development of the Han nationality in China and the formation of a unified country. So, he has become a key character in many literary works, historical works, folk legends and traditional dramas. The Korean novel Geumhwasa Mongyurok depicts dozens of famous emperors in Chinese history, among which Liu Bang is the most important. When the author portrays the image of Liu Bang, he mainly uses three perspectives, namely, ‘the perspective of a scholar in the dream’, ‘the perspective of Liu Bang himself’ and ‘the perspective of the Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty’. It can be seen from the comparison that the image of Liu Bang in the Geumhwasa Mongyurok demonstrates not only a direct acceptance of Chinese historical books by Korean writers, but also demonstrates unique creations of him by Korean writers. With regard to Liu Bang’s appearance, different versions of the Geumhwasa Mongyurok all take the Chinese historical book Records of the Historian as the basis. But when portraying Liu Bang’s temperament, because there was no specific historical book to refer to, Korean writers used the changing dragon to highlight Liu Bang’s noble temperament as an emperor according to the Chinese cultural tradition. In different versions of Geumhwasa Mongyurok, the authors expressed positive or negative attitudes towards Liu Bang, which is very similar to the way that Chinese drama writers in the Yuan and Ming dynasties used to portray the image of Liu Bang.

Identification and quantification of oleanane triterpenoid saponins and potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities from the roots and rhizomes of Panax stipuleanatus

Pan-Pan Shu,Lu-Xi Li,Qin-Min He,Jun Pan,Xiao-Lei Li,Min Zhu,Ye Yang,Yuan Qu 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.2

Background: Panax stipuleanatus represents a folk medicine for treatment of inflammation. However, lack of experimental data does not confirm its function. This article aims to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of triterpenoid saponins isolated from P. stipuleanatus. Methods: The chemical characterization of P. stipuleanatus allowed the identification and quantitation of two major compounds. Analgesic effects of triterpenoid saponins were evaluated in two models of thermal- and chemical-stimulated acute pain. Anti-inflammatory effects of triterpenoid saponins were also evaluated using four models of acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in mice. Results: Two triterpenoid saponins of stipuleanosides R₁ (SP-R₁) and R₂ (SP-R₂) were isolated and identified from P. stipuleanatus. The results showed that SP-R₁ and SP-R₂ significantly increased the latency time to thermal pain in the hot plate test and reduced the writhing response in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. SP-R₁ and SP-R₂ caused a significant decrease in vascular permeability, ear edema, paw edema, and granuloma formation in inflammatory models. Further studies showed that the levels of inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 6 in paw tissues were downregulated by SP-R₁ and SP-R₂. In addition, the rational harvest of three- to five-year-old P. stipuleanatus was preferable to obtain a higher level of triterpenoid saponins. SP-R₂ showed the highest content in P. stipuleanatus, which had potential as a chemical marker for quality control of P. stipuleanatus. Conclusion: This study provides important basic information about utilization of P. stipuleanatus resources for production of active triterpenoid saponins.

Research on the Application of Digital Human Production Based on Photoscan Realistic Head 3D Scanning and Unreal Engine MetaHuman Technology in the Metaverse

Yang Pan,김기홍,이준석,SANG YUANZI,JiIn Cheon 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2022 International journal of advanced smart convergenc Vol.11 No.3

With the development of digital content software production technology and the technological progress of related hardware, the social status quo in the post-epidemic era, the popularization and application of 5G networks, the market and consumers’ increasing demand for digital content products, artificial intelligence, virtual digital human, virtual Idols, virtual live, self-media content and metaverse-related content industries are all developing rapidly. Virtual idols, virtual digital human, etc. are not only accelerating innovation in production technology. The economic cost, technical difficulty and time requirements of production are also greatly reduced. With the arrival and development of the Metaverse, the author believes that the content industry with virtual digital humans as the core will continue to develop in the direction of refinement, specialization, facilitation and customization. In this article, we will analyze and study the production of virtual digital human based on Photoscan technology and Unreal Engine 5 Metahuman software, and discuss the application status and future development of related content.

Systematic Review of Single Large and/or Multinodular Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Surgical Resection Improves Survival

Yang, Xiang-Di,Pan, Ling-Hui,Wang, Lin,Ke, Yang,Cao, Ji,Yang, Chun,Zhong, Jian-Hong,Luo, Wang,Guo, Jiao,Li, Le-Qun Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.13

Background: The role of surgical resection for patients with single large (${\geq}5cm$) and/or multinodular (${\geq}2$) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still controversial. This systematic review was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of resection for patients with single large and/or multinodular HCC. Materials and Methods: Databases (the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases) were systematically searched to identify relevant studies exploring the safety and efficacy of resection for single large and/or multinodular HCC, published between January 2000 and December 2014. Perioperative morbidity and mortality, overall survival, and disease-free survival of the resection group were calculated. In addition, these outcome variables were also calculated for the control group in the included studies. Results: One randomized controlled trial and 42 nonrandomized studies involving 9,580 patients were eligible for analysis. Eight (1,594 patients) of the 43 studies also reported the outcomes of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Although 51.4% of patients featured cirrhosis, 90.7% of them demonstrated Child-Pugh A liver function in the resection group. The median rates of morbidity (24.5%) and mortality (2.5%) after resection were significantly higher than that of TACE (11.0%, P<0.001; 1.9%, P<0.001). However, patients who underwent resection had significantly higher median one-, three-, and five-year overall survival (76.1%, 51.7%, and 37.4%) than those who underwent TACE (68.3%, 31.5%, and 17.5%, all P<0.001). The median 1-, 3-, and 5-year DFS rates after resection were 58.3%, 34.6%, and 24.0%, respectively. Conclusions: Although tumor recurrence after resection for patients with single large and/ or multinodular HCC continues to be a major problem, resection should be considered as a strategy to achieve long-term survival.

Confucianism Represented by Zhu Yuanzhang (朱元璋) in Geumhwasa Mongyurok (金華寺夢遊錄)

Yang Pan 영남퇴계학연구원 2021 The Journal of Toegye Studies Vol.4 No.2

The Geumhwasa Mongyurok is a Korean story that takes place in China and features a multitude of Chinese historical figures. In particular, it can be argued that the exploration of Zhu Yuanzhang emphasizes the unknown author’s Confucian ideological tendencies. Korea has long attached great importance to the teachings of Confucius; hence Korean classical novels typically reflect its core tenets such as the importance of filial piety. Rulers of the past emphasized the use of filial piety to maintain governance, so only those who are filial at home can meet the requirements put forth by monarchs for their most valued subjects. Zhu Yuanzhang stressed that wisdom and talent are not one’s most important traits. Instead he stresses loyalty, emphasizing that only the most loyal of ministers could become the best. Confucianism requires filiality to one’s parents at home and loyalty to one’s ruling monarch. In governing the country, pursuing Confucianism ideology and governing the world through the implementation of upstanding morality is described as rule by virtue . Another core tenet of Confucianism is benevolence, or so-called benevolent love . Zhu Yuanzhang s comments on Ying Zheng reflected Zhu s ideal of opposing hegemonism and his advocation for Confucianism. Zhu also evaluates Xiang Yu-highlighting his ten crimes that appear in the Records of the Grand Historian, a work that came to fruition at a time when society and culture attached great importance to the teachings of Confucius. His criticism of Xiang Yu fully reflects his position of advocating for the Confucian rule of virtue.

Degradation kinetics of vitamins in premixes for pig: effects of choline, high concentrations of copper and zinc, and storage time

Yang Pan,Wang Hua Kai,Zhu Min,Li Long Xian,Ma Yong Xi 아세아·태평양축산학회 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.4

Objective: The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effects of storage time, choline chloride, and high concentrations of Cu and Zn on the kinetic behavior of vitamin degradation during storage in two vitamin premixes and four vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premixes. Methods: Two vitamin premixes (with or without 160,000 mg/kg of choline) were stored at 25°C and 60% humidity. Besides, four VTM premixes were used to evaluate the effects of choline (0 vs 40,000 mg/kg) and trace minerals (low CuSO4+ZnO vs high CuSO4+ZnO) on vitamin stability in VTM premixes stored in room, and the VTM premixes were stored in room temperature at 22°C. Subsamples from each vitamin and VTM premix were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. The retention of vitamin A (VA), vitamin D3 (VD3), vitamin E (VE), vitamin K3 (VK3), vitamin B1 (VB1), vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin B3 (VB3), vitamin B5 (VB5), and vitamin B6 (VB6) in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes during storage was determined. The stability of vitamins in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes was determined and reported as the residual vitamin activity (% of initial) at each sampling point. Results: The effect of choline on VK3 retention was significant in vitamin premixes (p<0.05). The negative effect of storage time was significant for the retentions of VD3, VK3, VB1, VB2, VB5, and VB6 in vitamin premix (p<0.05). For VTM premixes, negative effect of storage time was significant (p<0.05) for the losses of vitamin in VTM premixes. Choline and high concentrations of Cu and Zn significantly increased VA, VK3, VB1, and VB2 loss during storage (p<0.05). The supplementation of high concentrations of Cu and Zn significantly decreased the concentrations of VD3 and VB6 (p<0.05) in VTM premixes at extended storage time. Conclusion: The maximum vitamin stability was detected in vitamin and VTM premixes containing no choline or excess Cu and Zn. The results indicated that extended storage time increased degradation of vitamin in vitamin or VTM premixes. These results may provide useful information for vitamin and VTM premixes to improve the knowledge of vitamin in terms of its stability. Objective: The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effects of storage time, choline chloride, and high concentrations of Cu and Zn on the kinetic behavior of vitamin degradation during storage in two vitamin premixes and four vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premixes.Methods: Two vitamin premixes (with or without 160,000 mg/kg of choline) were stored at 25°C and 60% humidity. Besides, four VTM premixes were used to evaluate the effects of choline (0 vs 40,000 mg/kg) and trace minerals (low CuSO₄+ZnO vs high CuSO₄+ZnO) on vitamin stability in VTM premixes stored in room, and the VTM premixes were stored in room temperature at 22°C. Subsamples from each vitamin and VTM premix were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. The retention of vitamin A (VA), vitamin D₃ (VD₃), vitamin E (VE), vitamin K₃ (VK₃), vitamin B₁ (VB₁), vitamin B₂ (VB₂), vitamin B₃ (VB₃), vitamin B₅ (VB₅), and vitamin B₆ (VB₆) in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes during storage was determined. The stability of vitamins in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes was determined and reported as the residual vitamin activity (% of initial) at each sampling point.Results: The effect of choline on VK₃ retention was significant in vitamin premixes (p<0.05). The negative effect of storage time was significant for the retentions of VD₃, VK₃, VB₁, VB₂, VB₅, and VB₆ in vitamin premix (p<0.05). For VTM premixes, negative effect of storage time was significant (p<0.05) for the losses of vitamin in VTM premixes. Choline and high concentrations of Cu and Zn significantly increased VA, VK₃, VB₁, and VB₂ loss during storage (p<0.05). The supplementation of high concentrations of Cu and Zn significantly decreased the concentrations of VD₃ and VB₆ (p<0.05) in VTM premixes at extended storage time.Conclusion: The maximum vitamin stability was detected in vitamin and VTM premixes containing no choline or excess Cu and Zn. The results indicated that extended storage time increased degradation of vitamin in vitamin or VTM premixes. These results may provide useful information for vitamin and VTM premixes to improve the knowledge of vitamin in terms of its stability.

Maltol Inhibits Apoptosis of Human Neuroblastoma Cells Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide

Yang, Yang,Wang, Jian,Xu, Caimin,Pan, Huazhen,Zhang, Zinan Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2006 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.39 No.2

To analyze the effect of Maltol on the apoptosis of Human Neuroblastoma Cells (SH-SY5Y) treated by free radical which was generated from Hydrogen Peroxide ($H_2O_2$), flow cytometry analysis on Phosphatidylserine (PS) inverting percentage was applied to determine the apoptosis. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay was employed to analyze the cell viability. DNA electrophoresis was used to detect DNA fragmentation. Moreover intracellular calcium of concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) was measured by fluorescence emission. Flow cytometry analysis on the function of mitochondria and Western blto analysis of NF-${\kappa}B$. The results showed that the pretreatment with maltol for 2 hours could prevent the $H_2O_2$-induced apoptosis. Maltol could reduce the inverting percentage of PS, DNA fragmentation and $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, and enhance the cellular function of mitochondria. NF-${\kappa}B$ activated by $H_2O_2$ is reduced. The experiments suggest that maltol could effectively inhibit the apoptosis induced by $H_2O_2$. As a novel anti-oxidant, maltol is a new promising drug in protecting the neurological cells from the damage by free radical.