Liquid-liquid extraction of lithium using lipophilic dibenzo-14-crown-4 ether carboxylic acid in hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquid

Torrejos, Rey Eliseo C.,Nisola, Grace M.,Song, Ho Seong,Han, Jeong Woo,Lawagon, Chosel P.,Seo, Jeong Gil,Koo, Sangho,Kim, Hern,Chung, Wook-Jin Elsevier 2016 Hydrometallurgy Vol.164 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A green liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) system was developed for the recovery of lithium (Li<SUP>+</SUP>) from sodium and potassium ions, which are typically present at high concentrations in seawater. Dibenzo-14-crown-4ether (DB14C4) was functionalized with a long lipophilic alkyl C18 chain and a pendent proton ionizable carboxylic acid group to obtain a lithium (Li<SUP>+</SUP>) carrier system (DB14C4-C18-COOH) with high Li<SUP>+</SUP> extraction performance and good stability in the room temperature ionic liquid diluent, CYPHOSIL 109. The Li<SUP>+</SUP> extraction efficiency of DB14C4-C18-COOH/CYPHOSIL 109 can be enhanced by increasing the solution pH and DB14C4-C18-COOH concentration. Further examination of extraction results reveal 1:1 coordination between DB14C4-C18-COOH and Li<SUP>+</SUP> which was also supported by density functional theory calculations. At room temperature, the developed LLE system effectively extracted dilute Li<SUP>+</SUP> from Na<SUP>+</SUP> (selectivity α<SUB>Li</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> <SUB>/Na</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> =1954) and K<SUP>+</SUP> (α<SUB>Li</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> <SUB>/K</SUB> <SUP>+</SUP> =138). Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were evaluated for optimum Li<SUP>+</SUP> extraction conditions. Sequestered Li<SUP>+</SUP> can be easily recovered from the LLE system using dilute hydrochloric acid. Results from recycling tests showed stable Li<SUP>+</SUP> extraction performance hence it can be used for long term application. Overall results indicate the potential application of DB14C4-C18-COOH/CYPHOSIL 109 as a treatment step to recover Li<SUP>+</SUP> from brine or seawater.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Crown ether in RTIL CYPHOSIL 109 LLE system was developed for Li<SUP>+</SUP> recovery. </LI> <LI> Ligand lipophilic dibenzo14C4 crown ether with ionizable COOH group was synthesized. </LI> <LI> Highly selective LLE towards Li<SUP>+</SUP> in the presence of high Na<SUP>+</SUP> and K<SUP>+</SUP> concentration </LI> <LI> Ligand concentration, solution pH and temperature affected Li<SUP>+</SUP> extraction. </LI> <LI> Convenient Li<SUP>+</SUP> recovery and LLE reusability via dilute acid stripping treatment </LI> </UL> </P>

First observation ofγγ→pp¯K+K−and search for exotic baryons inpKsystems

Shen, C. P.,Yuan, C. Z.,Adachi, I.,Aihara, H.,Asner, D. M.,Aulchenko, V.,Aushev, T.,Ayad, R.,Babu, V.,Badhrees, I.,Bakich, A. M.,Barberio, E.,Behera, P.,Bhardwaj, V.,Bhuyan, B.,Biswal, J.,Bobrov, A.,B American Physical Society 2016 Physical review. D Vol.93 No.11

<P>The process gamma gamma -> p (p) over barK(+)K(-) and its intermediate processes are measured for the first time using a 980 fb(-1) data sample collected with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e(+)e(-) collider. The production of p (p) over barK(+)K(-) and a Lambda(1520)(0) ((Lambda) over bar (1520)(0)) signal in the pK(-) ((p) over barK(+)) invariant mass spectrum are clearly observed. However, no evidence for an exotic baryon near 1540 MeV/c(2), denoted as Theta(1540)(0) ((Theta) over bar (1540)(0)) or Theta(1540)(++) (Theta(1540)(--)), is seen in the pK(-) ((p) over barK(+)) or pK(+) ((p) over barK(-)) invariant mass spectra. Cross sections for gamma gamma -> p (p) over barK(+)K(-), Lambda(1520)(0)(p) over barK(+) + c.c. and the products sigma(gamma gamma -> Theta(1540)(0)(p) over barK(+) + c.c.)B(Theta(1540)(0) -> pK(-)) and sigma(gamma gamma -> Theta(1540)(++)(p) over barK(-) + c.c.)B(Theta(1540)(++) -> pK(+)) are measured. We also determine upper limits on the products of the chi(c0) and chi(c2) two-photon decay widths and their branching fractions to p (p) over barK(+)K(-) at the 90% credibility level.</P>

Golimumab, a human antibody to tumour necrosis factor α given by monthly subcutaneous injections, in active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy: the GO-FORWARD Study

Keystone, E C,Genovese, M C,Klareskog, L,Hsia, E C,Hall, S T,Miranda, P C,Pazdur, J,Bae, S-C,Palmer, W,Zrubek, J,Wiekowski, M,Visvanathan, S,Wu, Z,Rahman, M U BMJ Publishing Group 2009 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases Vol.68 No.6

<P><B>Objective:</B></P><P>The phase III GO-FORWARD study examined the efficacy and safety of golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) despite methotrexate therapy.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>Patients were randomly assigned in a 3 : 3 : 2 : 2 ratio to receive placebo injections plus methotrexate capsules (group 1, n  =  133), golimumab 100 mg injections plus placebo capsules (group 2, n  =  133), golimumab 50 mg injections plus methotrexate capsules (group 3, n  =  89), or golimumab 100 mg injections plus methotrexate capsules (group 4, n  =  89). Injections were administered subcutaneously every 4 weeks. The co-primary endpoints were the proportion of patients with 20% or greater improvement in the American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR20) at week 14 and the change from baseline in the health assessment questionnaire-disability index (HAQ-DI) score at week 24.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>The proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response at week 14 was 33.1% in the placebo plus methotrexate group, 44.4% (p = 0.059) in the golimumab 100 mg plus placebo group, 55.1% (p = 0.001) in the golimumab 50 mg plus methotrexate group and 56.2% (p<0.001) in the golimumab 100 mg plus methotrexate group. At week 24, median improvements from baseline in HAQ-DI scores were 0.13, 0.13 (p = 0.240), 0.38 (p<0.001) and 0.50 (p<0.001), respectively. During the placebo-controlled portion of the study (to week 16), serious adverse events occurred in 2.3%, 3.8%, 5.6% and 9.0% of patients and serious infections occurred in 0.8%, 0.8%, 2.2% and 5.6%, respectively.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B></P><P>The addition of golimumab to methotrexate in patients with active RA despite methotrexate therapy significantly reduced the signs and symptoms of RA and improved physical function.</P>

Quality-of-life and performance status results from the phase III RAINBOW study of ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in patients with previously treated gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma ^†

Al-Batran, S.-E.,Van Cutsem, E.,Oh, S. C.,Bodoky, G.,Shimada, Y.,Hironaka, S.,Sugimoto, N.,Lipatov, O. N.,Kim, T.-Y.,Cunningham, D.,Rougier, P.,Muro, K.,Liepa, A. M.,Chandrawansa, K.,Emig, M.,Ohtsu, A Oxford University Press 2016 Annals of Oncology Vol.27 No.4

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>The phase III RAINBOW trial demonstrated that the addition of ramucirumab to paclitaxel improved overall survival, progression-free survival, and tumor response rate in fluoropyrimidine–platinum previously treated patients with advanced gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma. Here, we present results from quality-of-life (QoL) and performance status (PS) analyses.</P><P><B>Patients and methods</B></P><P>Patients with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS of 0/1 were randomized to receive ramucirumab (8 mg/kg i.v.) or placebo on days 1 and 15 of a 4-week cycle, with both arms receiving paclitaxel (80 mg/m<SUP>2</SUP>) on days 1, 8, and 15. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed with the QoL/health status questionnaires EORTC QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D at baseline and 6-week intervals. PS was assessed at baseline and day 1 of every cycle. Time to deterioration (TtD) in each QLQ-C30 scale was defined as randomization to first worsening of ≥10 points (on 100-point scale) and TtD in PS was defined as first worsening to ≥2. Hazard ratios (HRs) for treatment effect were estimated using stratified Cox proportional hazards models.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Of the 665 patients randomized, 650 (98%) provided baseline QLQ-C30 and EQ-5D data, and 560 (84%) also provided data from ≥1 postbaseline time point. Baseline scores for both instruments were similar between arms. Of the 15 QLQ-C30 scales, 14 had HR < 1, indicating similar or longer TtD in QoL for ramucirumab + paclitaxel. Treatment with ramucirumab + paclitaxel was also associated with a delay in TtD in PS to ≥2 (HR = 0.798, <I>P</I> = 0.0941). Alternate definitions of PS deterioration yielded similar results: PS ≥ 3 (HR = 0.656, <I>P</I> = 0.0508), deterioration by ≥1 PS level (HR = 0.802, <I>P</I> = 0.0444), and deterioration by ≥2 PS levels (HR = 0.608, <I>P</I> = 0.0063). EQ-5D scores were comparable between treatment arms, stable during treatment, and worsened at discontinuation.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>In patients with previously treated advanced gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma, addition of ramucirumab to paclitaxel prolonged overall survival while maintaining patient QoL with delayed symptom worsening and functional status deterioration.</P><P><B>ClinicalTrials.gov</B></P><P>NCT01170663.</P>

Development of multifunctional metabolic synergists to suppress the evolution of resistance against pyrethroids in insects that blood feed on humans

Hardstone, Melissa C,Strycharz, Joseph P,Kim, Junheon,Park, Il‐,Kwon,Yoon, Kyong Sup,Ahn, Young Joon,Harrington, Laura C,Lee, Si Hyeock,Clark, J Marshall John Wiley Sons, Ltd 2015 Pest Management Science Vol.71 No.6

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>BACKGROUND</B></P><P>Pyrethroids are the insecticides of choice when exposure to humans is likely, such as occurs in vector and public‐health‐related control programs. Unfortunately, the pyrethroids share a common resistance mechanism with dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), knockdown resistance (<I>kdr</I>), and prior extensive use of DDT has predisposed the pyrethroids to cross‐resistance via <I>kdr</I>. Given the widespread occurrence of <I>kdr</I>, the use of synergists with pyrethroids is considered to be prudent to guard against the selection of multiply resistant insects.</P><P><B>RESULTS</B></P><P>3‐Phenoxybenzyl hexanoate (PBH) was synthesized as a multifunctional pyrethroid synergist that, besides being a surrogate substrate for sequestration/hydrolytic carboxylesterases, now also functions as a substrate for oxidative xenobiotic metabolism. The addition of PBH to permethrin‐treated females of the ISOP450 strain of <I>Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus</I> resulted in a threefold increase in synergism, as judged by the synergistic ratio. Similarly, PBH synergized the action of deltamethrin sixfold on females of the common bed bug, <I>Cimex lectularius</I>, and was 2.8‐fold more synergistic than piperonyl butoxide (PBO).</P><P><B>CONCLUSIONS</B></P><P>PBH synergized the action of both type I and type II pyrethroids in a mosquito vector (<I>Cx. p. quinquefasciatus</I>) and in a public‐health pest, <I>C. lectularius</I>, respectively, indicating a broad spectrum of action on blood‐feeding insects. PBH appears to have residual properties similar to permethrin and is itself non‐toxic, unlike PBO, and therefore should be compatible with existing pyrethroid formulations used for insecticide‐treated nets and home/residential sprays. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry</P>

Clinical efficacy and safety of abatacept in methotrexate-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis and poor prognostic factors

Westhovens, R,Robles, M,Ximenes, A C,Nayiager, S,Wollenhaupt, J,Durez, P,Gomez-Reino, J,Grassi, W,Haraoui, B,Shergy, W,Park, S-H,Genant, H,Peterfy, C,Becker, J-C,Covucci, A,Helfrick, R,Bathon, J BMJ Group 2009 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases Vol.68 No.12

<P><B>Objectives:</B></P><P>To assess the efficacy and safety of abatacept in methotrexate-naive patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and poor prognostic factors.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>In this double-blind, phase IIIb study, patients with RA for 2 years or less were randomly assigned 1 : 1 to receive abatacept (∼10 mg/kg) plus methotrexate, or placebo plus methotrexate. Patients were methotrexate-naive and seropositive for rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated protein (CCP) type 2 or both and had radiographic evidence of joint erosions. The co-primary endpoints were the proportion of patients achieving disease activity score in 28 joints (DAS28)-defined remission (C-reactive protein) and joint damage progression (Genant-modified Sharp total score; TS) at year 1. Safety was monitored throughout.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>At baseline, patients had a mean DAS28 of 6.3, a mean TS of 7.1 and mean disease duration of 6.5 months; 96.5% and 89.0% of patients were RF or anti-CCP2 seropositive, respectively. At year 1, a significantly greater proportion of abatacept plus methotrexate-treated patients achieved remission (41.4% vs 23.3%; p<0.001) and there was significantly less radiographic progression (mean change in TS 0.63 vs 1.06; p = 0.040) versus methotrexate alone. Over 1 year, the frequency of adverse events (84.8% vs 83.4%), serious adverse events (7.8% vs 7.9%), serious infections (2.0% vs 2.0%), autoimmune disorders (2.3% vs 2.0%) and malignancies (0.4% vs 0%) was comparable for abatacept plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone.</P><P><B>Conclusions:</B></P><P>In a methotrexate-naive population with early RA and poor prognostic factors, the combination of abatacept and methotrexate provided significantly better clinical and radiographic efficacy compared with methotrexate alone and had a comparable, favourable safety profile.</P>

<i>ITGB6</i> loss-of-function mutations cause autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta

Wang, Shih-Kai,Choi, Murim,Richardson, Amelia S.,Reid, Bryan M.,Lin, Brent P.,Wang, Susan J.,Kim, Jung-Wook,Simmer, James P.,Hu, Jan C.-C. Oxford University Press 2014 Human Molecular Genetics Vol.23 No.8

<P>Integrins are cell-surface adhesion receptors that bind to extracellular matrices (ECM) and mediate cell–ECM interactions. Some integrins are known to play critical roles in dental enamel formation. We recruited two Hispanic families with generalized hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). Analysis of whole-exome sequences identified three <I>integrin beta 6</I> (<I>ITGB6</I>) mutations responsible for their enamel malformations. The female proband of Family 1 was a compound heterozygote with an <I>ITGB6</I> transition mutation in Exon 4 (g.4545G > A c.427G > A p.Ala143Thr) and an <I>ITGB6</I> transversion mutation in Exon 6 (g.27415T > A c.825T > A p.His275Gln). The male proband of Family 2 was homozygous for an <I>ITGB6</I> transition mutation in Exon 11 (g.73664C > T c.1846C > T p.Arg616*) and hemizygous for a transition mutation in Exon 6 of <I>Nance–Horan Syndrome</I> (<I>NHS</I> Xp22.13; g.355444T > C c.1697T > C p.Met566Thr). These are the first disease-causing <I>ITGB6</I> mutations to be reported. Immunohistochemistry of mouse mandibular incisors localized ITGB6 to the distal membrane of differentiating ameloblasts and pre-ameloblasts, and then ITGB6 appeared to be internalized by secretory stage ameloblasts. ITGB6 expression was strongest in the maturation stage and its localization was associated with ameloblast modulation. Our findings demonstrate that early and late amelogenesis depend upon cell–matrix interactions. Our approach (from knockout mouse phenotype to human disease) demonstrates the power of mouse reverse genetics in mutational analysis of human genetic disorders and attests to the need for a careful dental phenotyping in large-scale knockout mouse projects.</P>

Report of the CCQM-K97: measurement of arsenobetaine standard solution and arsenobetaine content in fish tissue (tunafish)

Ma, L D,Wang, J,WEI, C,Kuroiwa, T,Narukawa, T,Ito, N,HIOKI, A,CHIBA, K,Yim, Y H,Lee, K S,Lim, Y R,Turk, G C,Davis, C W,Mester, Z,Yang, L,McCooeye, M,Maxwell, P,Cankur, O,Tokman, N,Coskun, F G BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2017 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.54 No.-

<P></P> <P>The CCQM-K97 key comparison was organized by the inorganic analysis working group (IAWG) of CCQM as a follow-up to completed pilot study CCQM-P96 and P96.1 to test the abilities of the national metrology institutes to accurately quantitate the mass fraction of arsenobetaine (AsB) in standard solution and in fish tissue. A pilot study CCQM-P133 was parallelized with this key comparison. National Institute of Metrology (NIM), China and National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) acted as the coordinating laboratories.</P> <P>Six NMIs participated in CCQM-K97 and two institutes participated in CCQM-P133, and all of them submitted the results. Some NMIs submitted more than one results by different methods. The results were in excellent agreement with each other, and obviously better than those of previous P96 and P96.1. Therefore the calibrant which each NMI used was comparable. It shows that the capabilities of some of the participants have been improved after the previous pilot studies.</P> <H2>Main text</H2> <P> To reach the main text of this paper, click on <A HREF='http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/QM/K97/CCQM-K97.pdf'>Final Report</A>. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database <A HREF='http://kcdb.bipm.org/'>kcdb.bipm.org/</A>.</P> <P>The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).</P>

CCM key comparison CCM.D-K4 'Hydrometer'

Lorefice, S,Becerra, L O,Lenard, E,Lee, Y J,Lee, W G,Madec, T,Meury, P A,Caceres, J,Santos, C,Vamossy, C,Man, J,Fen, K,Toda, K,Wright, J,Bettin, H,Toth, H BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES 2016 METROLOGIA -BERLIN- Vol.53 No.-

<P></P> <P>This report presents the comparison philosophy, methodology, analysis and the results of the designed CCM.D-K4 key comparison that covered the calibration of high resolution hydrometers for liquid and alcoholometers in the density range 600 kg/m<SUP>3</SUP> to 2000 kg/m<SUP>3</SUP> at the temperature of 20°C. The main purpose of this comparison was not only to evaluate the degree of equivalence in the calibration of high accuracy hydrometers between NMI participants, but also to link, were it is possible, the results of previous comparisons to Key Comparison Reference Values (KCRVs) of CCM.D-K4. Eleven NMI laboratories took part in the CCM.D-K4 divided in two groups (petals).</P> <P>With the CCM.D-K4 purpose, two similar sets consisting of three hydrometers for liquid density determinations and an alcoholometer were circulated to the NMI participants as a travelling standard in the time interval from January 2011 to April 2012.</P> <P>Twelve Key Comparison Reference Values (KCRVs) for each petal have been obtained at the density values related to the tested density marks of the transfer standards by the results of participants. The KCRVs and corresponding uncertainties were calculated by the weighted mean in the case of consistent results, otherwise the median was used.</P> <P>The degree of equivalence (DoE) with respect to the corresponding KCRV was determined for each participant and, in this particular comparison, the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method was used to link the individual DoE of each participant by a continuous function.</P> <P>Significant drift of the transfer standards was not detected.</P> <P>This report also gives instructions on calculating pair-wise degrees of equivalence, with the addition of any information on correlations that may be necessary to estimate more accurately as well as the procedure for linking international comparisons to the CCM.D-K4. Finally an example of linkage to the CCM.D-K4 is given by dealing with the results of the bilateral comparison between INRiM and NMIA, which was added to this comparison so that all participants were engaged after the breakage of the 9340171 artefact.</P> <P>A particularly good agreement was found among the results provided by most of the participants, even if some systematic differences and either underestimated or overestimated uncertainties of the submitted results can be identified with respect to the KCRVs. In general the deviations of the laboratory results to the KCRVs are within of 1/3rd to 1/4th of a scale division and the uncertainty at 95% is usually within half a division. During the analysis of the submitted results, a systematic difference between the first and last immersed mark was also noted, possibly due to a temperature gradient along the stem and/or wetting of the stem around the tested mark, and therefore a corrected claimed uncertainty from each laboratory is expected. However this comparison may help the laboratories to solve some residual or marginal problems as well as to better understand the uncertainty components.</P> <P>The comparison fully supports the calibration measurement capabilities table in the BIPM key comparison database (KCDB). The results can be used to link regional comparisons to this CCM key comparison</P> <H2>Main text</H2> <P> To reach the main text of this paper, click on <A HREF='http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/M/D-K4/CCM.D-K4_Final_Report.pdf'>Final Report</A>. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database <A HREF='http://kcdb.bipm.org/'>kcdb.bipm.org/</A>.</P> <P>The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).</P>

Studies on Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China

Fan,P.C.,Wang,Y.C.,Liu,J.C.,Lo,H.S.,Hsu,Y.P.,Yen,C.H.,Lin,C.C.,Hsu,S.T. INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1974 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.5 No.1

1972年 7月 1日부터 1973年 6月 30日까지 1年間 中華民國 臺?省 金門鳥에서 絲狀 症에 關한 調査硏究를 實施한 바 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 金門鳥 55村落에 居住하는 20,018 住民을 對象으로 調査한 바 血中 microfilariae (mf.) 兩性率은 8.8%였고 血液 20立方mm當 mf농도는 16.2였으며 絲狀 感染으로 因 臨床例 는 19.2%였다. 金門鳥 駐屯 軍人 2,428名에서 mf.양성율은 0.1%, mf. 감염농도는 20立方mm當 26.3이었으며 臨床例는 없었다. mf.感染濃度 및 臨床例에 있어 확실히 女性보다는 男性에서 高率을 보였으나 mf.陽性率은 兩性間에 差異가 없었다. mf.陽性率과 臨床例는 年齡의 增加와 一致하였으나 mf. 감렴농도는 年齡의 증가와 無關하였다. 2. 金文鳥 駐屯 軍人에 있어 주둔 其間과 絲狀 感染과는 關係가 없었으며 駐屯基地와 村落과의 距離와도 無關하였다. 軍人들은 모기에 물리지 않도록 잘 保護되어 있었고 주둔지역은 完全히 住民들과 격리되어 있었다. 3. 51村落으로부터의 血液檢査를 받은 1,470名의 絲狀 感染陽性者 中에서 臨床病勢르 보인 例는 19.2%였으며 女性보다는 男性에서 約 5倍가 많았다. 男性에 있어서의 大部分의 臨床例는 生殖器에 症狀을 보였는데 其中 10%는 象皮症을 가진 例는 2名뿐이었다. 4. 43村落의 家屋內에서 잡힌 모기는 4屬 14種(Culex 10種, Aedes 2種, Anopheles 1種, Armigeres 1種)이었으며 이들中 Cules P. fatigans와 Armigeres subalbatus가 大部分이었으나 其他 12種은 매우 적었다. Culcx mimesticus, C. (L) vorax, C. fuscocephala 및 Acdes nocturnus등 의 4新種은 처음으로 發見되었다. Culex p.fatigans는 現存「반크롭트」 絲狀 만을 옮기는 媒介昆 으로 알려져 있다. 治療前 8個 村落으로부터 잡은 438마리의 Culex p. fatigans에서 幼 을 內包하고 있는 모기는 1마리 平均 5.9마리의 絲狀 幼 을 갖고 있는 셈이었으며 全體 感染率은 11.9%, 感染期 幼 을 가진 모기는 10.5%이었다. 上記 8個 村落 住民을 治癒한 後의 樣狀은 治療前과 아주 달라서 모기 1마리當 平均 2.1마리의 幼 을 갖고 있었고 全體感染率은 2.2%, 感染期幼 內包率은 0.09%였다. 平均 pH가 7.4(6.4∼8.0)인 8個處의 모기 産卵場所에서 잡힌 모기 幼 은 모두 11種이었다. 有機燐劑의 一種인 Sumithion을 1平方m當 0.2gm의 농도로 모기 産卵場所 水面에 撒布하였던바 모든 모기 幼 에 對한 殺 果가 좋았다. 5. 總 1.590名의 絲狀 感染者에게 成人當 總量 5gm의 diethylcarbamazine을 10∼12日 間 服用시켜 보았다. 治療率은 80.6%, mf. 減少率은 96.9%였고 反應率는 67.2%였다. 여러 가지 副作用은 있었으나 一般的으로 輕微하였으며 患者가 참을 수 있었으므로 最高用量으로 投藥했을 경우에도 大部分 거절 하지 않았다. 8個 部落에서 捕獲된 Culex P. fatigans의 絲狀 幼 全體感染率, 感染期幼 內包率 및 感染濃度는 患者治療前에 各各 11.9%, 10.5%, 5.9였는데 治療後에는 2.2%, 0.09%, 2.1로 떨어져서 diethylcarbamazine은 microfilariae에 對한 殺충효果가 높을 뿐 아니라 絲狀충 만延을 組止시키는데 좋은 藥劑라고 思料된다 The present investigation is a serial study on “Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands”, which was performed from July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Parasitological investigation: Of 20,018 Kinmen Chinese in 55 villages examined, the microfilariae (mf.) rate of 8.8%, mf. density of 16.2 per 20cmm blood and clinical rate 19.2% were found: the corresponding figures for a total of 2,428 military personnel were 0.1%, 29.3 and 0.0% respectively. The mf. density and clinical rate were obviously higher in the males than in the females, but no difference was found for the microfilarial rate. The mf. rate and clinical rate were correspondingly increased with age, but there was no difference in mf. density. 2. Transmission of filariasis: It seems no any relation to the length of stationing of the Chinese troops on Kinmen Islands, and also no relation to the distance between the villages and camps; because the servicemen are well protected from the mosquito bites and bites and the camps are completely isolated, to and off limit to the villagers, though they have common places of entertainment. 3. Clinical investigation: Of 1,470 filarial carriers in 51 villages examined physically, the clinical rate of 19.2% was detected. It was about 5 times higher in males than in females. In the males, most of the cases the trouble in their reproductive organs, and 10% had elephantiasis; but in the females, the lymph nodes enlargement and chyluria were more common, only 2 cases had elephantiasis. The clinical rates increased corresponding with age. 4. Entomological investigation: Fourteen(14) species of 4 genera (10 Culex, 2 Aedes, 1 Anopheles and 1 Armigeres) of household mosquitoes were collected from indoor resting sites of 43 villages on kinmen Islands, in which, Cules P. fatigans and Armigeres subalbatus were the most common species, but the remaining 12 species are faily rare. Four (4) new species: Culex mimeticus, C. (L) vorax, C, fucocephala and Aedes noturnvs were found for the first time. Culex p.fatigans is still the only vector. in transmission of bancroftian filariasis. The infection rate of 11.9%, infective rate of 10.5% and 5.9 filarial larvae per infected mosquito were detected in 438 Culex p. fatigans from 8 villages before treatment. The corresponding figures were much lower in the above same villages after treatment (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). Eleven (11) species of moswquito larvae were collected from 8 kinds of breeding sites; where, the pH value of 7.4(ranged 6.4∼8.0) was measured. “Sumithion”is one of the organophosphorous compounds, which was first used on the water surface with the dosage of 0.2gm per square meter.A high insecticidal effect against different species of mosquito larvae was observed. 5. Chemotherapy of filariasis: Of 1.590 filarial carriers scheme, with a total does of 5 gm of diethylcarbamazine per adult case for a period of 10∼12 days schedule was performed. The cure rate of 80.6%, mf. reduction tate of 96.9% and reaction rate of 67.2% were found. Although many kinds of side effects were encountered, they were usually mild or transient and could be tolerated by the patients, thus there was almost no refused to the administration of the drug even if the drug was increased to the maximum dosage. The natural infection rate, infective rate and filarial larval density of Culex P. fatigans in 8 villages were found much higher before control measure (11.9%, 10.5% and 5.9%) than after control (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). It showed that diethylcarbamazine is a powerful microfilaricidal drug in eliminating the filarial infection and reducing this transmission.