일본의 현대 문화에 있어서 절대성의 주장

Haruko K. Okano(Haruko K. Okano ) 전남대학교 종교문화연구소 2005 종교문화학보 Vol.1 No.-

일본의 현대 사회에 있어서 종교의 절대성에 관한 주장이 특히 새롭게 일어나고 있다. 제 2차 세계대전 이후 일본 국가는 종교에 대해 중립성을 선언하였다. 이것은 종교의 자유를 인정하는 것과 더불어 국가의 세속화를 의미하기도 한다. 그러나 1952년 샌프란시스코 평화조약이 체결된 이후 전통적인 종교적-정치적 의식이 다시금 대두되었다. 신토는 일본인의 민족적 및 문화적 정체성을 확고히 하는 절대성의 주장을 새롭게 들고 나온 것이다. 또한 일본에서 가장 그 규모가 크고 정치 참여적인 불교 종파인 소카카이 종파는 민족주의적으로 새겨진 진리 및 보편성의 주장을 내세움으로써 역시 절대성의 주장을 내세우고 있다. 소카카이 종파는 내용적으로 관용적인 불교 신앙적 토대 위에 서 있는 종교임에도 불구하고 그러한 非관용적 주장을 내세우는 흥미 있는 사실을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 문맥에서 새로 생성된 ‘국가-신토’를 검토할 필요가 있다. 신토에 의한 종교에 있어서의 이러한 절대성의 주장은 보수적인 “자유 민주당” 정부가 전쟁 전사자들에게 봉헌한 야수쿠나-신사를 국가의 관리와 보호 아래 두는 시도와 일치한다. 이러한 신토와 “자유 민주당 정부”의 조처는 ‘국가-신토’의 재생에로 나아가고 있다. 신토의 부활은 신토가 일본 국민의 정체성의 도구로서 새롭게 등장하고 있음을 보여주고 있는데, 이러한 경향은 일본 황제의 전통적인 숭배와 적지않게 관련되어 있다. 신토의 활동은 일본에서의 공적인 조직 단체의 활동과 서로 밀접하게 연관되어 나타나고 있다. 일본 사회는 의식적이든 무의식적이든 전통적인 높은 가치로 여겨지는 많은 일들을 보존하고 있다. 신토와 자유민주당의 의도는 황제의 영상을 미화함과 천황 제도의 찬양 및 조상숭배에 대한 公的인 장려와 결합되어 있으며, 또한 그것을 지탱해 주는 힘으로 작용하고 있다. 그리고 이 힘은 일본인의 민족적, 문화적 정체성을 형성하는 힘이 되고 있으며, 이러한 연관관계 속에서 신토의 절대성의 주장은 非관용적인 특징을 나타내고 있다. 오늘날 일본의 근대화 과정에서 나타나고 있는 일본인의 종교적 정체성은 다음의 세 가지 특징을 보여주고 있다: 첫째, 조상과의 밀접한 결속성. 둘째, 자아 상실성. 즉 無我에의 경향 셋째, 이승 세계에서의 유토피아의 실현에 대한 소망. 이중 마지막 특징인 세 번째 요소는 일본인의 종교적 정체성을 형성하는 요소로서 신토에 뿌리를 내리고 있는 가장 중요한 특성에 속한다. 일본 사람들이 전쟁 전사자들을 민족 영웅으로 선언하며 전쟁의 불합리성과 비참함을 찬양하는 태도는 바로 위에서 언급한 일본인의 종교적 정체성에 깊이 연관되어 있다. 따라서 신토 전통의 절대성의 주장은 군국주의적 요소인 천왕과 신토-신사 그리고 군대를 다시 결합시키는 위험성을 지니고 있다. 국가를 통한 전쟁 전사자들의 公的인 숭배는 국가의 세속화와 종교의 자유를 사실상 사멸시키는 것을 의미한다. 종교적 관용의 문제에 있어서 신토가 지니고 있는 관용성의 한계 역시 신토가 민족주의와 결합되고, 외연적 절대성을 주장하는 곳에서 나타나고 있다. 그러므로 일본에서 종교적 관용의 참된 형태를 실현하기 위해서는 일본의 종교들(불교, 신토, 일본의 그리스도교 등)은 무엇보다도 국가에 예속되어서는 안되며, 국가에 대한 물신 숭배로부터 스스로를 지키고 사회적 정당성을 위해서 일해야 한다. 그러기 위해서는 또한 그들은 억압받는 자와 차별받는 자들의 해방과 認定을 위해서 애써야 한다.

A Long-day-stimulus Induced the Expression of c-Fos-like Molecules in the Hypothalamus of Japanese quail

Okano, Keiko,Okano, Toshiyuki,Oishi, Tadashi,Fukada, Yoshitaka Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2

In birds, the photoperiodic seasonal breeding involves encephalic photoreception at the initial step of triggering the well-known endocrinal cascade. Especially in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnixjaponica), the reproductive neuroendocrine function responds to a single long day, and hypothalamic regions are known to be important for the reproductive response. However, little is known about where and how the light and time signals are integrated to detect daylength information and transduced to the endocrinal responses. To gain insights into this issue, we are interested in the c-Fos expression in the hypothalamus of the Japanese quail. Meddle and Follett (1997) previously identified two hypothalamic regions where c-Fos-like immunoreactivities were induced in response to a long day by using an antibody to carboxyl terminal region of human c-Fos (Lys$^{347}$ -Leu$^{367}$ ). In the present study, we used a different anti-c-Fos antibody recognizing a region from Lys$^{128}$ to Ala$^{152}$ of human c-Fos, and found in long-day- stimulated quails many c-Fos-like immunoreactive nuclei localizing within two regions, nucleus anterior medialis hypothalami and nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, which are distinct from those identified in the previous study. Then, we focused on the difference in the cross-reactivities of the antibodies used, and determined the whole coding sequence of quail c-Fos to compare the antigenic sequences of the two antibodies with the amino acid sequence of quail c-Fos. We found that the antibody we used would recognize quail c-Fos more specifically than that used in the previous study.

Transaplantation of neural stem cells into the spinal cord after injury

Okano, Hideyuki,Ogawa, Yuto,Nakamura, Masaya,Kaneko, Shinjiro,Iwanami, Akio,Toyama, Yoshiaki 한림대학교 환경·생명과학연구소 2003 [일송 국제심포지엄] 노화와 만성퇴행성 신경질환 Vol.- No.5

Thanks to advances in the stem cell biology of the central nervous system (CNS), the previously inconceivable regeneration of the damaged CNS is approaching reality. The availability of signals to induce the appropriate differentiation of the transplanted and/or endogenous neural stem cells(NSCs) as well as the timing of the transplantation are important for successful functional recovery of the damaged CNS. Because the immediately post-traumatic microenvironment of the spinal cord is in an acute inflammatory stage, it is not favorable for the survival and differentiation of NSC transplants. On the other hand, in the chronic stage after injury, glial scars form in the injured site that inhibit the regeneration of neuronal axons. Thus, we believe that the optimal timing of transplantation is 1-2 weeks after injury.

Molecular Mechanism of Photic-Entrainment of Chicken Pineal Circadian Clock

Okano, Toshiyuki,Fukada, Yoshitaka Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2

The chicken pineal gland has been used for studies on the circadian clock, because it retains an intracellular phototransduction pathway regulating the phase of the intrinsic clock oscillator. Previously, we identified chicken clock genes expressed in the gland (cPer2, cPer3, cBmal1, cBmal2, cCry1, cCry2, and cClock), and showed that a cBMALl/2-cCLOCK heteromer acts as a regulator transactivating cPer2 gene through the CACGTG E-box element found in its promoter. Notably, mRNA expression of cPer2 gene is up-regulated by light as well as is driven by the circadian clock, implying that light-dependent clock resetting may involve the up-regulation of cPer2 gene. To explore the mechanism of light-dependent gene expression unidentified in animals, we first focused on pinopsin gene whose mRNA level is also up-regulated by light. A pinopsin promoter was isolated and analyzed by transcriptional assays using cultured chicken pineal cells, resulting in identification of an 18-bp light-responsive element that includes a CACGTG E-box sequence. We also investigated a role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the clock resetting, especially in the E-box-dependent transcriptional regulation, because MAPK is phospholylated (activated) in a circadian manner and is rapidly dephosphorylated by light in the gland. Both pulldown analysis and kinase assay revealed that MAPK directly associates with BMAL1 to phosphorylate it at several Ser/Thr residues. Transcriptional analyses implied that the MAPK-mediated phosphorylation may negatively regulate the BMAL-CLOCK-dependent transactivation through the E-box. These results suggest that the CACGTG E-box serves not only as a clock-controlled element but also as a light-responsive element.

Estimation of varying frequency by Gabor filters and Neural Network

Okano, Yasuhiro,Hamada, Nozomu 대한전자공학회 1996 APCCAS:Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits And Sys Vol.1 No.1

A method of varying frequency estimation using Gabor filter bank and neural network is proposed. This method consists of two phases. First phase is the feature extraction step which decomposes a given input signal into each frequency components using Gabor filter bank. Then, such components are treated as features in the frequency domain. Second phase is the estimation step which calculates instantaneous frequency from the first phase outputs using neural network. Neural network has the ability to estimate instantaneous frequency not only against artificial signal, but also against added noise signal. The aim of the proposed method is to estimate the varying frequency of non-stationary 1-D and 2-D (real) signal, where local frequency is assumed to vary smoothly.

A Novel Phototransduction Pathway in the Pineal Gland and Retina

Okano, Toshiyuki,Kasahara, Takaoki,Fukada, Yoshitaka Korean Society of Photoscience 2002 Journal of Photosciences Vol.9 No.2

Light is a major environmental signal for entrainment of the circadian clock, but little is known about the phototransduction pathway triggered by light-activation of photoreceptive molecule(s) responsible for the phase shift of the clock in vertebrates. The chicken pineal gland and retina contain the autonomous circadian oscillators together with the photic entrainment pathway, and hence they provide useful experimental model for the clock system. We previously demonstrated the expression and light-dependent activation of rod-type transducin $\alpha$-subunit (Gtl$\alpha$) in the chicken pineal gland. It is unlikely, however, that the pineal Gt$_1$$\alpha$ plays a major role in the photic entrainment, because the light-induced phase shift is unaffected by bloking the signaling function of Gt$_1$$\alpha$. Here, we show the expression of G 11 $\alpha$, an $\alpha$-subunit of another heterotrimeric G-protein, in the chicken pineal gland and retina by cDNA cloning, Northern blot and Western blot analyses. GIl$\alpha$-immunoreactivity was colocalized with pinopsin in the chicken pineal cells and it was found predominantly at the outer segments of photoreceptor cells in the retinal sections, suggesting functional coupling of G11 $\alpha$ with opsins in the both the tissues. By coimmunoprecipitation experiments using the retina, we showed the light- and GTP-dependent interaction between rhodopsin and G11 $\alpha$. Upon ectopic expression of a Gq/ 11-coupled receptor in cultured pineal cells, pharmacological (non-photic) activation of endogenous G11 induced phase-dependent phase shifts of the melatonin rhythm in a manner very similar to the effect of light. These results suggested opsin-G11 pathway contributing to the photic entrainment of the circadian clock.

Stem Cell Biology of the Central Nervous System

Okano, Hideyuki 한림대학교 환경·생명과학연구소 2003 [일송 국제심포지엄] 노화와 만성퇴행성 신경질환 Vol.- No.5

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotential progenitor cells that have self-renewal activities. A single NSC is capable of generating various kinds of cells within the central nervous system (CNS), including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Because of these characteristics, there is increasing interest in NSCs and neural progenitor cell from the aspects of both basic developmental biology and therapeutic applications to the damaged brain. This special issue, dedicated to understanding the nature of the NSCs present in the CNS, presents an introduction to several avenues of research that may lead to feasible strategies for manipulating cells in situ to treat the damaged brain. The topics covered by these studies include the extracellular factors and signal transduction cascades involved in the differentiation and maintenance of NSCs, the population dynamics and locations of NSCs in embryonic and adult brains, prospective identification and isolation of NSCs, the induction of NSCs to adopt particular neuronal phenotypes, and their transplantation into the damaged CNS.

もっと木を使おう ―木についての疑問、木を使ったときの問題―

( Okano Takeshi ) 韓國木材工學會 2016 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2016 No.-

Dc SQUIDs Made of Intrinsic Josephson Junctions

Shingo Okano,Akinobu Irie,Gin-ichiro Oya 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.48 No.5I

We have fabricated and studied a dc superconducting quantum interference device (dc SQUID) based on intrinsic Josephson junctions in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oy single crystals. The dc SQUIDs with in-plane loop geometry and two stacks of intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) were successfully fabricated using a double-side etching process. Such a layout allowed us to define the SQUID inductance and the number of junctions in the stack independently. At 4.2 K, the SQUIDs showed hysteretic current-voltage characteristics with typical multiple resistive branches. When the operating temperature was elevated in order to reduce the hysteresis, clear periodic and symmetric flux-voltage characteristics due to the quantum interference between the weakest junctions in the stacks were observed. Both the number of junctions and the asymmetry in the critical currents are discussed as important factors in the operation of IJJ-SQUID.

New Measurement Base De-embedded CPU Load Model for Power Delivery Network Design

Motochika Okano,Koji Watanabe,Masamichi Naitoh,Ichiro Omura 전력전자학회 2015 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2015 No.6

CPU load model including on-chip wiring and package interconnection has been required for printed circuit board (PCB) design of digital products according to the improvement in the speed of CPU operation in recent years. Especially, accurate power delivery network (PDN) information inside CPU is indispensable for PCB design according to requirement of low-impedance and the broadband (from DC to GHz) from the inside of CPU to DC-DC converter. While the detailed impedance information inside CPUs is not disclosed to PCB board designers with the complicated back-end and front-end production design for CPU chip and package. This paper aims to establish new methodology to extract CPU load model with combination of measurement and simulation. The method is simple yet powerful for high-end CPU board design.