The C- and G-value paradox with polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, phenomes and cell economy

Ik‑Young Choi,Eun‑Chae Kwon,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7

Background The apparent disconnection between biological complexity and both genome size (C-value) and gene number (G-value) is one of the long-standing biological puzzles. Gene-dense genomic sequences in prokaryotes or simple eukaryotes are highly constrained during selection, whereas gene-sparse genomic sequences in higher eukaryotes have low selection constraints. This review discusses the correlations of the C-value and G-value with genome architecture, polyploidy, repeatomes, introns, cell economy and phenomes. Discussion Eukaryotic chromosomes carry an assortment of various repeated DNA sequences (repeatomes). Expansion of copies of repeatomes together with polyploidization or whole-genome duplication (WGD) are major players in genome size (C-value) bloating, but genomes are equipped with counterbalancing systems such as diploidization, illegitimate recombination, and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after double-strand breaks (DSBs). The lack of these efficient purging systems allowed the accumulation of repeat DNA, which resulted in extremely large genomes in several species. However, the correlation between chromosome number and genome size is not clear due to inconsistent results with different sets of species. Positive correlations between genome size and intron size and density were reported in early studies, but these proposals were refuted by the results with increased numbers of species, in which genome-wide features of introns (size, density, gene contents, repeats) were weakly associated with genome size. The assumption of the correlations between C-value and gene number (G-value) and organismal complexity is acceptable in general, but this assumption is often violated in specific lineages or species, suggesting C- and G-value paradoxes. The C-value paradox is partly explained by noncoding repeatomes. The G-value paradox can also be explained by several genomic features: (1) one gene can produce many mature mRNAs by alternative splicing, and eukaryotic gene expression is highly regulated at both the transcriptional and translational levels; (2) many proteins exert multiple functions during development; (3) gene expansion/contraction are frequent events in the gene family among evolutionarily close species; and (4) sets of homeotic genes regulate development such that organismal complexity is sometimes not clear among organisms. A large genome must be burdensome in terms of cell economy, such that a large genome constraint results in the distribution of genome sizes skewed to small genomes. Moreover, the C-value can affect the phenome. A strong positive correlation has been recognized between genome size and cell size, but the relationship is weak or null with higher-level traits. Additional analyses of the relationship between the C-value and phenome should be carried out, because natural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype. Conclusions Dramatic advancement in genomics has given some answers to the C-value and G-value paradoxes. We know the mechanisms by which the current genomes have been constructed. However, basic questions have not yet been fully resolved. Why have some species retained small genomes yet some closely related species have large genomes? Random genetic drift and mutational pressure might have affected for genome size in the limited population size during evolution; thus, genome size may be quasiadaptable rather than the best adaptive trait.

The insect community structure with indicator species along vegetation composition in Is. Nam-hae, South Korea

Jong Woo NAM,Shin Young PARK,Ik Jae CHOI,Young Min SHIN,Il-Kwon KIM 한국응용곤충학회 2015 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.04

An insect faunal survey was carried out to investigate insect community structure along the vegetation community to monitor insect species in forest ecosystem. We performed day and night collections from June to August along three vegetation communities of Is. Nam-hae in 2014: the first stand with Pinus thunbergii, the second P. thunbergii with Quercus serrata and the third P. thunbergii with various Quercus species. In total 2,259 individuals of 532 species, 99 families, 13 orders are identified. Cluster Analyses (CA) showed that all three vegetation communities were relatively similar between vegetation community types. According to indicator species analysis (ISA) result, nine significant indicator species were identified (p < 0.05); five species were found to be affected by the vegetation cluster and four species the month cluster.

Cr-Mo-V강과 2¼Cr-1Mo강의 피로균열전파에 있어 DCPD방법 적용에 관한 고찰

백남익,류선윤 선문대학교 첨단과학기술연구소 1999 첨단과학기술연구소 논문집 Vol.4 No.-

화력발전소용 turbine rotor 소재로 사용되는 두 가지 종류의 강에 대하여 피로균열 전파과정을 DCPD 법을 이용하여 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 새로운 실험장치를 고안하고 피로균열 전파실험을 실시하여 이 실험장치의 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 본 연구에서는 피로 균열과정을 전압강하법과 동시에 육안으로 관찰하기 위해서 이동식 tele-microscope를 부착하여 전압강하법의 신뢰성을 확인하였다. 연구대상으로 Cr-Mo-V강과 21/4Cr-1Mo강을 택하였으며 전압강하법으로 측정한 피로균열 전파실험을 실시한 결과, 피로하중 조건에 다른 피로균열 전파길이는 전압강하와 전형적인 관계를 보이고 있었으며, 두 가지 재료에 대해 적용이 가능한 것으로 판단되었다. 피로균열 전파속도는 가한 피로 응력 세기가 커질수록 증가하였는데 이를 정량화하였고, 과로 주파수에 따른 피로균열 전파속도가 다르게 나타났다.

鐵原地區 自然草地에 대한 群落構造 生産性 再生力 및 土壤肥料學的 硏究

尹益錫,張楠基,金炳泰 건국대학교 1969 學術誌 Vol.10 No.1

The investigation was made on the relationship among vegetation, net productivity, regrowth and soils of Moonheri-Wasoori, Soodowon-Sungilkyo and Mt. Kumhak grasslands in Chulwon area. The following conclusions have been made as the results of study. 1.The vascular flora of the grassland in Moonheri-Wasoori was composed of 102 species, the most of which were Medicago denticulata, Miscanthus sinensis, Arundinella hirta, Festuca ovina and Cassia nomame. 2.The flora of Soodowon-Sungilkyo grassland was composed of 74 species, the most of which were Arundinella hirta, Miscanthus sinensis, Carex nanella, Festuca ovina and Cassia nomame. 3.It of Mt. Kumhak grassland was composed of 78 species, the most of which were Arundinella hirta, Carex nanella, Festuca ovina, Miscanthus sinensis and Aster scaber. 4.These five species contributed greatly to the standing crop of live material which was in excess of 60% of it. 5.The peak standing crop of each 413.7, 307.6 and 348.7 g/m2 in Moonheri-Wasoori, Soodowon-Sungilkyo and Mt. Kumhak grasslands wers reached in August under flooded conditions as a result of the growth of dominant species, Medicago denticulata and Arundinella hirta. 6.The net prodution of organic matter was slight in some intervals but occurred throughout the growing season. 7.After cutting of grasses, the regrowth of new leaves mainly depended on growing stage and edaphic factor. 8.Characteristics of the natural grassland soils, especially, concerning water, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium were clarified and might be depend upon the quantity of plant production. 9.Nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium concentration of leaves of Medicago denticulata, Arundinella hirta and Miscanthus sinensis were higher than of stems. 10.Even if there were differences in the amounts of nutrients amend Medicago denticulata, Arundinella hirta and Miscanthus sinensis for single species and stands, they were covered by variations within spesies in the present survey.

섬유판에서 음향방출원의 위치표정

박익근,김용권,윤종학,노승남,서성원 한국공작기계학회 2003 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.-

음향방출 신호를 이용하여 목재 섬유판(fiberboards)의 위치표정의 유용성 유무를 실험적으로 검증하였다. 위치표정의 정확도를 향상하기 위해 신호처리 방법중의 하나인 웨이블릿 변환 디노이징 기법을 활용하여 저주파수인 대칭모드(굽힘파)를 활용하고, 고주파수인 비대칭 모드(팽창파)룰 제거하여 신호를 재구성함으로써 섬유판의 위치표정시 문턱값 통과방법을 사용할 때 발생하는 도달시간차를 최소화 할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 디노이징 기법을 활용한 섬유판의 위치 표정과 굽힘강도에 대한 사상총수를 기초로 하여 목재 구조물 및 문화재의 건전성을 평가 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

만성두통 환자의 성격유형 A 행태, 스트레스, 우울 및 두통영향정도의 관계 연구

차남현,임사비나,정인태,김수영,안경애,김건식,이재동,이상훈,최도영,이윤호,이두익 EAST-WEST MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE KYUNG HEE UNI 2005 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2005 No.-

To examine an estimate factor and grasp the relation of difference for Ype A Behavior Pattern(TABP), Perceived Stress Questionnaire. Depression and HIT-6 in the Chronic headache client. Method: Data collected by self-reported questionnaires from 38 client in S city who were selected by criteria of IHS, from the 19^(th) of October to 10^(th) of December, 2004. Result: 1) Differences between biographical data by TABP was significant by SaSang constitutions, by Stress was significantly influenced by age, and by Depression were significantly influenced health status and SaSang constitutions. 2) Correlations Coefficients among Study Variables were Stress and Depression(r=.494, p=.002) and Depression and HIT-6(r=.432, p=.010). 3) In regression analysis, HIT-6 were significantly influenced by Depression and Type A Behavior Pattern(TABP). These variables explained 38% and 34% respectively. Conclusion: The result suggest that chronic headache management with psychological aspect, as well as physical aspect should be a focus to enhance the quality of life.

春川市 鄕土文化祭 '昭陽祭'發展方案에 관한 硏究

趙南國,崔相翼,皮貞晩 江原大學校 江原文化硏究所 1993 강원문화연구 Vol.12 No.-

건강증진을 위한 6주간 Qi-Training이 신체조성 및 심폐기능에 미치는 효과

김남익 국민대학교 2003 北岳論叢 Vol.20 No.-

Qi-Training is one of the universal health promotion methods in Korea and is becoming more popular among Koreans. But it is not accomplished to have scientific analyses in sport science on the effects of Qi-Training. Therefore, this study was attempted to determine whether six weeks Qi-Training affect on alteration of cardiopulmonary factors, heart rate during exercise stress test, oxygen uptake, maximal oxygen uptake and body composition. As a results of this study, it aimed to investigate effects of six week Qi-Training on body composition and cardiopulmonary function. For this study, 12 voluntary subjects were chosen in untrained students of K University they were trained by teachers during six weeks and tested just before Qi-Training and after six weeks. Major findings and conclusion are as follows: 1. Body composition after Qi-Training was more decreased than before six weeks. 2. Cardiopulmonary function after Qi-Training were more improved than before six weeks. 3. Heart rate change during exercise stress test after Qi-Training was shown more decreasing tendency during resting period was decreased significantly than before training. 4. Oxygen uptake changes during exercise stress test after Qi-Training was more increased than before training. And also maximal oxygen uptake after Qi-Training was more increased than before six weeks. Above results indicate that Qi-Training for six weeks has the effects on improving body composition and cardiopulmonary function.

양궁선수와 연식정구선수의 선택반응시간 비교 실험

한남익,표내숙,문규진 釜山大學校 師範大學 1995 교사교육연구 Vol.31 No.-

The aim of this study was to investigate how the simple stimuli-response (1-choice) and the choice stimuli-response (2-choice, 4-choice) make an influence on Reaction Time (RT) of the Athletes. Subjects were 8 Athletes (Archery : 4, Soft tennis : 4). Lab Activities Manual with Software were used as an experimental device. Thirty reaction time trials will be administered. On each trial, four circles will be presented on the computer monitor.The subject task is to depress the appropriate key (DFJK) as quickly as possible when the stimuli is illuminated. The experimental data were analysied by Regression and Paired t-test through SPSS/PC+. The experimental results were as followed. The RT increaces by nearly an equal amount each time the number of alternative is doubled(1 to 2 to 4). The relationship between the choice RT and the Logarithm to the base two of the number of stimulus alternative should be so linear. The RT values of Soft-tennis ball group are shown on the faster on the choice stimuli-response than Archery group(P<.05).

쌀의 Flavonoid 성분에 관한 연구 (예보)

高翊培,申貴男 全南大學校 農漁村開發硏究所 1974 農業科學技術硏究 Vol.8 No.-

Present investigation deals with extraction and detection of flavoooid constituents in rice. Qualitative test for the presence of flavonoid constituents in rice obtained from the polishing processes No. 1 to No. 8 shows all positive results. Thin layer chromatography using chloroform-methanol-benzene(5 : 3 : 2) as solvent system gives nine spots, suggesting flavonoid constituents, Further investigation is continuing to separate purely the flavonoid constituents by column chromatography.