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Shabir, Nadeem,Khatun, Amina,Kim, Won-Il The Korean Society of Veterinary Service 2014 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.37 No.1
Although it has been generally accepted that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces weak and delayed protective immunity after infection, it is unclear that the same immunological features can be applicable to all PRRS viruses because huge genetic variation exists even among the same genotypes of PRRSV (Type 1 and 2). In the current study, two genetically distinct type 2 PRRSV strains (VR-2332 and JA142) which showed approximately 90% nucleotide homology based on ORF5 sequences were characterized by both in vitro and in vivo assessments to determine the immunological features of the viruses. For in vitro assessment, porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) were infected with the viruses at $10^{-3}$ multiplicity of infection (MOI) and then supernatants and cells were collected separately at 36 hrs post infection to determine the relative expression levels of IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$ and INF-${\alpha}/{\beta}$ by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, five PRRSV-free pigs were inoculated with either of JA142 or VR2332 for in vivo assessment. Serum samples were collected every week until 6 weeks post challenge. The serum samples were analyzed for the levels of viremia, PRRSV nucleocapsid-specific antibody and virus neutralizing antibody. Based on those assessments, the two viruses showed different patterns of cytokine expression in PAM and immune responses in pigs after infection. These results indicate that genetically distinct PRRSV strains have different immunological features, which might be criteria for virus classification and selection of candidate virus strains for vaccine development in the future.
( Nadeem Shabir ),( Amina Khatun ),( Won Il Kim ) 한국동물위생학회 2014 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.37 No.1
Although it has been generally accepted that porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces weak and delayed protective immunity after infection, it is unclear that the same immunological features can be applicable to all PRRS viruses because huge genetic variation exists even among the same genotypes of PRRSV (Type 1 and 2). In the current study, two genetically distinct type 2 PRRSV strains (VR-2332 and JA142) which showed approximately 90% nucleotide homology based on ORF5 sequences were characterized by both in vitro and in vivo assessments to determine the immunological features of the viruses. For in vitro assessment, porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) were infected with the viruses at 10.3 multiplicity of infection (MOI) and then supernatants and cells were collected separately at 36 hrs post infection to determine the relative expression levels of IL-1α,IL-12, TNF-α and INF-α/β by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, five PRRSV-free pigs were inoculated with either of JA142 or VR2332 for in vivo assessment. Serum samples were collected every week until 6 weeks post challenge. The serum samples were analyzed for the levels of viremia, PRRSV nucleocapsid- specific antibody and virus neutralizing antibody. Based on those assessments, the two viruses showed different patterns of cytokine expression in PAM and immune responses in pigs after infection.These results indicate that genetically distinct PRRSV strains have different immunological features,which might be criteria for virus classification and selection of candidate virus strains for vaccine development in the future.
Chikan, Naveed A.,Shabir, Nadeem,Shaffi, Sheikh,Mir, Manzoor R.,Patel, Trupti N. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.3
The Kashmiri population is culturally distinct with special dietary features owing to the temperate climatic conditions of Kashmir valley. This has habituated the population to preserve food in smoked, pickled and sundried forms which include considerable amounts of $N$-nitroso compounds (NOCs). These are known to cause cytotoxicity, DNA damage, mutation, unscheduled DNA synthesis and DNA methylation. All of these changes at molecular level are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. One of the prominent NOCs found in Kashmiri food is $N$-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Here we review the occurrence of NDMA in sundried foods, dried fish, kehwa, traditional pickle, $Brassica$ $oleracia$ and $tobbaco$. We also discuss its possible role in the high prevalence of gastrointestinal cancers in Kashmir.
Mir, Manzoor R.,Shabir, Nadeem,Wani, Khursheed A.,Shaffi, Sheikh,Hussain, Ishraq,Banday, Manzoor A.,Chikan, Naveed A.,Bilal, S.,Aejaz, Sheikh Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.1
The aim of this study was to evaluate the methylation status of three important cancer related genes viz. p16, E-cadherin and hMLH1 promoters and to associate the findings with specific dietary habits in Kashmiris, a culturally distinct population in India, with gastric cancer. The study subjects were divided into three age groups viz. 0-30yrs ($1^{st}$), 31-60yrs ($2^{nd}$) and 61-90yrs ($3^{rd}$). A highly significant association between the intake of local hot salted tea in $2^{nd}$ (p=0.001) and $3^{rd}$ (p=0.009) age groups was observed with the promoter hypermethylation of E cadherin. Again a highly significant association between the aberrant methylation of hMLH1 (p=0.000) and p16 (p=0.000) promoters and the intake of local hot salted tea was observed in the $2^{nd}$ age group of gastric cancer patients. The intake of sun-dried food was also significantly associated with the promoter hypermethylation of E cadherin (p=0.003) and p16 (p=0.015) genes in $3^{rd}$ age group. The results of the present study suggest a close association between the aberrant methylation of p16, E-cadherin and hMLH1 promoters and the intake of local hot salted tea and sun-dried foods in Kashmiri population.