독일어 3격의 의미와 bekommen-수동의 유도 가능성

구명철 서울대학교 어학연구소 2001 語學硏究 Vol.37 No.1

The standard passive in German involves werden as auxiliaries, so that it is called the werden-passive. The colloquial German has, in addition, an addressee passive, namely the bekommen-passive. As well-known, the bekommen-passive can be formed, only when a noun phrase in the dative exists in the corresponding active sentences. But the existence of a dative case is no sufficient condition for building the bekommen-passive. According to its meaning, the dative case can be devided into a pair of subtypes, namely the dative commodi/incommodi, the possessive dative, the dative ethicus, and the dative which assignes a grammatical function of the indirect object. In this article, it was studied which of these dative subtypes permits a bekommen-passive. The bekommen-passive can be formed from active sentences with a dative commodi/incommodi, a possessive dative, and an indirect object. It is interesting that bekommen-passives in earlier German were possible only in the last case. Such a difference can be explained by way of the theory of grammaticalizations. According to this theory, the verb bekommen is on the way of becomming an auxiliary.

C-NMR 스펙트럼상에 나타난 벤젠의 치환기효과에 관한 양자화학적 해석

具廣謨,金海原,金明哲 慶一大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.9 No.1

Effect of Substituents on ??C-NMR Spectrum was investigated by quantumchemical calculation. The CNDO/2 calcutions have been applied on molecular models for the monosubstituted benzens. The chemical shifts on NMR spectrum was found to be related primarily to the formal charge density of carbon in benzene. Total energy and dipolemoment were secondary factors affect chemical shift. The calculated formal charge densites have been changed remarkable according to the kind of substituent.

독일 광고에 나타난 언어기호와 시각기호의 관계 : 광고 카피의 해석에 있어서 그림의 역할을 중심으로 In Hinblick auf die Funktionen des Bildes beim Interpretieren des Werbetextxs

구명철 한국독어독문학회 2002 獨逸文學 Vol.84 No.1

In der Werbung erga¨nzen sich Text und Bild gegenseitig. Bei der Untersuchung u¨ber ihre Verha¨ltnis gehen aber die meisten bisherigen Arbeiten nur vom Bild aus. Sprachwissenschaftlich gesehen ist in der Werbung, besonders in der Werbeanzeige, auch der Text wichtig und kann bei der Untersuchung mo¨glicher Ausgangspunkt sein. Rationale Argumentation la¨sst sich zum Beispiel sprachlich besser leisten. Ein Bild kann dabei die Wirkungsmo¨glichkeiten von Werbung erga¨nzen und verbessem. In diesem Zusammenhang wird hier untersucht, welche Funktionen beim Interpretieren des Textes da Bild u¨bernimmt. Die Funktionen, die das Bild leistet, lassen sich wie folgt unterscheiden: 1. Das Bild u¨bemimmt die Blickfant-Funktion. Dabei leitet das Bild den Blick des Empfa¨ngers an den Text weiter. 2. Das Bild fungiert nur als der stimmungshafte Rahmen und leistet beim Interpretieren des Textes keine Hilfe. 3. Das Bild visualisiert bzw. wiederholt den Textinhalt. 4. Das Bild belegt bzw. beweist den Textinhalt. 5. Das Bild steht mit dem Text entweder in einer kausalen oder in einer resultativen Beziehung. 6. Das Bild bietet beim Interpretieren des Textes entscheidende Ansa¨tze und lo¨st dadurch die Mehrdeutigkeit des Textes auf. 7. Das Bild und der Text stehen nebeneinander und ergeben in ihrer Kombination eine sinnvolle Aussage. In diesem Aufsatz wird auch versucht, die Beziehung des Bildes zum Text semiotisch festzustellen. Bei der semiotischen Feststellung spielt neben dem Begriff “Denotation”der Begriff “Konnotation”eine wichtige Rolle.

독한사전의 사전학적 모델

구명철 한국독일어교육학회 1997 외국어로서의 독일어 Vol.2 No.-

Zweisprachige Worterbucher lassen sich je nach dem Gebrauch bzw. Zweck der Benutzer in aktive und passive Worterbucher einteilen. Als passive Worterbiicher bezeichnet man Fremdsprache-Muttersprache Worterbucher, als aktive hingegen Muttersprache-Fremdsprache Worterbucher. Deutsch-Koreanische Worterbucher konnen dann als passive Worterbucher angesehen werden. Im Rahmen einer allgemeinen Theorie der Lexikographie van Wiegand werden die Termini 'Mikrostruktur' und 'Mikrostruktur' so verallgemeinert, daβ sie fur alle Worterbucher verwendet werden konnen. Die Makrostruktur wird von der Gesamtheit aller geordneten Lemmata eines Worterbuches gebildet ; die Mikrostruktur ist die Gesamtheit der linear geordneten Angaben eines jeden Worterbuchartikels, die artikelintern auf ein Lemma folgen. Worterbucher mussen von ihrem Gebrauch bzw. Zweck her jeweils unterschiedlich organisiert werden : Zur Bildung der Makrostruktur eines Worterbuches ist z.B. darauf zu achten, ob abgeleitete Worter als Lemmata eingesetzt werden sollen oder nicht. Beim Deutsch-Koreanischen Worterbuch als einem passiven Worterbuch mussen diese als Lemmata eingesetzt werden, da die Ableitungen den Benutzern oft nicht bekannt sind. Fur die Bildung der Mikrostruktur des Deutsch-Koreanischen Worterbuches sind Etymologie und Haufigkeit des jeweiligen Gebrauchs von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung. Was die Anordnungsform der Lemmata und die der artikelinternen Angaben betrifft, weist das Modell des Deutsch-Koreanischen Worterbuches nischenalphabetishe Makrostruktur und semiintegrierte Mikrostruktur auf.

독일어에서 수동의 기능

구명철 숙명여자대학교 독일어권연구센터 1998 독일문화 Vol.5 No.-

Die Funktionen des Passive im Deutschen ko¨nnen sowohl auf der syntaktischen, als auch auf der textgrammatischen Ebene untersucht werden. Syntaktisch gesehen wird das Patiens im Passiv als Subjekt des Satzes repra¨sentiert. Es fungiert somit als 'syntaktisches Pivot', das bei syntaktischen Operationen wie 'interclausal ellipsis', 'equi-NP-deletion', 'raising' usw. eine entscheidende Rolle spielt. Textgrammatisch gesehen ermo¨glicht das Passive, daβ das Patiens zum Thema des Satzes wird, da es im Passivsatz normalerweise am Satzanfang steht. Beim unperso¨nlichen Passive, in dem kein Patiens vorhanden ist, kann man allerdings von der Thematisierung des Patiens nicht sprechen. Auβer diesen syntaktischen und textgrammatischen Funktionen hat das Passiv einige weitere Funktionen, die durch die Transformierung der Argumente verursacht werden: 1) Die Ambiguita¨t, die durch einen Aktivsatz mit Quantoren, Pronomina oder lokalen Adverbien verursachen wird, kann im entsprechenden Passivsatz durch die neue Einordnung der Argumente vermieden werden. 2) In Passivsa¨tzen kann das Agens durch eine bestimmte Pra¨position wie von, durch, bei, fu¨r differenziert ausgedru¨ckt werden. Das bedeutet, daβ das Passiv die Funktion hat, mit Hilfe der verschiedenen mo¨glichen Agens-Angaben Ambiguita¨t zu vermeiden, die im entsprechenden Aktiv beobachtet werden kann. Neben diesen allgemeinen Funktionen haben das werden-Passiv und das sein-Passiv jeweils eine eigene Bedeutung. Beim werden-Passiv handelt es sich je nach der Pra¨dikatklasse des Basisverbs um verschiedene Situationen, sowohl Vorga¨nge als auch Zusta¨nde. In diesem Sinne wird die Bezeichnung 'Vorgangspassiv' dem werden-Passiv nicht gerecht. Besonders in den Fa¨llen, in denen es sich um Zusta¨nde handelt, ist eine solche Bezeichnung problematisch, da die Bezeichnung 'Vorgangspassiv' hauptsa¨chlich dem 'Zustandspassiv' gegenu¨bergestellt ist. Die Bezeichnung 'neutrales Passiv' fu¨r das 'werden-Passiv' erscheint daher angemessener, da es denselben Situationstyp wie beim entsprechenden Aktiv bezeichnet. Das sein-Passiv dru¨ckt demgegenu¨ber unabha¨ngig von der Aktionsart des Basisverbs einen Zustand aus. Der Zustand ist allerdings das Resultat der im Aktiv bezeichneten Situation. Das sein-Passiv kann also gegenu¨ber dem werden-Passiv als 'resultatives' Passiv bezeichnet werden.

흉통의 양상에 따라 분류한 불안정형 협심증 환자의 임상적 소견의 비교

김명수,김성구,정호석,온영근,신원용,김철현,최태명,현민수,권영주 순천향의학연구소 2001 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.7 No.1

Background and aims : The clinical syndrome unstable angina pectoris that encompasses a variety of symptoms and clincal presentations of transient episode of myocardial ischemia, was devided to several subgroups. Also, it has variable pathophysiologic factors to cause myocardial ischemia. According to clincal presentation, coronary angiographic finding and prognostic factor, the result of unstable angina pectoris is variable. In fact, there were a few data reported on the prognosis of wide spectrum of patients with unstable angina. However, the precise risk of subgroups according to classitication has not been established because it was difficult to compare between studies. We classified unstable angina pectoris by clinical nature of chest pain, and performed to establish and compare the clinical presentations, coronary angiographic findings, treatement and prognosis of patients with unstable angina within subgroups of classification. Methods : Retrospenctive data for 164 unstable angina pectoris patients admitted to the Internal Cardiology Division of Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital from May 1996 to July 1999 was analyzed. The patients were classified into one of the following categories: Class I, new onset of severe angina; Class II, acceleration of previous chronic stable angina; Class III, angina at rest. Clinical presentations, echocardiographic findings, coronary angiographic findings, treatment and prognosis were compared. Results : From the total 164 patients, the subjects of classes were as follows : Class I, 46 cases (28.1%); Class II, 74 cases (45.1%); Class III, 44 cases (26.8%). In view of age distribution, the 7th decade had the highest incidence, and then, 6th, 8th decades were followed. There was no baseline differences among the 3 classes with respect to gender, number of risk factors. Significantly, class II showed more severe findings in abnormal Q wave 15 cases (20.8%), total occclusive lesion 10 cases (20.8%) and three vessel coronary disease 11 cases (22.9%) than other classes. The change of ST segment was significantly apparent (p<0.02) among class I 28 cases (60.8%), class III 26 cases (59.0%), comparing with class II 30 cases (40.5%). Class III had the higher incidence of one vessel coronary artery disease than class I and III. The heparin treatment was performed in 99 cases (60.1%). The incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction was much more in class I and III, each 4 cases (8.7%, 9.8%) than in class II 1 cases (1.4%). In-Hospital death was occurred in class I and II, each 1 case. Conclusion : The patients with the acclerated angina from chronic stable angina had more severe coronary artery disease than other classes, but they had better in-hospital prognosis.

반복성 혈뇨(IgA 신병증 및 non-IgA 신병증)와 알레르기성 자반증 신염의 면역지표의 변동에 관하여

현명철,고철우,구자훈 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1991 慶北醫大誌 Vol.32 No.1

A prospective study was conducted to see the changes of immune system in recurrent gross hematuria(IgA nephropathy and non-IgA nephropathy) and HSP nephritis in children. Study patients consisted of 60 children with recurrent gross hematuria and Henoch-Scho¨nlein purpura nephritis (8 IgA nephropathy, 24 non-IgA nephropathy and 28 HSP nephritis). The cellular immune indices(total T, T4, T8 cells and T4/T8 ratio) and humoral immune indices (IgG, A, M and E) were measured during the hematuric and non-hematuric period. Following results were obtained. The proportion of T4 cells of peripheral blood during the hematuric period of patients with IgA nephropathy rose to 35.4±14.9% from the non-hematuric value of 20.0±9.1%. The T4/T8 ratio during hematuric period of patients with IgA nephropathy rose to 1.51±0.77 from non-hematuric value of 0.73±0.33. The values of serum IgA and IgE during hematuric period of patients with IgA nephropathy rose to 237±106 ㎎/dl, 231±226 IU/dl from non-hematuric values of 140±10, 28±23, respectively. These changes of cellular and humoral immune indices showed statistically significant differences(p<0.05). However, these changes were not found in patients with non-IgA nephropathy nor HSP nephritis. In conclusion, it can be said that the immune mechanism involved in IgA nephropathy is different from that of HSP nephritis.

디지탈 影像處理를 爲한 畵像表示 시스템에 關한 硏究

박규태,박명구,신태민,강현철 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1983 논문집 Vol.15 No.2

A digital image display system is studied. A TV set is used for a display unit. The system is designed to display 256x212 pixels in a frame and 8 bit gray levels. A microcomputer system is utilized for the image processing which has a Z-80A cpu and s-100 bus. A image processing system which includes a refresh memory system is designed. Images taken by the input system are processed. The image sharpening techniques are introduced. The image edges are found and sharpend using Robert cross operator of spatial differentiation technique. The images are also processed to eliminate noise utilizing the neighbourhood averaging method.

신생아 황달질환에서의 RDW의 진단적 의의

김행미,신채옥,현명철,이건수,이상범,구자훈 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1995 慶北醫大誌 Vol.36 No.3

목적 : 신생아 적혈구는 그 모양이 불규칙하여 여러 측정치가 성인 및 소아와 다르다, 저자들은 국내에서 보고된 바 없는 신생아의 Red cell distribution width(RDW)를 조사하여 신생아 정상 측정치를 제시하는 동시에 신생아 시기의 적혈구에 손상을 미치는 질환의 RDW를 분석하여 진단상 의의를 조사하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 신생아 집중치료실에 입원한 만삭아중 감염소견이 없었던 78명과 ABO부적합증 및 패혈증 환아에서 hemoglobin, hematocrit, MV, RDW 및 망상적혈구를 측정하였다. 결과 : 생후 1일부터 7일까지의 만삭신생아의 RDW 17.4±1.5로 소아 정상치 13.4±1.2%에 비해 증가되어 있었으나 출생후 7일까지 hemoglobin, hematocrit는 의의있게 감소한 반면 RDW는 변동이 없었다. 같은 연령의 ABO 부적합증 및 패혈증 환아군은 대조군에 비해 의의있게 hemoglobin과 hematocrit가 낮았으나 RDW는 대조군과 질병군 및 각 질병군 사이에 차이를 보이지 않았다. RDW와 망상적혈구는 ABP 부적합증에서만 상관계수 0.91 (p<0.001)의 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 출생후 7일까지 계측한 정상 신생아의 RDW는 소아에 비해 증가되어 있으나 출생후 변화는 없었다. ABO 부적합증 및 패혈증 환아군의 RDW는 대조군과 질병군 및 각 질병군 사이에 차이를 보이지 않아 이들 질환의 진단적 의의가 없었다. ABO 부적합증에서 RDW가 망상적혈구 수와 높은 상관관계를 나타내므로서 자동 분석기로 측정된 RDW로서 망상적혈구 수를 추정할 수 있었다. The RBC distribution width(RDW) has been reported to be of value in the early and differential diagnosis of several RBC disorders, with no sufficient studies on the newborn population. Seventy-eight normal fullterm newborns were studied to establish normal values for RDW of 1st week of life. The RDW of 43 patients with ABO incompatibility or sepsis was then evaluated for the usefulness of the RDW in diagnosis of Jaundice. The RDW was 17.7 ± 1.2 and 17.5 ± 0.8 at 1st and 4-7th days of life, revealing no differences de pending on the postnatal age. The RDW of newborns with ABO incompatibility, sepsis with and without jaundice were 18.4 ± 2.2, 18.2 ± 1.1 and 17.3 ± 0.9 respectively. The RDW was found to be consistently elevated in all these newborn infants-the normal newborns and the newborns with ABO incompatibility or sepsis-when compared with normal older children at our hospital. That reveals a physiologic state of anisocytosis in the newborn, showing no significant differences between these infants. Our results suggest that RDW alone cannot be used as an indicator to distingish between jaundice induced by hemolysis and by other causes. In this study all parameters examined except the reticulocyte counts of ABO incompatibility, which showed, by regression analysis, no correlation with the RDW. High RDW in ABO incompatibility is consistent with high reticulocyte count. One clinical value of the RDW therefore may lie in its capacity for reflecting active erythropioesis in ABO incompatibility. Thus the study has confirmed that red blood cell anisocytosis, as determined by RDW, has no value to differentiate the etiology of jaundice in the newborn period but it seems that RDW plays a role in determining the reticulocyte count in newborns with ABO incompatibility.

급성 심근경색 초기에 도플러 심초음파를 이용한 좌심실 이완기 기능의 평가

신원용,김주성,김철현,이광희,최태명,현민수,김성구,권영주 순천향의학연구소;Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute 2000 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.6 No.1

Background : Congestive heart failure after acute myocardial infarction relate to left ventricular systolic sysfunction. Also, left ventricular diastolic function contribute to heart failure. The aims of this study were, firstly to characterize left ventricular diastolic function by transmitral flow velocity, and secondly to study the significance of Doppler measurements in relation to the development of heart failure in the early phase of myocardial infarction. Method : Pulsed Doppler echocardiography of transmitral flow was assessed in 34 patients with acute myocardial infarction. According to the Doppler transmitral flwo velocity profile, the study patients were assigned to the three groups: normal filling pattern (DT > 140ms, IVRT < 100ms), relaxation abnormality (DT > 140ms, IVRT ≥ 100ms), pseudonormal or restrictive pattern (DT ≤ 140ms). Also, on the basis of the presence of heart failure during first week of hospitalization, the patients were divided into two groups: patients with no sign of heart failure (Killip class Ⅰ) and heart failure (Killip class Ⅱ-Ⅳ). Results : Of the 34 patients studied, 10(29%) were normal filling pattern, 17(50%) abnormal relaxation and 7(21%) were restrictive patterns. The left ventricular ejection fraction(EF, 40 ±6%) of restrictive pattern was significantly lower than that of normal filling pattern of abnormal relaxation(p < 0.01). And, the IVRT, DT, E/A and left ventricular EF were reduced in patients with heart failure(14 patients) compared to no sign of heart failure(20 patients)(p<0.05). Of the patients with heart failure, IVRT and left ventricular EF were reduced in patients with DT≤140 ms compared to DT> 140ms(p=0.001). Conclusion : Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is present early after onset of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function complements measurements of systolic function in the evaluation of cardiac function. DT, IVRT, E/A and left ventricular EF are useful predictors for development of congestive heart failure following acute myocardial infarction.