국어 성조 체계의 ‘말(馬)’-형 선호 경향과 그 의의

이문규(Lee, Moon-Kyu) 한국어문학회 2018 語文學 Vol.0 No.141

Among several tone patterns in the Korean tone system, there is a tendency for the ‘mal(馬)’-pattern to have the strongest preference. This is based on the following several tonal phenomena: 1) All three replacements of tonal patterns that are common in the middle Korean and the modern Korean tone dialects aim the ‘mal(馬)’-pattern. And these replacements have been expanded with time. 2) The ‘mal(馬)’-pattern is the common tonal pattern of all the symbolic words in both the middle Korean and the modern Korean tone dialects. 3) The ‘mal(馬)’-pattern shows a significantly higher share in the tonal patterns of Sino-Korean family names than in the sound of Chinese characters used for other words. 4) The ratio of the ‘mal(馬)’-pattern has diachronically increased in the tonal patterns of Sino-Korean words. It is reasonable to assume that the preference for the ‘mal(馬)’-pattern should go back to the period when the pattern was with the initial-low-tone since it is phonetically the most unmarked tonal pattern. Furthermore, it can also be assumed that the tone systems of the middle Korean and the Hamgyeong-dialect group with the ‘mal(馬)’-pattern in the initial-low-tone, are the closest to the proto-Korean tone system.

성조형 실현 규칙의 임의화와 16세기 말엽의 성조 체계

이문규(Lee, Moon-Kyu) 한국어문학회 2017 語文學 Vol.0 No.137

The Incapacitation of the actualization rules of the tonal pattern (TP) reveals the remarkable changes since the “side-dot” began to be used in the documents in the history of Korean tonal system. It is noted that no other significant changes occurred in the level of morphemic TP or combination of TP in the same period. The actualization rules of TP consists of the “pitch-assignment rules” and the “pitch-adjustment rules.” These actualization rules in Korean were gradually incapacitated toward the end of the sixteenth century. During the mid-fifteenth century, the surface TP of a phonological word was aligned with the actualization rules of TP. However, it brought the changes at the end of sixteenth century, affected by the incapacitation of the pitch-assignment rules and the pitch-adjustment rules. The incapacitation of the actualization rules of TP has blurred the distinction between tonal patterns and pitches. Additionally, this phenomenon is interpreted to cause the dephonologizing of Korean tones. In conclusion, the incapacitation of the actualization rules of TP shows that the second stage of tonological changes of Korean language had already appeared in the end of the sixteenth century. It seems reasonable to argue that the tonal system in the sixteenth century should be distinct from that of the mid-fifteenth century. Until the sixteenth century the incapacitation of the actualization has been complete, as the source materials maintain the morphemic TP system and the first stage of tonological pattern in the fifteenth century.

‘말(語)-류’ 성조형의 방언 간 대응 양상과 의의

이문규(Lee, Moon-kyu) 한국어문학회 2015 語文學 Vol.0 No.128

This study examines the correspondence aspects of ‘mal(語)-pattern’ and direction of change of tonal system in the Korean tone dialects. The correspondence aspects of the surface tonal patterns of ‘mal(語)-class’ in middle Korean and several modern tone dialects are may be summarized as follows. [표참조] After considering the aspects, we can realize the fact that there is a tendency for ‘mal(語)-pattern’ to be integrated into ‘mal(斗)-pattern’ or ‘mal(馬)-pattern’ in Korean tonology. The ‘mal(語)-pattern’ [HLLL] of Yukjin dialects is the result of the change ‘[RLLL] >[HLLL]’. And ‘mal(語)- pattern’ [HHLL] of the young generation of Daegu dialect is the the result of the change ‘[RHLL] > [HHLL]’. Both [HLLL] and [HHLL] are ‘mal(斗)- pattern’ in those dialects. On the other hand, [LHLL] of Jinju dialect is ‘mal (馬)-pattern’. At the pitch system level, this integrating phenomenon of ‘mal(語)-class’ is the process in which ‘rising’ or ‘lowest’ pitch extinct because of their articulatory difficulties. And at complexity class of tonal system, this phenomenon implicate that three-tonal patterns system of Korean tonal dialects changes to two-tonal patterns systems, and ultimately these dialects are changing to non-tone language.

플라비아닌산을 이용한 클로르프마진의 용매추출 분광광도법

정문모,남수자,이미나,이지연,허문회,안문규 慶星大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.19 No.2

제조합 대장균에서 과발현된 Citrobacter freundii KCTC2006 유래의 β-Tyrosinase를 이용한 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine의 생산

이승구,노현수,홍승표,이규종,왕지원,태동년,엄기남,방상구,김영준,성문희 한국미생물생명공학회 ( 구 한국산업미생물학회 ) 1996 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.24 No.1

재조합 대장균에서 대량발현 시킨 Citrobacter freundii KCTC 2006 유래이 효소 β-tyrosinase를 이용하여 pyrocatechol, sodium pyruvate, ammonium acetate로부터 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl-L-alanine을 생산하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 이 효소반응에 적합한 온도 및 pH 조건은 각각 18℃와 8.5로 결정되었고, 반응액 중의 ammonium acetate와 sodium pyruvate의 농도는 각각 300 mM, 50 mM 이상으로 조절하는 것이 적합하였다. Pyrocatechol의 경우는 20 mM에서 가장 높은 반응성을 나타냈으나, 기질을 반복적으로 첨가하며 장시간 동안 효소반응을 수행하는 경우에는 pyrocatechol의 고갈을 피하기 위하여, 20 mM에서 50 mM 사이로 조절하였다. 한편, 반응액 중에 ethanol을 10% 첨가한 경우에는 반응속도가약 20% 증가하였다. 이상과 같은 효소반응특성에 기초하여 조제한 기질용액에 β-tyrosinase를 1 unit/㎖ 농도로 가하고, pyrocatechol과 pyruvate가 고갈되지 않도록 간헐적으로 첨가하면서 효소반응을 수행한 결과, 24시간 만에 85.2%의 수율로 31.6g/ℓ의 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine를 생산할 수 있었다. By using the β-tyrosinase of Citrobacter freundii KCTC2006, which was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli, 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA) was synthesized efficiently from pyrocatechol, sodium pyruvate, and ammonium acetate. Optimal temperature and pH for the reaction were determined to be about 18℃ and 8.5, respectively. The effects of substrate concentrations were also examined at different concentrations of ammonium acetate, sodium pyruvate, and pyrocatechol. Ammonium acetate and sodium pyruvate increased the reaction rate until the concentrations reached to 300 mM and 50 mM, respectively. Although pyrocatechol showed the optimal concentration at 20 mM, it was controlled between 20 mM and 50 mM to avoid the depletion of substrate during the enzymatic synthesis. Based on above results, a reaction medium for the production of L-DOPA was prepared and incubated with 1 unit/㎖ of β-tyrosinase. Pyrocatechol and sodium pyruvate was added to the reaction solution intermittently to avoid the substrate depletion during the enzymatic reaction. After 24 hour of reaction, 31.6 g/ℓ L-DOPA was accumulated in the reaction solution as soluble and precipitated ones and the conversion yield was about 85.2%.

신체활동이 정신지체아의 사회적응행동 발달에 미치는 효과

이규문,김창범,조경욱,박종진 忠北大學校 平生體育硏究所 1999 平生體育硏究所 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

The present study was to investigate the effect of sport activities on adaptive bahavior in mentally retarded children; and to present some effective data for rehabilitation and education of the handicapped. After assigning 19 educable mentally retarded children to either experimental group(9 children) or control group(10 children), aquatic exercise treatment(60 min/day, 3 times/week) was administered for 12 weeks. Results were as follows. There were significant increases of personal self-sufficiency(p<.001), community self-sufficiency(p<.001) and personal-social responsibility(p<.001) and significant decrease of social adjustment(p<.001), but not in control group. It was found that sport activities had positive effect on adaptive behavior in obese mentally retarded children.

강상판 접합부의 피로균열 진전 시 STOP HOLE의 효과에 관한 연구

이문규,심낙훈,박영석 명지대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.20 No.-

Orthotropic steel decks are used in long span and moving bridges because of their high strength to weight ratio. However the decks are subjectde to high dynamic stresses due to wheel loading by heavy goods vehicles so that they have to be assessed for fatigue cracking. The fatigue assessment of orthotropic decks is excluded from most bridge design codes because of the complexity of the stress distribution and the fact that bending stress may predominate whereas weld classification tables are based on axially. Orthotropic steel decks are very sensitive to fatigue damage because they are directly subjected to the actions of wheel loads which give rise to stress ranges which are high compared to the dead load stresses especially if the surfacing is thin. The cracking that devel9oped was caused by large imperfections that were fabricated in short transverse groove connections. To stop the crack development, Stop hole should be excavated. The purpose of this paper, serviceability was approved by comparing surveyed data and stress distribution by structural analysis around stop hole and confirmed by minimized stress due to the size of stop hole. Also, stress distribution around scallop was computed by structural analysis modelled as actual steel bridge, Gul-Hyun Grand Bridge.

순서의존적인 작업시간을 갖는 작업들을 위한 스케쥴링 알고리즘

이승주,이문규 啓明大學校 産業技術硏究所 1997 産業技術硏究所 論文報告集 Vol.19 No.2

We consider the problem of scheduling n jobs with sequence-dependent processing times on m parallel-identical machines. The processing time of each job consists of a pure processing time and a sequence-dependent setup time. The objective is to maximize the total remaining machine available time which can be used for other tasks. For the problem, a hybrid genetic algorithm is proposed. The algorithm combines a genetic algorithm for global search and a heuristic for local optimization to improve the speed of evolution convergence. The genetic operators are developed such that parallel machines can be handled in an efficient and effective way. For local optimization, we use the nearest-neighbor heuristic for single machines. Numerical tests in a series of randomly generated problems demonstrate that the proposed hybrid algorithm outperforms the nearest-neighbor heuristic for parallel machines.

제주 차귀도 연안해역 미생물 분포 및 이화학적 특성

문영건,김만철,이준백,송춘복,여인규,김종만,박근태,손홍주,최우봉,허문수 한국환경과학회 2006 한국환경과학회지 Vol.15 No.3

유산소성 운동이 여성 노인들의 체력과 반응시간에 미치는 영향

이규문,최종환,류석윤 忠北大學校 平生體育硏究所 1998 平生體育硏究所 論文集 Vol.10 No.-

This study was performed to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise program on physical fitness and whole body reaction time, and to see the relationship between the level of physical fitness and level of whole body reaction time in the elderly women. The study subjects were consisted of 44 old women with mean age of 67.3 years. They were tested on their physical fitness and whole body reaction time level at the begin and end of the 12-week program(pre-post tests). Assessment included measures of strength, power, balance, agility, flexibility, %body fat, endurance, and body simple and choice reaction times in the elerly women. For data analysis, mean and standard deviation scores were calculated, and paired t-test and person's correlation coefficient were used. The results were follow: 1. After the aerobic exercise program, power, balance, agility, flexibility, %body fat, and endurance were significantly imroved in the elerly women. 2. After the aerobic exercise program, body simpel and choice reaction times were also significantly improved in the elderly women. 3. After the aerobic exercie program, old womens' simple and choice reaction time of whole body were significantly related to strength, power, balance, agility, and flexibility. In conclusion, even though the elderly women had participated in the aerobic exercise program for the short period time(3 months), they showed the improved physical fitness and whole body reactin time, which are related to physical health.