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Aristotle and Descartes on Perceiving that We See
Masashi Nakahata 한국서양고전학회 2014 西洋古典學硏究 Vol.53 No.3
The phenomenon described as “our perceiving that we see” or “perception of one’s own perception” (POP) has attracted the attention of many philosophers. In this article, I examine Aristotle’s and Descartes’ treatment of this phenomenon in order to clarify the distinctive features of the respective philosophers’ thought. In his Principia I, 9, Descartes points out that sense-perception is an ambiguous term; for example, ‘seeing’ (or ‘I am seeing’) can be taken as referring either to a ‘bodily activity’ or to ‘the sense-perception of seeing’. The latter, POP, is sense-perception in its proper (praecise) sense for Descartes and what he calls conscientia (consciousness). By restricting the sense-perception within one’s subjective experience, Descartes separates POP from the external object that one perceives. Though Aristotle explores POP in several passages (De anima III, 2, Ethica Nicomachea IX, 9 etc.), I pay special attention to De somno 2, 455a3-455a26, where Aristotle assumes that trans-modal discrimination by a common perceptual power (such as discrimination of sweet from white) implies this sort of second order perception. We can explain this implication as follows: when we discriminate, for example, sweet from white, we also discriminate the respective modes of perception, namely, (our) tasting in the perception of sweet on the one hand and (our) seeing in the perception of white on the other. This means that Aristotle understands POP as an integral part of the first order perception of an object. The second order recognition of one’s activity is involved intrinsically in the perception of the external world. This is why POP is a kind of sense-perception par excellence for Aristotle. Descartes elucidates the same sort of phenomena in an opposite way from Aristotle. He separated Aristotelian unity off between external objects and our inner activity. The Cartesian concept of consciousness is a historical product of this separation.
Mythologizing the Place: Lawrence’s Mining Country and Yeats’s Thoor Ballylee
Masashi Asai 한국로렌스학회 2017 D.H. 로렌스 연구 Vol.25 No.2
Lawrence and W. B. Yeats—the two great modernists and the “last Romantics” both depict and treat certain places with special significance. We might be able to call this literary strategy “mythologizing.” Lawrence, especially in his later years, nostalgically mythologizes his home mining country with a certain degree of romanticization of his father and the intimate comradeship of the miners. Yeats employs a similar strategy of mythologizing rural Celtic places, Sligo in particular, and later the tower he bought as the dwelling for his new family and a symbol of his artistic creation. Both writers did this by strongly and significantly projecting their ideas and ideals onto these localities. Lawrence portrays the mine and miners with a sense of the possibility of man’s immediate and non-self-conscious relationship, and hence its glory, whilst disregarding to a large extent the harshness of the working conditions and dangers, and the miserable aspects of their home life. Yeats’s case is more complex. He is very keen and conscious of the Ireland’s nation-building under the British colonization. His strategy is to aestheticize or “Celtify” Ireland, making full use of the dying folklore and fairy tales. Later he makes Thoor Ballylee the symbol of his aesthetics and the ideal Ireland. In this paper I will discuss how and why they transform the places they know intimately well to the places onto which they project their own ambitions and wishes, hence “mythologize” them.
To Know, or To Be, That is the Question: D. H. Lawrence`s View of Human Consciousness
Masashi Asai 한국로렌스학회 2008 D.H. 로렌스 연구 Vol.16 No.2
Throughout his life, Lawrence is preoccupied by the action of human consciousness, especially by its function called "knowing." In Fantasia of the Unconscious he proclaims quite definitely: "The final aim is not to know, but to be. There never was a more risky motto than that: Know thyself. You`ve got to know yourself so that you can at least be yourself. `Be yourself` is the last motto." And this motto is untiringly supported by his life-long assertion that blood consciousness is more essential than mental consciousness. This assertion has a variation from time to time, but the essence of his message is: man has an innate core of being which he calls the "naive core," but over the time this core is cumulatively covered, and eventually dominated, by man`s later attainment of intellect, and this phenomenon has overturned the original balance that man once had: hence the present human ailment of self-consciousness and the loss of spontaneity. What we need to do, then, is to recover this balance. -The latter part of this message seems very sound, but the premise of his assertion needs reconsideration. What does he mean by saying that blood consciousness is dominated by mental consciousness? Presuming that this is true, is it such an abominable thing as he asserts? Aren`t there any positive aspects in the phenomenon? An important question to be asked is whether or not Lawrence`s dichotomy of "blood consciousness" and "mental consciousness" on the issue of "knowing" is still valid. An even more fundamental issue is his dichotomy of "to know" and "to be," or to expand the question, his dichotomic world view itself. Having become so familiar with these dualities or parallelisms in his works, we Lawrence scholars tend to take them for granted. In this paper I reconsider the relationship between the two concepts and the validity of such world view.
How to Avoid Severe Incidents at Hydropower Plants
Masashi Yasuda,Satoshi Watanabe 한국유체기계학회 2017 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.10 No.3
Hydropower is now changing its role from the energy generator into the most powerful and reliable tool for stabilizing the electrical network, especially under the increase of intermittent power sources like wind-power and solar-power. Although the hydropower plants are the most robust generating facilities, they are not immune from unexpected severe incidents having long downtime, considerable restoration cost and sometimes fatalities. The present paper provides some study results about severe incidents in the conventional hydropower plants, mainly about the flood, fire and electromechanical troubles, except for the incidents of civil facilities. It also provides some possible scenarios which may lead some measures how to avoid such incidents. Finally, it provides some comprehensible recommendations to avoid severe incidents based on experiences.