韓國·日本·中國(臺灣) 佛敎의 現況分析에 依한 韓國佛敎 社會化 方向摸索 : from the analysis of the present situation of korean, Chinese and Japanese Buddhist

韓鍾萬 圓光大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.15 No.1

First of all, let me summarize the problem and phenomenon of Buddhism in Korea, Japan, China, one by one. The significance of the existence of a religion lies in how much it is beneficial for the masses. During the 16 centuries since Buddhism has been introduced into Korea, it has served as the prop of thoughts and soul. But nowadays, it is pushed back by another religions in waves of modernization. I think that the most important reason lies in the religions associations inner factors rather than outer factors. Because the factors by which Korean Buddhism is not modernized are the fact that it is in the mountains, does not cope with the expedient change of the times, and does not become a religion of life. The pernicions evil of Buddhism in the mountains in that it cannot approach the masses, must wait for Buddhists to visit temples, and so cannot have positiveness in evangelization and Buddhists cannot be quickly familiar with monks on account of many differences between monk's lives and their appearances. Next, we can enumerate its out-of-date system and expedient. There has made Buddhism be pushed by the power of christianity, that is, Buddhism has its demerits of being harden toward non-social direction. So they have to innovate in this respects. Add to the improvement of the system, understanding the spiritual direction of the people with the modernization of education and the monk's qualities, they are to evangelize Buddhism of Japan has very succeeded in popularizating. It is a parishioner system, and it makes monks not only be in close harmony with the people but have the positiveness to evangelization and social work. But now, It does not emerge from heritage, and result in being vulgar, in changing into a means. Therefore, the traditions of those ceremonical Buddhism or fumeral ceremonies brought forth even the vulgar customs of the worship of ancestors. This is a primary factor to make us misunderstand the intrinsic nature of Buddhism. Buddhism is a super-vulgar, futuristic religion. Even though the truth can not seperate from this secular warld, it means not the approval of secularism but excelling And there appears very large estrangement between Buddhism of the intellectuals and the one of the commonality. This was caused by the long tradition of exceeding secularism, that is, a parishioner system. Japanese Buddhism has its deep-rooted tradition, dissimilarly to korean, to the extent that any foreign religion can not penetrate into Japanese. But it is in a phase to rectify the vulgar and degenerated factors. It is very difficult for us to find out the purity of Buddhism in chinese Buddhism because of the factor of the deep mixture, Taoism and Buddhism. This functions as a fragile factor in the subject thought development of Buddhism. Chinese Budd, dissimilarly to Korean, has its templs every villiages as a public religion and has close something to do with the masses, but does not accomplish its object of Buddhism's thoughts. That appears especially in the aspect of educational institutions and so, it is every lukewarm in taking part in society. The service for the public is connected directly with the problem of existence of Buddhism, and coincide with monk's missions. It coincides with the essence of Buddhism in which they identify enteriny Nirvana with salvation of the people. But it must be rectified to attach importance to self-culture Now, I'll summarize the great monk's thoughts, Yong Sung Baek, Han Yeong Bak, Yong Woon Han, who discharged their duties as pioneers in the movement of the renovation of Buddhism, that is, the movement of socialization Korean Buddhism. They endeavoured very eagerly to make Korean Buddhism up-to-date under the difficult conditions, at the end of old Korea. First, they demanded Buddhists(monks) serious relection who were in want of self-consciousness as time go by. It was immediate to awaken the people to what is the duties of Buddhism itself and what is the factor to hold pride as Buddhists. Second, there was needed the self-consciousness of phases of the times. In the days when western scientific cvilization rushed for our country, and in the days when the power of christianity penetrated into the masses, Buddhism could have no leadership as a religion in the mountains. Presenting the essence of Buddhism, (spiritual enlightment, ture self) they said that we had to do our best to the education of youth as self-conscious realistic men in order to do its dutieis and cope with the social situation. Third, they urged to innovate the policy of Buddhism. Then, big problems are the estabilishments of the control of the religious association, economic indefendence, and the modernization of the means of missionary works. They emphatically asserted that, to develope Buddhism, we needed strong control with the unification of administration. At that time, they thought that they had to compose the power of organization to exert an important effect upon society. Because they could not cope with the social situation which more and more become the socialization of industries only with the system of the thirty-one Buddhist cathedral. The problem of economic indefendence was the destruction of dependence life in respect of individual, while it was also to make Buddhism a life religion which closed the indefendent administration and the activity in society of the religious association in respect of the religious association. In a word, they asserted that they had to fair prides to live indefendent lives by ceasing the life of asking almo, and making them farm and practice zenmeditation at a time in respect of individual, while they asserted that they had to combine or amalgamate temples, utilize the financial resources, convert fixed assets to current assets, and also found and administrate the production institutions in respect of the religious associations. They thought these not only as the devices for utilizing the financial resources of the religious association but also as the means of evangelization and the service for society. The problem of the modernization of evangelization appeared as an important problem connected with the existence of Buddishm and the possibility of development. They were faced with situation which had to cope with the change fo social situation and evangelize positively. To evangelize positively, they needed to translate the sutra into Korean above all. Because the religious doctrine must be popularized and socialized in order to realize Buddhism's ideal. Add to this, therefore, the probation of studies for religious workers and the simplication of rituals were made a subject of discussion. Especially it was very great problem to convert Buddhism in the mountains to Buddhism in the street. Because a religion which seperates from the masses can not accomplish its essential object. Moreover, Yong Woon Han who had progressive thoughts pointed out the fact that the system of prohibiting monks from marring was inadequate for future. He said the reason were; ① the severace of humanity. ② the destruction of the foundation of a nation ③ tge noxiousness of evangelization. As mentioned above, we could see the summary of the modernization of Buddhism by the three monks. Their encleavour, however, has more important significance in presentation of direction of pioneers rather than in success. Now, I'll investigate the direction of socialization in Korean Buddhism. First, in evangelization, developing the essence of Buddhism, and displaying its adaptability very well to adjust itself to society, it is urgent to inovate the constitution of Buddhism. A religion, in order to realize this object, has to adapt itself to the situation of the times and lift its spiritual subjecthood. For this we must make Buddhism harmonize with the times, be adapted to lives, popularize. So we must change the image of Buddhism in the mountains into Buddhism in the cities, Zen Buddhism into rational true Buddhism, that is, we have to throw away the in dolense of seclusion, take part in our own lives, and have positive post ures. For this, it is necessary to simplify rituals (for example, costume), to clear up separate emotions from the masses. And it is possible to change Buddhism into Buddhism of production, life, the masses. Second, the direction of social service, this is monks' elemental duties. Originally, the object of Buddhism is the evangelization for all creatures and the prusuit of Buddhahood. But they regarded the evangelization for all creatures as a Bodhisattvas truth rather than the prusuit of Buddhahood. For this, it is necessary to symplify and renovate rituals (ie: costumes) with the changes of the times. And to clear up the separate emotions from the masses. Today is the times of industry. Its characteristics is mass production. As long as the evangelization of a religion can not be a productive and life one, its survival is very difficult. Especially the things demanded very lagerly in the times of industry are the regular administration of current construction and production. It is urgent to realize the truth of self-interest and altruism on the gound of Buddhistic truth. Therefore, with the positiveness of the manners of evangelization and the estabilishment of an unified organization, we must strengthen centripetal duties and because Buddha's essential purpose was to eliminate pains and offer the pleasure of bliss(?苦與樂) social services must be planned as one of the elemental policy of the Buddhism's association. First, the developement of activity by the estabilishment of charitable organizations. Second, the abolition of distintions between men receiving charities and men offering charities. This must be changed into the dimension to feel these charities each other. Third, the construction of impartial society. We can not realize the essence of social services with the contiunation of partiality. Third, the direction of cultural activities. It is impossible to develop the thoughts of Buddhism without the success of cultural dimention. It is important to inherit and develop historical conventional culture, but it is even more important to create new culture. With the estabilishment of the Promoting Center for Scholastic Buddhism and the Cultural Center, we have to promote the plans intentionally. We must develope the cultural activity synthetically-it include thoughts, literature, arts and so on. The research activity for the highest thoughts, the supply activity the masses with easy cultural books, and the sutra, literary works. The assimilation with the masses through artistic activity are the vital factors in the developement for Buddhism. It is urgent for Buddhists to change its construction in order to take off its stagnancy and develope as a new religion. There are the meanings of systems and Buddhists' modernization for the structure of consciousness. We can not expect the novel developement without renovating the structure of consciousness and improving the systems.

한국 장단 및 춤사위 학습이 아동의 무용 표현력 발달에 미치는 효과

이종만 한국초등무용학회 1996 한국초등무용학회지 Vol.1 No.1

The strdy purpose of this sutdy is to furnish basic date necessary to the improvement of dance education in the elenlelltary school, by expenmentiong and studying what effects learning If Korean rhythm and Chumsawe has on the development of polver of dancing expression. To attain the purpose, the present writer developed materials for teaching dance for elementary school on the basis of Korean rhythm and Chumsawe and a learning program for Korean rhythm and Chumsawe, and applied to 100 children of the foufh grade in attached elemeiltary schoul of Hong-ik University for two hours ebery week for four months. The result of experiment of Korean rhl·thm and Chumsawe learning Is as follows. 1) Children are indifferent to our folk dance, scarcefy apply it to their life, and halre a tendency to prefer western dance. 2) There was meaningful difference of 1% in back and fonh molrements of the subject of experiment, and there appeared marks which they kept in mind in their movements in the aspect of the development of the sense of rhythm, imprompt powpr and the sense of sphere, when learning of dance was practiced centering around wastern rhythm and movements. 3) A result of the learning of Koreail rhythm, and Chiunsawe, the subjects showed wome differences from other compared students in the development of the sense of rhythm, impromptu power, and the sense of sphere among the power of expression. 4) The subjects showed more voluntary, active and proude manner than other students in the dancing expression, 5) The effect of power of expression and idea in dancing appeared through the learning of Korean rhythm and Chusawe luas sholtred not through onomatollotic learning of folk dance, but through creative learning to thry to utilize basic Chumsawe and express various movements. 6) Because the learning of Korean rhythm and Chumsawe contributes to understanding of our national culture, heightening of wilt to create and applying of our national culture, heightening of will to create and applying of Korean rhythm and Chumsawe for our life, it is more effective on education for the whole man, Ivluch is the object of elementary sehool, than western dance. Chumsawe for our life, it is more effective on education for the whole man, which is the object of elementary school, than western dance.

Thomas Hardy 의 인생관

이종만 안양대학교 1997 논문집 Vol.17 No.-

Almost all of the characters in Thomas Hardy's(1840 - 1928) works die tragically or meet tragical fates, and it has been said Hardy is a pessimist. But in his biography he insists that he be a distinctly meliorist. He says that what his books are but one plea against man's inhumanity to man-to woman-and to the lower animals. In this essay I have studied what kinds of tragedies the characters meet and how they meet them. Here I have studied how the words 'Immanent Will' which the author calls show themselves in his works. Once in explaining 'Immanent Will' the author said the human race to be shown as one great network or tissue which quivers in every part when one point is shaken, like a spider's web, if touched. Here I tried to show how the characters' destinies fall to tragedies and what the causes of tragedies are in concrete. First, Nature is an organic living whole, and its constituent parts, even the inanimate parts, have a life and personalitiy for their own. It is unified on a great scale through both time and space. Second, Heredity. What Tess commits is the hereditary quality, to which Hardy more than once alludes, working out in this improverished descendant of a once noble family. Third, Chance. Destiny is a inscrutable force: we do not understand its nature or intentions. And we cannot therefore predict what it will do. Forth, Character. In Hardy's tragedy we find the tragic protagonist, defined for his role by a tragic greatness in character alone that intensifies the sense of life, and flawed by a tragic vulnerability that unfits him for the particular tragic situation he has to force. Fifth, Social Institutions. Tragedy may be created by an opposing environment either of things inherent in the universe, or of human institutions.

브랜드 권위성과 윤리성이 구매·추천의도에 미치는 영향에 있어서 브랜드 진정성의 매개효과

이종만(Jong Man Lee) 한국콘텐츠학회 2016 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.16 No.1

지금까지 브랜드 진정성에 관한 선행연구들은 브랜드 진정성을 측정할 수 있는 척도를 개발하는데 집중하여 왔다. 그러나 이제는 통합적인 시각에서 제안된 척도의 활용에 대한 고려가 필요할 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 브랜드 권위성과 윤리성이 구매·추천의도에 미치는 영향에 있어서 브랜드 진정성의 매개적 변수효과 모형을 개발하고 검증하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위해 설문방법을 이용하였고, 분석을 위한 데이터는 직장인을 대상으로 수집한 총 136개의 데이터를 적용하였다. 그리고 자료의 분석은 구조방정식모형을 사용하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 브랜드 권위성과 윤리성은 구매추천의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치기 보다는, 브랜드 진정성을 매개로하여 영향을 미치는 것이 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 브랜드 권위성과 윤리성은 브랜드 진정성에 영향을 미치는 주요 변수인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 직장인의 구매·추천의도에 대한 정보를 탐색함과 동시에 브랜드 관리 정책 수립에 있어서 브랜드 진정성의 중요성을 제시하였다는데 의의가 있다. Prior researches on brand authenticity so far have focused on the scale development for measuring brand authenticity. However, at the point of time it is necessary to consider the utilization of the proposed scale in an integrative approach. Accordingly, this study aims to examine brand authenticity mediated the effect of brand authority and ethicality on purchase and word-of-mouth intention. The survey method was used for this paper, and data from a total of 136 office workers were used for the analysis. And structural equation model was used to analyze the data. The results of this empirical study is summarized as followings. First, brand authority and ethicality do not have a direct effect on purchase and word-of-mouth intention but brand authenticity mediates the effect of brand authority and ethicality. Second, brand authority and ethicality have positive effect on brand authenticity. This study provides information on the purchase and word-of-mouth intention of salary man. Further, it will provide meaning suggestion point of the importance of brand authenticity in establishing the policy of brand management.

VDT작업별 정신사회적 스트레스와 근골격계 장애에 관한 연구

백남종,강종두,주영수,배인근,권호장,박종만,조수헌,김돈규,김재용,최홍렬 大韓産業醫學會 1998 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.10 No.4

It has been hypothesized that jobs that have both high psychological demands and low decision latitude("job strain") can lead to musculoskeletal disorder. The objective of this study was to test whether job strain was correlated with the presence of work-related musculoskeletal disorder, especially myofascial pain syndrome(MPS). Information on demographic factors, confounders such as household load and taking care of children or not, and scores for decision latitude, job demand, and social support was obtained by self-administered questionnaire, which had been developed in Korean language, by adopting NIOSH instrument and Extended Karasek Model(16 items). All subjects were also examined by rehabilitation medicine specialists for musculoskeletal disorders. Subjects(n=370) could be categorized into 4 groups, these were, housewives(n=89), shipyard CAD workers(n=89), general female workers(n=79; nurses, insurance counselors, public officials, clerks, etc), and telephone directory assistance operators(n=113). Results from univariate analyses indicated that all demographic factors, all confounders, scores for decision latitude and social support were not associated with the risk of musculoskeletal disorder. However, score for job demand was higher in musculoskeletal disorder cases than others. In subgroup analysis, this association was convinced again, in telephone directory assistance operators. Job strain model showed that the group of telephone directory assistance operators was high-stain group, and OR of musculo skeletal disorder was 2.446(95% C. I. : 1.174, 5.096), when comparing this with the low strain group. In conclusion, job strain is a risk factor for work-related musculoskeletal disorder.

북한의 테러지원 무기밀매 실태와 대응방안

이만종(Lee Man Jong) 한국공안행정학회 2012 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.21 No.1

이 연구는 북한의 테러지원 무기밀매 실태와 대응방안을 분석하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 북한의 불법경제활동의 실태, 배경과 특징, 북한의 테러지원 무기밀매의 파장과 대응방안을 살펴본 후 결론을 도출해보기로 한다. 사회주의체제내적 모순에 따른 경제난과 핵ㆍ생화학ㆍ미사일 등 대량살상무기 개발에 대한 국제사회(유엔안보리 등)의 제재 등 국내외적 압박의 지속에도 불구하고, 북한정권은 여전히 생존하고 있다. 북한이 무기밀매와 대량살상무기(WMD) 확산 이외에도 마약밀수, 위조담배 수출, 위조지폐 유통, 보험사기 등의 불법경제활동을 통해 얻는 수입은 무역을 통한 수입 전체의 40~50%에 육박하는데 이들은 대부분 현재에도 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 지난 2010년 8월초 발표된 미국의 대북제재로 다시 주목받고 있는 북한의 불법경제활동은 이러한 북한의 생존을 지탱하는 요소 중 하나이다. 경제시스템의 한계, 세계화의 효과, 유엔제재 등으로 가속화되고 있는 북한의 무기밀매와 대량살상무기(WMD) 확산 등과 같은 불법경제활동은 북한정권이 39호실을 중심으로 직접 주도하며, 최근에는 아시아 범죄조직들과 결탁하여 국제적 네트워크를 구축하는 특징을 보여 왔다. 이러한 불법행위는 김정일 사망 이후 김정은을 비롯한 정권 수뇌부의 권력을 강화하며, 북한의 또 다른 무기개발에 기여되어 국제안보에 위협을 야기 시키는 악순환으로 이어지고 있다. 또한 북한에 부과된 유엔제재의 영향력을 약화시키는 효과도 있다. 그러나 역설적으로 장기적으로는 정권의 통제력을 약화시키는 잠재요인으로 작용하게 될 것이다. 북한은 오랫동안 테러지원국으로서 국제테러단체에 인적ㆍ물적 지원을 해온 나라이고, 북한체제의 개혁ㆍ개방을 통해 '선(先)남조선혁명, 후(後)공산화통일'로 압축되는 대남전략에 있어서도 본질적인 변화를 보이지 않고 있다. 앞으로도 무기밀매와 대량살상무기(WMD) 확산 등과 같은 불법경제활동을 지속하는 한 테러조직과의 연계와 제3세계국가에 불법무기를 수출할 가능성도 지속될 것인바 미국과의 공조를 통해 이에 대한 철저한 군사적ㆍ외교적 대비태세를 강구해 나가야 할 것이다. 그러면서도 다른 한편으로 우리는 상생공영의 대북정책을 통해 북한이 양성적으로 외화를 벌어들이고 우리기업도 저렴한 인건비로 경쟁력있는 상품을 생산할 수 있는 남북 간에 상호 상생공영 할 수 있는 개성공단과 같은 남북 경제협력 사업을 지속적으로 발전시켜 나갈 수 있도록 하기 위한 노력도 병행해 나가야 할 것이다. This study is North Korea's support for terrorism against weapons trafficking status and counter-measure to analyze. To this end, reality of North Korea's illicit economic activity, background, features, support for North Korea's terrorist weapon trafficking, and then looked at the direction of the wavelength and to try to draw conclusions. Despite the Economic crisis based on internal contradictions of socialist system and weapons of mass destruction(Nuclear and Biochemistry and Missile, etc.), and the international community(UN Security Council, etc.), external pressure, the regime of North Korea is still alive. North Korea's weapons trafficking and weapons of mass destruction (WMD) proliferation in addition to drug trafficking, counterfeiting cigarette exports, counterfeit money distribution, insurance fraud and other illegal economic activities, revenues of the trading income of the entire 40 to 50 percent approaching for most of them is actively taking place even now. Early August to the last published in 2010 in the United States in sanctions against North Korea back to the attention of North Korea's illicit economic activities to sustain the survival of these North is one of the elements. Limitations of the economic system, the effects of globalization, accelerated due to UN sanctions on North Korea and weapons trafficking of weapons of mass destruction(WMD) proliferation as illegal economic activity, Dept. of 39 has led directly to the center room. In recent years, in collusion with organized crime in Asia to build an international network characteristics have been shown. these illegal activities strengthen the power of leadership of regime including Kim Jong-Eun since the death of Kim Jong-Il. These circumstances has been contributing to the development of other weapons of North Korea and pose a threat to international security, which has led to a vicious circle. In addition, UN sanctions imposed on North Korea's is weaken the influence. However, paradoxically, the long-term potential to weaken the regime's control will be acting. North Korea as state sponsors of terrorism for a long time for an international terrorist groups. The continued illegal economic activities such as weapons trafficking and weapons of mass destruction(WMD) proliferation continue to have a connection with a terrorist organization. We have to prepare through cooperation with the U.S. On the other hand, we win through policy of economic cooperation and our businesses must produce competitive products with cheap labor. In addition, North-South economic cooperation projects such as the Kaesong industrial complex to mutual coexistence between North and South ongoing so that will also need to be out concurrently.

김정은 체제의 치안통제와 인권문제

이만종(Lee Man Jong) 한국공안행정학회 2012 한국공안행정학회보 Vol.21 No.3

본 논문은 김정은 체제의 치안통제와 인권문제: 현황과 대응을 분석하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해 문제의 제기, 김정은 체제의 사회통제와 내부단속, 악화된 북한의 인권상황, 북한의 치안통제ㆍ인권문제에 대한 대응방안, 결론 순으로 고찰해 본 것이다. 북한의 열악한 인권상황은 북한체제의 특성과 깊은 상관관계가 있다. 2012년 4월 권력승계의 공식화를 마무리한 김정은 정권은 경제난 속에서도 미사일 발사에 막대한 비용을 낭비하면서도 주민생활 개선에는 별다른 변화를 보이지 않고 있다. 또한 북한체제 치안유지차원에서는 탈북자에 대한 통제를 강화하고 있고, 공개처형을 지속하고 있으며, 정치범수용소에서는 여전히 인권유린이 자행되고 있는 것이 현실이다. 또한 북한은 김정은 정권의 안정화를 위한 주민통제와 내부단속을 강화하고 대내안정을 위한 남북대결구도를 활용하고 있다. 따라서 김정은 체제하의 치안확보를 강화하기 위해 북한의 주민통제와 인권문제에 대한 우리의 대응이 요구된다. 더구나 2012년 7월 18일 김정은에 대한 원수추대로 야기된 북한 내 권력 변화는 선군정치대신 남북관계의 개선에 긍정적 변화를 관측하기도 하지만 경험적으로 북한의 김정일을 위시한 수뇌부는 북한체제 내부결속이 필요하거나, 대북지원을 유도하는 가장 손쉬운 방법이 대남군사도발이라 생각해왔기 때문에 향후 김정은으로의 후계체제 완성을 위해서는 언제나 군사도발 방법을 배제할 수 없어 이에 대한 철저한 군사적 대비책이 요구된다. 또한 북한인권문제와 관련해서는 ① 장ㆍ단기 대북 인권정책의 수립 및 추진체계 재정립, ② 북한인권 핵심현안의 우선적 해결노력, ③ 북한인권개선을 위한 국제공조강화, ④ 북한인권개선을 위한 대내적 역량강화 등이 요구된다. 요컨대 북한인권의 개선 없이는 바람직한 민족공동체 형성도, 미래지향적 평화통일도 불가능하다. 따라서 우리 정부와 국민은 튼튼한 안보의 바탕 위에서 장ㆍ중ㆍ단기 종합적인 북한의 주민통제와 인권문제에 대한 개선대책을 마련하고 이를 일관되게 추진해 나가야 할 것이다. This paper is to analyze Kim Jeong-Eun regime's social control and human rights issues, focussing on theirs current situations and ROK's counter-measures. For the purpose of that this paper intend to search for introduction, Kim Jeong-Eun regime's social control and internal crackdown, worsening human rights situation in North Korea, ROK's counter-measures to North Korea's social control/human rights Issues, and conclusion. North Korea regime's poor human rights situation there is a strong correlation with the characteristics. Succession to power in April 2012 finalized the formulation of economic difficulties, despite the regime Kim Jeong-Eun missile launch massive waste of money but no change in the improvement of living conditions for residents have not seen. Regime in terms of policing and strengthen controls on refugees, and is continuing of public executions and concentration camps, human rights abuses still is a reality that has been carried out. In addition, North Korea Kim Jeong-Eun for the stabilization of the regime crackdown on residents to strengthen internal control and to stabilize domestic utilizes civil confrontation. So Kim Jeong-Eun improving security to strengthen the regimes of North Korea's population control and our response to human rights issues is required. July 18, 2012 More recently Kim Jung-Eun's enemies, instead of bolting the Civil Military First observation of the relationship may improve, but so far the leadership of the country, including North Korea's Kim Jong-il regime requires internal cohesion or aid the easiest way to induce South Korea military provocation as I have been think Kim Jeong-Eun in the future at any time for the completion of the succession times provocative military provocation because you can not deduct a thorough military preparedness is required for this. In addition, with regard to human rights issues and short-term planning and promotion of human rights policy toward North Korea redefine system, Human Rights in North Korea's first efforts to resolve key issues, strengthen international cooperation for improving human rights in North Korea, human rights capacity building for improving the Internally are required. In short, the improvement of human rights in North Korea without the formation of ethnic communities also desirable, even future peaceful reunification impossible. Therefore, our government and people on the basis of strong security Chapter of the short-term measures to improve human rights in North Korea provided a comprehensive and consistent it will move forward.

고대 중국인들의 學에 대한 소론 : 선진시기 유가의 學을 중심으로

오만종(Ou, Man-Jong)(吳萬鍾) 대한중국학회 2020 중국학 Vol.73 No.-

본 논문은 먼저 공자의 언행록인 『論語』에 보이는 배움에 관한 기록들을 분석한 결과, 크게 다른 사람으로부터 배워야한다는 내용과 문헌을 통해 배워야 한다는 두 부류의 기록으로 나뉨을 알 수 있었다. 사람으로부터 배운다는 것은 기본적으로 다른 사람의 장단점을 통해 장점은 따르고 단점을 보았을 때는 스스로를 반성해야 한다는 생각과 不恥下問의 자세를 언급한다. 그리고 역사 속의 인물들 특히 문왕이나 무왕 그리고 주공과 같은 성인들을 통해 통치의 도를 배우고, 뿐만 아니라 다른 많은 현인들에 대해서도 언급하고 있는데, 그들의 장점은 따르고 단점을 보았을 때는 스스로에게 돌이켜보고 고쳐나가며 배울 것을 희망했을 것이다. 유가 전적으로부터 배워야 한다는 내용은 공자가 『詩』를 통해 말하는 능력 즉 정신적 사유능력을 기를 수 있고, 『禮』를 통해 남과 더불어 원만하게 교류할 수 있는 행동능력을 배양할 수 있다는 주장과 같은 유가전적들의 효용에 대한 언급에 힘입어 전국시기 이후 점차 ‘六經’이라는 유가경전의 틀이 형성되었을 것이며, 그 과정을 논술하였다. 끝으로 유가가 주장하는 이상적 군자의 형상이 어떤 모습인가를 잘 드러내기 위해 군자와 소인을 비교하여 설명하였다. 그리고 군자는 궁극적으로 현인이나 성인의 경지에 이르기를 희망한다. 그 방법에 대한 언급은 맹자에 보이는데, 즉 마음을 다해야 性을 알 수 있다는 언급으로부터 그 열쇠를 찾을 수 있다. 인간은 心을 통해 性을 부여해준 천명을 알게 되고, 천명을 앎으로써 인간의 도와 세상에 필요한 가르침 즉 배움을 알 수 있고, 인간은 배움을 통해 현인이나 성인의 경지로 나아갈 수 있게 된다. 유가사상은 한 인간에게 있어 배움의 궁극이 성인에 이르는 길이라면, 배움을 통해 달성하려는 사회적 이상은 『大學』에서 그려지고 있는 內聖外王의 실현에 있음을 논술하였다. The aim of this paper is to analyze Xue (學; Learning) in Confucianism. The author begins by tracing the background of Confucian ideas and thoughts in ancient Chinese ideology, as well as explaining the formation of Confucianism with the texts of Shijing, Shujing and Zhouyi. The author continues by stating the difference between Confucianism and Taoism to explore the concept that Confucianism limits the Xue on humans. Accordingly, in Lunyu, the author reviews Xue in two different categories: learning (Xue) from others and learning (Xue) from literature. Learning from others indicates that humans should not only learn and follow others’ strengths but also be introspective when discovering others’ weaknesses. Confucianism particularly stresses that people should learn from historical figures such as King Wu, King Wen, and Zhugong. Learning from literature signifies that humans should increase their cognitive ability by reading Shi and strengthen their behavior through Li. These ideas developed since the period of the Warring State which led to the form of the Confucian scripture “Liujing”. Lastly, the author discusses that the ideal stage of Xue is to become a Junzi (wise man). Confucian explains in Mengzi that humans learn their Xing (God’s will) by Xin (heart); furthermore, understanding humans’ Tao and Xue can lead the way to becoming a wise man. In conclusion, Confucian describes that the ultimate goal of Xue in terms of individuals is to be a wise man, and socially the stage of Neishengwaiwang (Inner Sage and Outer King) is the ideal state.

건강한 중년남성에 있어 유산소 운동능력(VO₂ peak)이 맥파속도(Pulse wave velocity)와 CRP에 미치는 영향

안기만(Ahn, Ki-Man),김종혁(Kim, Jong-Hyuck) 한국체육과학회 2012 한국체육과학회지 Vol.21 No.1

The purpose of this study was to effect of the aerobic capacity on arterial stiffness and CRP in healthy adults. Experimental, epidemiologic and clinical studies have provided strong evidence that physical exercise has beneficial effects on multiple physiological variables affecting cardiovascular health. The subjects consisted 699 middle aged men who was aged 40-59 years were checked by blood test(including CRP), measurement of body fat, blood pressure, exercise stress testing and pulse wave velocity. Aerobic capacity was determined in all individuals by measurement of maximal oxygen consumption during treadmill exercise. VO₂peak significantly higher man was decreased hsCRP-0.1l4㎎/ℓ(p<0.002), PWV Right side-0.160(p<0.0001), PWV Left side-0.166(p<0.0001) and increased HDL-C levels 0.205(p<0.0001). These VO₂peak associated increases in HDL-C and decreased CRP levels and PWV. This study show that VO₂peak levels are positively correlated with hsCRP, HDL-C and PWV. Apparently healthy subjects with increased inflammatory markers have increased systemic arterial stiffness, which might reflect early atherosclerotic changes. Higher physical conditioning status, indexed by VO₂peak was associated with reduced arterial stiffness and hsCRP and increased HDL-C. The results of our study suggest that high aerobic capacity reduce hsCRP levels and improve PWV, HDL-C in healthy adult man.

연구논문 : 아마로 사용실태 및 향 선호도

김장순 ( Jang Soon Kim ),이종렬 ( Jong Ryol Lee ),박천만 ( Chun Man Park ) 한국미용학회 2006 한국미용학회지 Vol.12 No.3

The purpose of this study is to offer fundamental data for establishing a theory on aroma therapy by understanding Korean use and preference of aroma. The subjects of the study were 130 skin care specialists who worked for skin care salons and 410 general people in Daegu. The study was carried out through a questionnaire and inhalation test. The data were collected from September 1, 2003 to October 1, 2003. The result were as follows : 1. The rate of people who had experienced aroma less than 3 times was 40.5%. The rate of people who had not experienced aroma was 26.1%, who had experienced aroma massage was 33%, and who had inhaled aroma was 47.5%. The people who were older, wealthy, female, married, graduated from college were more experienced aroma(p<0.0l) and housewives in the thirties had more opportunities of experiencing aroma than other subjects. 2. General people preferred aroma Orange(66.3%) the most among 8 essential oils used in the test. The second preference was blended oil with Rosemary, Geranium and Lemon(26.1%). The third preference was the Lavender(25.8%). The order of preference in skin care specialists was Orange(83.3%), Lavender (48.8%), blended oil with Rosemary, Geranium and Lemon(42.9%), and blended oil with Lavender, Sandalwood, Ylangylang and Mandarin(26.2%). Both general people and skin care specialists disliked Teatree the most. 3. Lavender was more preferred by women than men (p<0.05) and Teatree was more preferred by men than women(p<0.0l). In particular, people in thirties liked Lavender the most(p<0.01). Teatree(p<0.001) and Sandalwood (p<0.05) were more preferred by married people than unmarried people. 4. The more educated people were, the more they liked the blended oil with Rosemary, Geranium, and Lemon(p<0.01). Housewives preferred Lavender(p<0.001) and Frankincense(p<0.05) and workers preferred Teatree(p<0. 001) and Sandalwood(p<0.05). As people were not healthy, they tended to prefer Teatree(p<0. 01) As people experienced essential oil, aroma massage and aroma inhalation more, they preferred Lavender and Frankincense. 5. Women`s average score was higher than men`s(women : 4.58, men: 4.18, total score: 6.0). Younger people more preferred aroma than older people(p<0.05). 6. 51.3% of specialists answered they used aroma for skin care less than one time a day, 35.7% of them used 2 or 3 times a day. 29.6% of specialists answered that the biggest difficulty in their work was the lack of knowledge of aroma. The next one was relationship with co-workers and pay(20.4%) and overwork was 13.9% 7. 37.3% of specialists had got massages 10~20 times from a skin care specialist and 31.7% of them had got massages less than 10 times. About experiencing aroma in everyday life, 42.9% of them experienced aroma 10~20 times and 28.6% of then experienced less then 10 times. 8. Generally, the more experienced people liked Lavender, Teatree, Sandalwood and Frankincense(p<0.05). 9. As a result of the survey on the specialists` preference, preferred oils were Lavender(22.4%), Rosemary (13.4%), Rose(10.1%), Jasmine(9.2%) and Orange(8.4%). Unpleasant oils were Teatree(16.0%), Yiangyiang(13.6%), Peppermint(9.9%) and Patchouli(8.6%). The specialists used Lavender the most (67.6%) in aroma therapy and used Rosemary(6.5%), Teatree(5.6%) and Peppermint(4.6%). In conclusion, the subjects` experience and knowledge of aroma were not high, and there was difference in preferences of aroma by their ages, gender, education, occupations, and experiences. However, both general people and the specialists had a difficulty in aroma use due to the lack of knowledge of aroma. So, if we apply aroma therapy to patients in consideration of their preferences, the best result will be expected. A systemic aroma education program for specialists is needed as soon as possible.