노걸대 3종 판본 내 중국어 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성에 대한 통시적 연구

( Maeng¸ Junghwan ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.95

본 논문은 원명청(元明清)대에 걸쳐 출판된 노걸대 3종 판본을 바탕으로 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성의 역사적 변천 과정에 관한 연구를 진행하였다. 노걸대는 당시 구어체 북방 관화를 기록한 자료로써 원대부터 청대에 이르기까지의 언어적 변화를 담고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 노걸대 3종 판본을 코퍼스 자료로 사용하여 명사 접미사의 형태론적 생산성을 분석하였다. 형태론적 생산성은 각 명사 형태소가 생성해낼 수 있는 새로운 어휘의 종류의 수를 바탕으로 측정되었다. 분석 결과 -儿이 원대부터 청대에 걸쳐 가장 높은 생산성을 지니고 있는 것으로 판명된 반면, 명사 접미사 -子와 -們의 경우 이 기간 동안 생산성이 지속적으로 감소하는 양상을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 형태론적 생산성과 어휘화의 밀접한 관련성에 대한 실증적 근거를 제시함과 동시에 형태론적 법칙을 통해 생성된 어휘와 어휘 목록에 등록된 어휘가 서로 독립적인 영역에 속해 있음을 시사하고 있다. This study focuses on the historical change in the productivity of Chinese nominal suffixes based on three versions of Laoqida (老乞大) published in the Yuan, Ming and Qing periods respectively. Because Laoqida transcribes spoken Chinese language at the time and also reflects language change over time spanning from the Yuan to Qing period, it serves as a corpus database that allows us to examine the premodern spoken Chinese language. Using Laoqida as a corpus database, this study used hapax-based analysis to examine morphological productivity of the nominal suffixes (-zi, -er, -men) under investigation based on the number of novel expressions created by each suffix. The findings of the study show that -er remains as the most productive suffix throughout the Yuan-Qing periods whereas the productivity of -zi and -men continues to decline over the same periods. The results of the study suggest that the morphological productivity and the lexicalization of derived words are closely associated with each other. Furthermore, the study provides evidence that lexicon and morphology should be considered as two independent domains.

C-NMR Spectroscopy에 의한 Olefin-Vinylchloride 공중합체의 tacticity에 관한 연구

맹기석,황택성 忠南大學校 産業技術硏究所 1990 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.5 No.1

Homo PVC and olefin-vinylchloride copolymers have been prepared by free-radical copolymerization at 60℃. Molecular weights of PVC and copolymers have been caracterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and C-NMR. We are used to calculate the tacticity shifts in the C-NMR spectra of PVC and copolymers by Bovey first order Markov statistics. Copolymers of vinyl chloride with isobutylene, propylene from 1.58 to 8.0mol% olefin, is found to random arrangment by ??C-NMR spectroscopy. The values of molecular weights of the copolymer ranged from 2.38 to 7.03×10⁴, measured by GPC. It was found that both the degree of conversion and molecular weight decreased in accordance with the increase of comonomer ratio in the copolymer.

일 장기 수용시설 노인들의 인지기능장애와 우울증상의 유병율

조맹제,함봉진,이부영,김성윤,신영민,이창인 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.5

목 적 : 본 연구는 수용시설의 노인들에서 인지기능장애와 우울증상의 유병율을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 방 법 : 한국의 한 수용시설인 꽃동네에 거주하는 60세 이상 노인 169명을 대상으로 한국판 Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE-K). Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire(SPMSQ), 축약판 Geriatric Depression Scale(SGDS). 그리고 the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D)을 적용하였다. 결 과 : 전체 169명중 153명(남자=72명, 여자=79명, 그리고 누락=2명)이 검사를 완성하였다. 연령의 범위는 60에서 102세였고, 평균연령은 74.17±8.27(남자71.76±8.14. 여자76.14±7.78)세였다. 교육기간의 범위는 무학에서 16년이었고, 평균교육기간은 3.04±3.93(남자 4.13±4.23, 여자 2.01±3.38)년이었다. 인지기능장애의 유병율은 MMSE-K≤23의 기준으로 56.2%, SPMSQ≤6의 기준으로 26.1% 로 평가되었다. 비교적 분명한 인지기능장애의 기준으로 MMSE-K≤19를 적용하였을 경우 유병율은 25.5%로 이는 SPMSQ≤6을 기준으로 하여 얻은 결과와 유사한 수준이었다. 우울증상의 유병율은 SGDS≥10의 기준으로 19%, CES-D≥25의 기준으로 23.5%로 평가되었다. 비교적 가벼운 우울증상까지 선별하기 위하여 SGDS≥8을 기준으로 할 경우 유병율은 39.2%로 이는 CES-D≥20을 기준으로 하여 얻은 결과와 일치하는 수준이었다. MMSE-K와 SPMSQ, SGDS와 CES-D, MMES-K와CES-D, MMES-K와 SGDS, 그리 고·SPMSQ와 SGDS 사이에 의미있는 상관관계가 관찰되었다. 결 론 : 수용시설 노인들에서 인지기능장애와 우울증상의 유병율은 매우 높은 수준이며, 이러한 결과는 수용시설 노인들에 대한 보다 집중적의 의료서비스가 필요함을 시사한다. Objectives : This study was to investigate the prevalence of cognitive impairment and depressive symptomatology among the long-term institutionalized elderly people. Methods : Mini-Mental State Examination-Korean version(MMSE-K), Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire(SPMSQ), Short version of Geriatric Depression Scale(SGDS), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression(CES-D) were administerd to 169 elderly residents in an institution, 'Got Dong Rae'. Results : One hundred fifty-three(males=72, females=79, and missing=2) completed the entire examination. Age ranged from 60 to 102 years and the mean of age was 74.17±8.27(males 71.76±8.14, females 76.14±7.78) years. Duration of education ranged from 0 to 16 years and the mean of duration of education was 3.04±3.93(males 4.13±4.23, females 2.01±3.38) years. The prevalence of cognitive impairment was estimated as 56.2% by MMSE-K≤23 and 26.1% by SPMSQ≤6. The prevalence of relatively definite cognitive impairment defined by MMSE-K≤19 was 25.5%, which was similar to the result achieved by using SPMSQ≤6. The prevalence of depressive symptomatology was estimated as 19% by SGDS≥10 and 23.5% by CES-D≥25. In the case of using SGDS≥8 as cutoff-point to screen mild as well as severe depressive symptomatology, the prevalence was 39.2%. It was identical to the result achieved by using CES-D≥20. Significant correlations were observed between MMSE-K and SPMSQ, between SGDS and CES-D, between MMSE-K and CES-D, between MMSE-K and SGDS, and between SPMSQ and SGDS. Conclusion : The prevalencies of cognitive impairment and depressive symptomatology were high in institutionalized elderly people. This results suggests that more intensive mental health care is needed for long-term institutionalized elderly people.

東學의 南·北接에 대한 批判的 檢討

朴孟洙 한양대학교 한국학연구소 1994 韓國學論集 Vol.25 No.-

三國時代의 武藝史的 考察

박맹로,박성회 동의공업대학 1998 論文集 Vol.24 No.1

The Three Kingdoms period in ancient Korean history marks a contentious period in which the three kingdoms were contention with each other in order to unify the Korean peninsula. For the purpose of the unification. each kingdom strengthened its own national defenses and developed various skills of martial arts. which contributed to physical and mental training during the age of Three Kingdoms. During that period. self-defense arts such as Gak-Jeo (Si-Rum) and Su-Bark (Taekwon-Do) developed as personal sports. and various games which had features of recreation and sport competitions were also popular among ordinary people. In view of the history of physical training in Korea. the characteristics of martial arts. self-defense arts as personal sports, and various recreation and games during the Three Kingdoms period show that in ancient Korea there were physical activities similar to the recent sport competitions.

한국어판 Composite International Dianostic Interview(K-CIDI)의 개발

조맹제,함봉진,서동우,홍진표,배재남,김장규,이동우,조성진 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.1

연구목적 : 본 연구는 국제적인 정신장애 진단도구인 Composite International Diagnostic Interview(CIDI)를 한국의 사회문화적 상황에 적합하게 번역하고 신뢰도 및 타당도를 평가하여 한국어판으로 개발하기 위한 것이다. 방 법 : CIDI는 정신장애를 평가하고 진단할 수 있는 포괄적이고, 완전히 표준화된 진단도구로 훈련받은 일반인들이 적용할 수 있기 때문에 대규모 역학조사에 적합하다. 세계보건기구에서 제공하는 CIDI 번역 지침에 따라 한국어판 CIDI(K-CIDI)를 제작하였다. 영어권과 한국의 언어 및 사회문화적 차이를 고려하여 번역 및 개정을 하였고 역번역을 통하여 원본의 의미와 일치하는지를 확인하였다. 임상환자를 135명과 일반인 5명을 대상으로 신뢰도와 타당도 검사를 실시하였다. 두 명의 평가자가 K-CIDI를 이용하여 동일한 대상자를 동시에 면담하고 일주일 뒤에 재검사를 실시하였다. K-CIDI로 검사를 받은 대상자들을 정신과 전공의와 임상심리사가 한국어판 Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ를 이용하여 진단을 내렸다. 두 가지 진단의 일치도에 대한 kappa값을 산출하였다. 결 과 : CIDI의 번역에서 한국어 표현이 복잡하고 긴 문항은 두 개의 문장으로 분리하였고, 성과 관련된 표현과 의료체계 및 의료추구행태에서 사회문화적 차이를 반영하였다. 공포장애의 대상과 알코올 및 물질의 종류도 한국의 실정에 맞게 조정하였다. 현장 검사와 역번역 과정에서 K-CIDI가 적절하게 제작된 것으로 평가되었다. K-CIDI의 평가자간 신뢰도 검사는 140명에 대하여 이루어졌고 kappa값은 진단에 따라 0.86∼1.00범위였다. 검사/재검사 신뢰도 검사는 47명에 대해 이루어졌고 kappa값은 진단에 따라 0.42∼0.89였다. K-CIDI의 타당도 검사는 50명에 대해 이루어졌고 kappa값이 진단에 따라 0.50∼1.00의 범위였다. 결 론 : K-CIDI는 한국의 사회 문화적 배경에 적합하게 제작되었고 신뢰도 및 타당도 검사에서 역학연구에 적절한 진단도구로 평가되었다. Objectives : This study aims to develop a Korean version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview(K-CIDI). Methods : The Composite International Diagnostic Interview(CIDI) is a comprehensive, fully standardized interview that can be used to assess psychiatric disorders and provide diagnoses. The K-CIDI was developed according to the guidelines provided by the WHO. The reliability and validity of the K-CIDI was evaluated by examining 135 psychiatric patients and five community residents. Subjects were jointly interviewed twice with a one-week interval. A psychiatric resident and clinical psychologist jointly determined clinical diagnoses using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-Ⅳ. Results : Notable modifications were done on sex-related expression, health system and help seeking behavior, subjects for phobic disorder, and kinds of alcohol and substance. Long and complex questions were divided into two or more questions. Field test and back-translation of the K-CIDI confirmed the appropriateness of the translation of the CIDI. The inter-rater reliability, test/retest reliability, and validity of the K-CIDI indicated kappa values ranging from 0.86-1.00, 0.42-0.89, and 0.50-1.00, respectively. Conclusion : The K-CIDI was deemed to be appropriate for the sociocultural background of Koreans. The reliability and validity of the K-CIDI were judged to be exceptionally acceptable.

중위도 겨울철에서 구름의 고도와 중첩이 대기가열 및 냉각율에 미치는 영향

김맹기,곽종흠,서명석 공주대학교 기초과학연구소 2000 自然科學硏究 Vol.9 No.-

이 연구에서는 장파 (Chou et al., 1994) 및 단파(Chou, 1992)복사 모델을 이용하여 중위도 겨울철 조건하에서 구름의 고도, 구름의 중첩이 대기 가열 및 냉각율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 모델의 입력자료로 사용한 중위도 평균적인 기온, 비습, 오존의 구조는 McClatchey et al.(1972)로부터 얻었다. Based on the longwave and shortwave radiation model, the effects of cloud height and overlapping on the atmospheric heating and cooling rate was studied in midlatitude winter condition. The vertical profiles of air temperature, specific humidity, and ozones was obtained from McClatchey et al.(1972).

낮병원 치료 : 2년간 추적연구

조맹제,이부영,신동수 大韓神經精神醫學會 1994 신경정신의학 Vol.33 No.1

저자들은 1989년 1월 1일부터 1990년 12월 31일까지 서울대학교병원 낮병원에서 퇴원한 만성정신분열병 환자 30명을 같은 기간 보호병동에서 퇴원한 정신분열병 환자 30명과 성별, 연령, 주치의의 예후에 대한 평가등을 1:1로 짝지워 총30쌍, 60명을 대상으로 낮병원 입원이 환자의 예후에 미치는 영향을 기준 퇴원후 2년간을 후향적 추적방법으로 비교 연구하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 추적기간동안 양군의 사회인구학적인 변인은 통계적으로 의미있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 사회인구학적 변인 중 기준 퇴원시 학력과 이전 입원횟수에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 2) 재입원율, 재입원횟수, 재입원환자수, 누적재입원횟수, 누적재입원환자수 등의 일반 예후변인에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 단지 낮병원군에서 기준 퇴원후 1년간의 재입원율이 통계적으로 유의하게 더 컸는데, 2년후 전체 재입원율에 있어서는 양군이 유사하였다. 3) 사회적응도에 있어 양군에서 유의한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다. 단지 낮병원군에서 재입원한 환자들 (n=6)의 경우 시간이 지남에 따라 사회적응정도가 향상하는 양상을 보였다. 또한 기존의 연구들에서 퇴원후 주로 6개월 내지 1년 이내에 입원에 의한 사회적응효과가 나타난다고 했으나 본 연구에서는 오히려 추적 기간의 후반부에 사회적응도가 향상하는 경향을 보여 저자들은 이점에 대해 낮병원에서의 사회적응훈련이 '후기 효과'를 보일 가능성에 대해서 토론하였다. 본 연구의 결과만으로 낮병원 치료가 정신분열병환자의 예후에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가에 대한 확실한 결론은 얻을 수 없었다. 그러나 유병기간이 더 길고 사회적응이 어렵다고 판단된 낮병원 환자들과 보호병동군을 비교한 결과 기준퇴원후 2년간 각 예후변인들이 유의한 차이가 없었던 것은 낮병원 치료가 만성 정신분열병 환자의 사회재적응에 장기적으로 도움이 되었기 때문이라고 추론할 후 있다. 향후 본 연구에서는 고려되지 못한 정신분열병의 예후에 관련이 있는 좀더 많은 변수들을 충분히 고려한 전향적 연구가 필요하다. A two year retrospective follow up analysis of outcome was done comparing 30 chronic schizophrenic patients discharged from standard in-patient hospital to day hospital treatment with 30 matched patients discharged directly to the community. The authors developed an 80 item interview questionnaire for sociodemographic characteristics, social functioning, family functioning, psychopathology and rehospitalization. Index numbers of rehospitalization within two years were six in day hospital group, and eight in the comparative group respectively. When the duration was divided into three month intervals, cumulative percentage of number of patients rehospitalized was lower in the day hospital group. Readmission rate calculated by rehospitalization days divided by total follow-up days was, however, higher significantly in the day hospital group within one year. It seemed that this result within one year was due to the bias of selection of day hospital patient. That is, the poorer prediction of community adjustment by the psychiatrist was related with the day hospital treatment. Social functioning score checked on the rehospitalized patients showed little difference between the two groups.

과학과 인지적 영역의 평가에 관한 연구

신맹립,윤지홍,김규용 濟州大學校 師範大學 科學敎育硏究所 1986 科學敎育 Vol.3 No.-

The purpose of this study is to find out students' cognitve abilities in science lessons. Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives' Klopfer's Specification for Science Education, and Piaget's cognitive Development Theory were reviewed to build the evaluating tool. The contents of the constructed tool includes 33 percents' experimental items, and the rest were non-experimental. In the evaluating methods three types of questioning were adopted : multiple choice(79%), short answer test(l5%). and essay typy(6%). Data were collected from 359 students' who are attending middle schools in two cities in Cheju-do. To find out the statistical facts, students' scores were calculated into mean, standard deviation and percentile. The analysis of the data showed the following results : The average score of students' scientific thinking ability is around 58.3 which stands for lower state of thinking ability than expected. Students got higher scores in questions on the experimental-observational contents of learning. It seems that students understand this content of learning more easily than the others. However, students got very lower scores in the contents of learning which include such higher mental-processes as secondary, synthetic functions. It suggests that teachers ought to pay more attention to this content of learning to stimulate students higher mental ability. Score distribution and higher mental function showed positive relationship. The study has made certain that through the evaluating frame of cognitive domains we can assess students ability on the experimental areas of learning except the manual skills, even if paper tests are practiced.

資本構造의 理論

具孟會 釜山大學校 1983 經營 經濟 硏究 Vol.2 No.1

F. Modigliani and M. H. Miller(MM), in their outstanding papers of 1958 and 1963, stated the relationship between the behavior of the cost of capital and the value of a firm throughout all degrees of financial leverage. MM made a formidable attack on the traditional view on the cost of capital, capital structure and the valuation of a firm by suggesting three propositions about ① the average cost of capital, ② the cost of equity and ③ the cutoff rate in investment decision. Based on the three propositions, the study of the cost of capital and capital structure has been one of the main topics by financial theorists up to 1970's. Even in the beginning of 1980's the study is still conducted. It is no doubt that there are some limitations in proving MM's hypotheses. However, the reliability of MM's models based on the three propositions are still accepted as valid. Once we admit the assumptions of the perfect capital market and the constancy of cost of debt through all degrees of financial leverage, MM's models for ① the value of levered firm, ② the cost of equity funds and ③ the WACC do not present any inconsistency with those adjusted to the CAPM or to the personal income tax rate. And MM's average cost of capital can also be used as a cutoff rate in capital budgeting decisions. The arguments on the validity for the WACC model are mainly caused by the failure to recognize fact that the different WACC models (output) can be derived from the different input factors in calculation. That is, each WACC model represents its unique characteristics according to the following input factors in derivation. ① the type of cash flow like the before-tax cash flow, the overall cash flow or the net operating cash flow ② whether or not MM's valuation model(V_(L) = V_(U) + tB) is adjusted to the WACC model ③ the adjustment of KU's valuation model(V_(L) = V_(U) + MITS) to the WACC model ④ the adjustment of the personal income tax rate to the WACC model Each WACC after-tax is represented as a decreasing function of the financial leverage(B/V). That means the higher the financial leverage is, the lower the WACC after-tax is, which results in increase of the value of a levered firm. Such a functional relationship between the WACC after-tax and B/Vis also consistent in meaning with MM's valuation model of a levered firm, which presents the addition of the interest tax subsidy to the unleverd firm. Thus, the optimal capital structure can not exist theoretically if the irrational extreme level of fivancial leverage(B/V=1.0) is excluded. KU's models of a levered firm's valuation and the WACC are logically identical to the MM's. KU's models, however, removed MM's impractical hypotheses that the cost of debt is constant at all levels of financial leverage, and that all the firms should be the going-concern. Thus, KU's models are comprehended as the better tools in financial decisions in the sense that they are more contingent to the real financial situations. That is, the models have the higher flexibility in application, because they could be applied to every firm's valuation without limitation on the duration of business operation and the changes of debt costs. There are two factors affecting the value of a levered firm, when a firm increases the financial leverage. One is the interest tax subsidy and the other is the cost of financial distress. When a firm gradually substitutes the debt for equity funds, the former adds the value of the firm at the amount of tB(MM) or MITS(KU), whereas the latter reduces the firm's value as represented in the following models. MM: V_(L) = V_(U) + tB - FD KU: V_(L) = V_(U) + MITS -FD FD = the cost of financial distress If a firm increase step by step the financial leverage(B/V) up to 1.0 from 0.0, the cost of financial distress gradually carries the heavier weight (the reduction of a firm's value) than that of the interest tax subsidy (the addition of a firm's value). Thus, there should be a turning point of the value increasing trend in the range of 0.0< B/V <1.0 for a levered firm. That turning point of a firm's value is the indication of the optimal capital structure. That is, the capital structure composed at that turning point is the optimal capital structure which maximize the value of a firm. There are some difficulties, however, in measuring the cost of financial distress for the valuation of a firm, because the cost is always affected by many related factors. They are ① the nature of industry, ② the size of business, ③ the management situation, ④ the economic situation at the time of measurement and ⑤ the degree of competition and other business environments. Therefore, the measurement of the cost of financial distress is possibly attained for a particular firm at a specific period by research. However, it is concluded that the optimal capital structure can be surely explained by the counterbalance between the additional effect of the interest tax subsidy to the firm's value and the reduction effect of the firm's value due to the cost of financial distress.