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The Return of Local Autonomy: : An Analysis of South Korea's 1991 Local Elections
AHN, Byoung Man,MacManus, Susan A.,Palley, Marian Lief THE INSTITUTE OF EAST AND WEST STUDIES YONSEI UNIV 1995 Global economic review Vol.24 No.1
In 1991, South Koreans had their first opportunity to vote in local elections in over 30 years. At stake were 4,303 seats on 260 local councils in small cities, counties, townships, and municipal districts (nonpartisan elections) and 866 seats on councils in the nation's six large cities and nine provinces(partisan elections). The return of local elections was seen by some political observers as a benchmark for measuring the degree to which the Republic of Korea had evolved into a more democratic society. In fact, for quite some time, a more decentralized governmental system, as measured by local autonomy, had been seen as an essential step in any transformation of South Korea into a democratic state(cf. Kim, Bun Woong, 1991; Ahn, Chung-Si, 1991;Lie and Aaugh,1991;Lee, 1991). Korea is a nation with large and increasingly educated middle class. Its informed electorate is quite large. They understand the dynamics of Korean politics as well as several maxims of power that prevail. First, power resides in the national government, particularly in the president and in the chaebol (large industrial conglomerates). Second, family ties facilitate success and the ability to achieve position and power in the society. Nepotism is accepted as a cultural reality and it is not defined in any way as being improper or inappropriate. Third, "school ties" are extremely important. High school friendships and especially university connections are maximized when people strive for power. In particular, attendance at the elite universities, and especially Seoul National University seems to be a necessary ingredient for political success in Korea. Finally, regionalism remains very strong in Korea. The province of one's birth or one's family orgin usually helps to define a person's political perspective and political identity. Since power resides in the national government and particularly in a strong presidency and in protected industrial conglomerates controlled by national elites-rooted in family, education and region- and not with the masses, perceptions of local power and authority may have been minimized. Perhaps then it is not surprising that turnout in the local elections was quite low. Despite these caveats regarding Korean politics, analysts saw these elections as a test of traditional voting patterns. Of interest were whether:(1)turnout would be higher in the nonpartisan than partisan local races;(2)turnout would be lower in these local elections than in presidential or congressional elections;(3)turnout would be higher in urban areas than in rural areas;(4)winners would come from the opposition party;(5)regional voting patterns (east v. west; rural v. urban)would persist; and (6)more women candidates would run for and win local offices than National Assembly seats. In other words, would local elections contribute to the formation of a more participatory political system? The purpose of this article is to test each of these propositions.
Acupuncture Treatment in a Case with Equine Conjunctivitis
김덕환,Jianzhu Liu,최석화,Phillip MacManus,Paoraic Jennings,Karl Darcy,Fiona Burke,Nola Leorald,Phil A. M. Rogers 한국임상수의학회 2006 한국임상수의학회지 Vol.23 No.3
One male Arabian horse, 5-year-old, reared in Gort, Co Galway, Ireland was diagnosed as conjunctivitis. Acupuncture and aquapuncture with dexamethasone were done at BL01, BL02 and ST01, twice a week, and oculoacupuncture was done into Shangjiao area using with oculo-acupuncture needle for human use. At session 3, there were no lacrimation, ocular discharge and hyperemia in the eye. The present patient was a case with equine conjunctivitis which showed favorable therapeutic response by acupuncture treatment
Acupuncture treatment of torticollis in a foal
Kim, Duck-Hwan,Liu, Jianzhu,Lee, Jung-Yeon,MacManus, Philip,Jennings, Padraic,Darcy, Karl,Burke, Fiona,Rogers, Philip A.M. The Korean Society of Veterinary Science 2006 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.46 No.1
A 6-month-old thoroughbred filly foal had torticollis and circled towards the right side. A local veterinarian treated her twice using dexamethasone for 1 week but there was little clinical improvement. Needles were inserted into Ting points of both hind limb and one ocular acupoint (shang jiao area from GB01). Injection acupuncture (dexamethasone, twice/week) was used at GV16, GB20, BL10 and LU07, for the neck and head. Acupoint GB34 was added to those points at session 4. In addition, a trigger point in the left neck was injected with 0.2 ml ($200{\mu}g$ of apitoxin) of bee-venom diluted with 1 ml of 2% lidocaine from session 1 to session 3. At session 2, the symptoms had ameliorated a little. At session 3, they were much improved; the right ear was completely normal and the neck could be moved about 60% of normal range. At session 4, nodding was possible and stiffness of the neck was much improved, having returned to about 80% of normal range. Three days after session 4, the symptom of torticollis had disappeared completely and the foal could walk in a straight line. In conclusion, the present patient was a case with equine torticollis which showed favourable therapeutic response by combination of needle-acupuncture plus injection-acupuncture with dexamethasone and apitoxin.
Satyajit Dey Sarker,,Mohammad Shoeb,,Sezgin Celik,Marcel Jaspars,,Lutfun Nahar,,Paul Kong-Thoo-Lin,Stephen M MacManus 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2007 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.7 No.4
Plants from the genus Centaurea (C.) (Family: Asteraceae alt. Compositae), widely distributed in Asia, Europe and North America, have traditionally been used in the treatment of various ailments. As a part of our on-going studies on the plants from the genus C. for their phytochemistry and biological activities, extracts of the seeds of Turkish endemic C. species, C. bornmuelleri and C. huber-morathii, were tested for their cytotoxicity towards the CaCo2 colon cancer cell line as well as for the toxicity towards the brine shrimps, using the MTT and the brine shrimp lethality assays, respectively. Among the extracts, the MeOH extract of these plants showed significant toxicity towards the brine shrimps (LD50 = 55.2×10-2 and 42.4×10-2 mg/ml, respectively). The MeOH extract of both C. species also inhibited the growth of CaCo2 colon cancer cells in the MTT assay (IC50 = 29.9 and 33.0 g/ml, respectively). As the most prominent activities in both assays were observed with the MeOH extracts, it can be assumed that the compound(s) responsible for these activities are polar in nature.
Sarker, Satyajit Dey,Shoeb, Mohammad,Celik, Sezgin,Jaspars, Marcel,Nahar, Lutfun,Kong-Thoo-Lin, Paul,MacManus, Stephen M Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2007 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.7 No.4
Plants from the genus Centaurea (C.) (Family: Asteraceae alt. Compositae), widely distributed in Asia, Europe and North America, have traditionally been used in the treatment of various ailments. As a part of our on-going studies on the plants from the genus C. for their phytochemistry and biological activities, extracts of the seeds of Turkish endemic C. species, C. bornmuelleri and C. huber-morathii, were tested for their cytotoxicity towards the CaCo2 colon cancer cell line as well as for the toxicity towards the brine shrimps, using the MTT and the brine shrimp lethality assays, respectively. Among the extracts, the MeOH extract of these plants showed significant toxicity towards the brine shrimps ($LD_{50}=55.2{\times}10^{-2}\;and\;42.4{\times}10^{-2}mg/ml$, respectively). The MeOH extract of both C. species also inhibited the growth of CaCo2 colon cancer cells in the MTT assay ($IC_{50}$=29.9 and 33.0 g/ml, respectively). As the most prominent activities in both assays were observed with the MeOH extracts, it can be assumed that the compound(s) responsible for these activities are polar in nature.