Identification of lactobacillus fermentum Lim2 and its regulation of PaLoc gene expression in Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027

임진아 Chonnam National University 2017 국내석사

Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming, toxin-producing and anaerobic bacterium. Two exotoxins, toxin A and toxin B, are major virulence factors of C. difficile, causing extensive colonic inflammation and epithelial damage manifested by episodes of diarrhea. C. difficile toxin production may be regulated by quorum sensing (QS) systems. Probiotics are a group of microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when consumed. The present study aimed to identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from kimchi that could be used as probiotics. Effects of the isolated LAB on QS signals and toxin production by C. difficile were evaluated. Seven strains of LAB were isolated from kimchi and screened for acid and bile tolerances. Among the isolated strains, L3 and Lim2 exhibited excellent acid and bile tolerances. The L3 and Lim2 strains were identified by comparing their PCR-amplified 16S rDNA sequences (using universal bacterial primers) to those on the GenBank database. The sequences identities of L3 and Lim2 strains were 99% with Lactobacillus plantarum (accession No. KP887106) and 99% with Lactobacilus fermentum (accession No. EU54305), respectively. In the autoinducer-2 (AI-2) bioassay, cell lysates of heat-inactivated L. fermentum Lim2 caused an 82-fold reduction in AI-2 activity of C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 using the Vibrio harveyi reporter strain, without affecting the growth rate of C. difficile 027. mRNA expression of luxS, tcdA, tcdB, and tcdE was decreased, while that of tcdC increased. These results suggest that Lim2 is capable of interfering with the QS system and decreasing AI-2 and toxin production in C. difficile. In conclusion, Lim2 and be considered a potential probiotics that inhibits C. difficile toxins and can be used in dairy foods and dietary supplements.

Controlled synthesis and assembly of anisotropic metal nanostructures for stretchable electronic devices

Lim, Guhhwan Sungkyunkwan university 2018 국내박사

Advances in the field of wearable devices are largely dependent on the development of an effective strategy for fabricating stretchable electrodes. In addition to metallic conductivity and high stretchability, good electromechanical stability is required for stretchable electrodes to achieve reliable performance. An alternative strategy is to integrate one-dimensional conductive nanomaterials such as anisotropic metal nanostructures on or within a stretchable elastomeric substrate to form a percolating network that can provide an electrical pathway upon stretching. Despite recent progress, it remains a challenging task to produce highly stretchable and durable network films and devices based on anisotropic metal nanostructures via a simple manufacturing process. Here, we describe a simple, aqueous-phase route to synthesize anisotropic metal nanostructures via solution-phase synthetic methods. We found that multiple-twinned silver (Ag) seeds are generated preferentially at the nucleation stage of the heat-up synthesis, and then grow into long nanowires (NWs) with an average length of about 20 lm. We were also able to produce Ag nanoplates with an average lateral size larger than 1 μm and gold (Au) nanosheets with an average lateral size larger than ~50 μm. Furthermore, we firstly prepared stretchable Au electrodes made of multilayers of Au nanosheets. The electrodes patterned on a rubber substrate showed highly stretchable electromechanical properties under large strain levels (ε ≈ 60%). We also discovered that Ag NWs can be elastically deformed into curved structures within micrometer-sized liquid droplets generated during the spraying process due to the elasto-capillary interaction. By exploiting this curving phenomenon, we were able to directly produce percolating networks made entirely of Ag NW rings on arbitrary substrates, which could be readily embedded in an elastomeric substrate to fabricate stretchable electrodes. Finally, we demonstrated the fabrication of stretchable, highly sensitive, tunable, and durable strain sensors made of multilayered Au nanosheet films for the detection of various human activities. The sensor was simply fabricated by stacking Au nanosheet multilayers on an elastomeric Ecoflex substrate. We also successfully fabricated a fully stretchable and durable triboelectric nanogenerator based on Au nanosheet-embedded electrodes for human motion detection. 최근 착용형 전자 장치에 대한 관심으로 인하여 유연하고 신축성 있는 웨어러블 장치를 만드는 것을 목표로 플렉서블 디스플레이, 신축성 회로, 인공 전자 스킨 및 센서와 같은 차세대 애플리케이션이 주목받고 있다. 웨어러블 장치의 구현을 위해서는 장치를 구성하는 각각의 요소들이 유연 및 신축 가능해야 하며, 특히 소자구동에 필수적인 전극은 유연 및 신축성이 우수해야만 한다. 지금까지 보고된 대부분의 웨어러블 소자들은 Au, Al 또는 Cu와 같은 비신축성 금속 필름이 전극으로써 사용되었기 때문에 유연성 또는 신축성이 부족하다. 이에 기계적/전기적 특성이 우수하고 대량 생산이 용이하며, 용액 공정이 가능한 비등방성 금속 나노소재 기반 신축 소재 및 소자 기술이 큰 관심을 받고 있다. 본 학위논문에서는, 신축 소자용 비등방성 금속 나노소재를 합성하고, 이를 기반으로 우수한 기계적/전기적 내구성을 갖는 신축 전극 제조 기술을 설계하고 개발하였다. 또한, 비등방성 금속 나노소재 신축 전극 기반 스트레인 센서 및 신축 마찰전기 발전소자로의 새로운 응용분야에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 먼저 용액상 합성 방법을 통해 신축 전극 및 소자용 비등방성 금속 나노소재의 합성 기술을 개발하였다. 폴리올 합성법에 Heat-up 방법을 적용하는 은 씨앗 조절 기술을 통하여 약 ~20 μm의 평균 길이를 갖는 은 나노와이어 합성 기술을 개발하였다. 또한 수용액상 합성법을 통하여 평균 ~1 μm의 측면 크기를 갖는 은 나노플레이트 합성 기술과 생체분자인 아미노산을 이용하여 평균 ~50 μm의 측면 크기를 갖는 금 나노시트 합성 기술을 개발하였다. 다음으로 비등방성 금속 나노소재 기반 신축 전극 설계 및 제조기술 개발 연구를 진행하였다. 랑뮤어-블라짓 막의 일종인 Floating 방법을 이용하여 금 나노시트 기반 신축 전극 기술을 개발하였다. 다층으로 만들어진 신축성 금 나노시트 전극은 60%의 변형률, 10,000 번의 내구성 테스트에서 전도도가 일정하게 유지되는 우수한 기계적/전기적 내구성을 보였다. 또한 간단한 스프레이 코팅을 사용하여 용매의 표면장력만으로 은 나노와이어 링 네트워크를 구현하였으며, 30%의 변형률, 5,000번의 내구성 테스트에서 전도도가 일정하게 유지되는 우수한 기계적/전기적 내구성을 보여주었다. 마지막으로, 우리는 비등방성 금속 나노소재 기반 신축 소자를 설계하고 개발하는 연구를 진행하였다. 유연하고 신축성있는 소자를 제작하기 위해서는 반복적인 외부변형에 대해 기계적으로 견고하며 전기적으로 안정적이고 신뢰성이 우수한 유연 신축 전극의 개발이 선행되어야 한다. 이에 신축성 있는 고감도 금 나노시트 신축 전극 기반 스트레인 센서를 구현하고 다양한 인체활동의 탐지 및 구별 가능성을 보여주었다. 또한 금 나노시트-임베디드 전극을 기반으로 하는 신축성 마찰전기 발전소자를 설계하고 성공적으로 구현하였으며, 구동 메커니즘을 분석하였다. 본 연구 결과는 차세대 웨어러블 소자의 실용화를 앞당기기 위한 우수한 결과로 사료되며, 앞으로도 다양한 연구분야에 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Development of pentaplex RT-ddPCR assay for detecting HIV-1, HIV-2, HCV, HBV, and internal control

Lim, Sooyeon Sungkyunkwan University 2025 국내석사

The primary goal of this study is to develop a novel technology to ensure the safety of biological reference materials, particularly blood-derived reference materials. According to the WHO, blood products and reference materials for blood-borne pathogens such as HIV-1, HIV-2, HCV, and HBV require continuous validation to guarantee their integrity. Therefore, rigorous verification of blood-borne viruses is essential. The secondary goal is to propose a novel auxiliary diagnostic method. Most commercially available viral nucleic acid diagnostic kits rely on antigen-antibody tests or single-target real-time PCR (qPCR). However, accurate quantification of nucleic acids is crucial for virus diagnosis to determine the stage of infection and the success of antiretroviral therapy, which highlights the limitations of applying multiplex qPCR. qPCR requires a standard curve as the basis for quantification, and commercial kits utilizing this technology face challenges in absolute comparison and performance validation across different platforms. To overcome these limitations, this study employed ddPCR, an absolute quantification method that eliminates the need for a standard curve while offering high sensitivity and strong resistance to inhibitors. In this assay, the 95% detection limit for HIV-1, HIV-2, HCV, and HBV was validated at ≤5 copies/reaction, and high specificity was demonstrated for all targets. Robustness and precision tests showed low coefficients of variation (CV%), establishing the reliability of the assay. Furthermore, consistent detection of the internal control enabled the identification of false negatives. This study validated the ddPCR-based pentaplex detection method using international reference materials; however, several limitations remain, including the fact that it has not yet been applied to actual clinical samples. Nevertheless, it is significant that this study proposed a novel approach by integrating pentaplex RT-ddPCR into the screening and diagnostic fields, paving the way for future clinical sample research. 본 연구의 첫 번째 목표는 생물학적 표준물질 중에서도 혈액 유래 표준물질의 안 전성을 보장하기 위한 새로운 기술을 개발하는 것이다. WHO에 따르면, 혈액 제제 및 HIV-1, HIV-2, HCV, HBV와 같은 혈액 매개 병원체 표준물질은 그 무결성을 보장하기 위해 지속적인 검증이 필요하다. 따라서, 혈액 매개 바이러스에 대한 엄격 한 검증이 필수적이다. 두 번째 목표는 새로운 보조 진단 방법을 제안하는 것이다. 대부분의 상용화된 바이러스 핵산 진단 키트는 항원-항체 검사 또는 단일 타겟 real-time PCR(qPCR) 에 의존하고 있다. 하지만 바이러스 진단에는 감염 단계와 항레트로바이러스 치료 성공 여부를 판단하기 위한 핵산 정량이 필요하며, 이는 멀티플렉스 qPCR 적용에 서의 한계를 드러낸다. qPCR은 정량의 기준이 되는 standard curve를 필수적으로 요구하고, 해당 기술 을 사용하는 상용화된 키트들은 서로 간의 절대적인 비교와 성능 검증이 어렵다는 한계점이 있다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 표준 곡선이 필요 없 는 절대정량법을 이용하며, 억제제에 강하고 민감도가 높은 ddPCR을 사용하였다. 본 assay에서 HIV-1, HIV-2, HCV, HBV에 대한 95% 검출한계는 ≤5 copies/reaction으로 검증되었으며, 모든 타겟에 대해 높은 특이성이 입증되었다. 견 고성과 정밀성 테스트에서는 낮은 변동계수(CV%)가 관찰되어 assay의 신뢰성이 확립되었다. 또한 Internal control의 일관된 검출을 통해 위음성을 식별했다. 본 연구에서는 ddPCR 기반의 pentaplex assay를 국제 표준물질로 검증하였으나, 실제 임상 샘플에 적용해 보지 못했다는 사실을 포함한 몇 가지 한계점이 남아 있 다. 하지만, 스크리닝과 진단 분야에 pentaplex RT-ddPCR를 접목하는 새로운 방법 을 제시하여 향후 임상 샘플 연구를 위한 시도를 했다는 사실에 의의가 있다.

Semiotic translations of possession : multidimensionality of its embodiment

임어경 부산대학교 2013 국내박사

Semiotic Translations of Possession: Multidimensionality of Its Embodiment Zoë Eo Kyung LIM Department of English Language and Literature The Graduate School Pusan National University Abstract This dissertation aims to investigate the fundamental nature of possession from a translatological perspective and shed light to the intrinsically multidynamic relation of possession present in cognition, language, and culture. By means of a translation-specific centripetal inquiry into the ‘why’ and ‘how’ dimensions of possession (viz., via translation per se), it maneuvers into the often-cited intrinsic relations of possession transdisciplinarily. By revisiting the notion of possession in such a way that the intrinsic nature of translation constitutes the main problematics for the inquiry on the relation of possession, it attempts to establish a transdisciplinarily effective theoretical account that can help achieve in-depth knowledge and multidimensional insight as to how and why the fundamental concept of possession is conceived and practiced almost “universally” in spite of the diverse linguistic and cultural realizations. For the investigation, this study focuses on the biologically grounded cognitive aspect(s), that is, cognitive embodiment and enactment in relation to the (possible) origin of possession and implements a transdisciplinary investigation into the relationship between the linguistic and cultural realizations of possession, while delving into the intrinsic problematics of (semiotic) translation and looking for insightful knowledge and empirical clues. As possession should be studied in relation to the all but “universal” translatability of the notion and, also because translation must be (re-) examined as a principal agent or factor for the seemingly “universal” conceptualization(s) and realization(s) of possession in both language and culture, this dissertation seeks to investigate and explore the fundamental nature and dimensions of possession and those of translation at the same time. Particularly, with (situated) cognitive embodiment and global semiotics (thus, corporeally oriented biosemiotics) employed as its major theoretical frameworks, this transdisciplinary investigation makes an academic attempt for an empirically based description and critically oriented explanation in terms of the cognitive-linguistic and historical-cultural phenomena of possession, especially, focusing on the widely practiced transsemiotic examples available in the sphere(s) of everyday life. And, in order for the translatological perspective to be equipped with a greater degree of synthesizing capacity and explanatory adequacy in this transdisciplinary account, this dissertation proposes to actively yet critically embrace a broad(est) sense of translation—only recently concretized and advocated by a few pioneering scholars such as Susan Petrilli, Augusto Ponzio, and Dinda Gorlée following the tradition of the doctrines of the sign by Charles Peirce and Thomas Sebeok—along with two other cognitively based notions named prototype and experiential gestalt (Lakoff and Johnson 1980/ 2003). In its transdisciplinary investigation having (a) the human cognition and (b) the sign in a translative sense as two fundamental and significant factors—working across the entire anthroposemiosphere and affecting all the biosemiosphere, this dissertation, then, proposes an abductively drawn hypothesis that what makes human beings perceive and conceive of as possession should be, in effect, the proto-gestalt (i.e., the preliminary yet prototypical state of an experiential getalt, the researcher’s neologism) of their prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal experiences based on their primordial encounters with their mother signs (e.g., the womb umwelt, the base sign, the breast sign, the face sign, the eyes sign, etc.). It, then, argues that, as soon as the research takes the notions of (anthroposemiotic yet culture-specific) prototype and experiential gestalt into account for its theoretical integration into a broader and more fundamental paradigm of translation (i.e., to translate is to interpret; every sign activity is translation), it should become evident that the semiotic theory of translation can not only open up the channels for transdisciplinary cooperation and convergence but also increase the power of the explanatory adequacy—at least, in this investigation into the complex phenomena of possession. Subsequently, in order to find out the empirical clues or evidence that can support the abductively made hypothesis, the research observes and analyzes some linguistic and cultural realia—available in the English or Korean culture, for example—from the (inter-/ intra-/ trans-) corporeally based translative and translational perspective, particularly, concentrating on the semiospheres of endolinguistic, interlinguistic, and anthroposemiosic translation/ translating. From the analysis, there appear several significant characteristics concerning the translation mechanism and strategies of the proto-gestalt-induced and/ or proto-gestalt-evoking translation: (a) Translation is, fundamentally, the process of transsigns and, thus, that of the sign itself. (b) Translation is, quintessentially, manipulatively selective due to the intrinsic nature of the sign, for which value-driven and value-laden processes (and results) are inevitable, irrespective of the tendency of taking reductionist, ocularcentrist, and/ or dichotomy-centered functionalist interpretations for granted. (c) Translation is and can be done multiperceptually rather than entirely rationally-cognitively (thus, multidimensionally and transsemiotically devised and implemented) with the body as its critical agent that has its own transsemiotic literacy and multimodal abilities. (d) Translation is (re-) translatable by means of the semiotic properties of iconicity, symbolicity, and indexicality in an infinitely open-ended manner. (e) The basic translation strategy is the use of the implicitation-explicitation scale (and, also, the homogenization-heterogenization continuum), even if the specific translation strategies may vary to the eyes of the ocularcentric and glottocentric analysts. (f) The establishment and further development of the proto-gestalt of/ for possession are ontogenetically preconditioned and phylogenetically susceptible. Individual differentiation is natural and unavoidable because of the unique baby-mother experience. (g) The properties of the orality-oriented phonocentric signs and those of the visuality-oriented ocularcentric signs have to do with the fact that every human being has his/ her own intercorporeally based transsemiotic experiences and their proto-gestalts, but it does not directly confirm that possession and those properties are “universal” because even the idea of “uni-verse” or “uni-vers-al”—along with many other metaphors—may originate in the baby’s primordial experiences of the proto mother signs (e.g., the womb umwelt, the single unique voice from above, etc.). (h) As the sign process for the human being is already and always intercorporeal and transsemiotic across multiple dimensions with multiple modalities (viz., intrinsically border-crossing and having ‘the other’ as a critical constituent of one sign), all the transsigns practices and realizations are naturally susceptible to reductive yet transformational interpretations. Nonetheless, the excessive non-stop use of absolute reductionism (e.g., ocularcentrism, glottocentrism, dichotomy-based binarism) and skopos-centered functionalism (e.g., presciptivism, standardization and institutionalization of diverse languages as one authoritative language with strict usages, etc.) cannot be validated or justified owing to the fundamental nature and dynamics of the transsigns in the anthroposemiosphere and the bio-/ zoësemiosphere. (i) While the interlingual translation often resorts to the idea of equivalence-based exchange trades, the unique value-sensitive semiotics and semiosis of the proto-gestalt-related possession within each unique umwelt does not and cannot allow for “equi-valence”, for which exchange trades are only forcibly done on the basis of collectively agreed existence of the collectively conceptualized imagination of exchange. Exchanges carry on not because of the equivalence tautology but because of the natural translatability of the sign. In this sense, those rule-defying and even eccentrically creative translations of the possessives found in actual interlingual translation practices are not poorly implemented exceptions but important empirical evidence that has clues for the transsemiotic and heterosemiosic interpretations of possession. (j) Many of the major metaphors that “we live by” (Lakoff and Johnson 1980/ 2003) should be directly or indirectly related to the baby’s primordial experiences of the proto mother signs available at the phases of genesis, naissance, and suckling. (k) The existence and operation of the multidimensionally embodied proto-gestalt of/ for possession appear to have empirical clues throughout the anthroposemiosis, not just in the languages. The importance of the face sign, for example, must have to do with the existence and functions of the brain region concerning the face recognition and the rewarding/ indulgence/ reinforcing (cf. somatic marker). To sum up, this dissertation concludes that, firstly, “possession” can and should be understood as a unique anthroposemiotically conditioned experiential gestalt that involves semiotranslations (i.e., sign as transsigns) and, secondly, translation per se inevitably and practically concerns global semioethics in zoë life (Petrilli 2003, 2010, 2012; Lim 2012c). 본 연구는 소유(所有, Possession)의 개념적, 현상적 특성에 ‘왜?’라는 질문을 가지고, 소유의 제 관계에 대한 보다 다각적이고 심층적인 이해를 위해 새로이 번역학적으로 접근, 그 문제틀을 재고찰함과 동시에 이론 상의 설명적 충족성 (explanatory adequacy)을 확보하는 것을 연구 목표로 한다. 소유의 본질적인 번역적 속성(translative nature)에 대한 논의 가능성을 타진하기 위해 언어학, 기호학, 인지과학, 인지언어학, 심리학, 번역학, 신경과학, 뇌과학, 신경언어학, 역사언어학, 문화연구, 사회학, 어원학, 역사학, 진화 생물학, 발생학, 광고학, 인지기호학, 생물기호학, 영유아 발달심리학, 고전 번역, 과학 철학, 번역사 등의 다양한 분야에서 이룬 이론적 발달을 적극 수용할 수 있는 초학문적 연구방법(a transdisciplinary research method)을 채택, 메타이론을 지향하는 학제간 연구를 통하여 소유의 본질과 함께 그 개념 속성의 기원을 탐색하고자 한다. 그 과정에서, 기호 작용으로서의 번역 개념 (또한 동시에, 번역적 개념으로서의 기호작용)이 어떻게 언어, 인지, 의미, 문화라는 복잡하고 다층적인 현상을 설명하고 기술해야하는 연구과제에 유용하고 유의미하게 사용될 수 있는지를 언어와 의미 (해석)의 다양한 층위와 양상을 통해 살펴보고 논의한다. 본 연구의 문제틀은 소유라는 일반적 개념 및 현상과 그 주요 의미 속성들 사이에서 쉽게 파악되는 (하지만 설명하기 힘든) 간극과 관계망에 주목하는 데에서 발생한다. 소유의 개념과 주요 의미 속성들이 지니고 있는 언어 횡단적 특징인 형식 차원의 제약성(i.e., 특정 범주의 단순 언어형식 사용)과 내용 차원의 확장성(i.e., 다양한 의미들의 중층적 결합 및 모호성)이—소유의 보편성이라는 일반화된 전제에도 불구하고—언어학적 연구에 있어서 기술적 충족성과 설명적 충족성 사이에 불균형을 초래한 사실에 주목하고, 학문적 경계를 넘어서 소유 그 자체를 보다 본질적이고 다각적으로 연구하기 위해 ‘실제 소유의 기원은 무엇인가?’ 그리고 ‘왜 소유 개념과 그 의미속성들은 인간 인지 상에서 그 보편성에 대한 믿음과 해석적 모호성/ 현상적 다양성을 동시에 야기시키는가?’라는 질문을 던진다. 질문이면서 동시에 문제의 핵심인 이러한 연구의 문제틀은 더 나아가, 소유의 본질적 속성(들)이 존재하는지, 그 속성(들)의 내재적 관계는 무엇인지, 번역과 소유 중 실제 보편적 언어 인지(e.g., 개념화 및 문법화) 및 전지구적 문화 작용(e.g., 소유적 행동과 삶의 방식) 등을 가능하게 하는 것은 무엇인지, 언어 표현과 문화 양상을 연결하는 근본적 연결고리는 실제 무엇인지, 오늘날의 소유 개념과 방식을 물질 세계에 대한 경험론적 기술(empirical description)의 근거로 삼을 수 있는지 아니면 삶의 올바른 존재론적 그리고 인식론적 이해를 위한 비판의 대상으로 이해해야 하는지 등의 질문들을 제기하고자 한다. 그 문제틀 내에서 일차적인 연구를 위해 형태론적, 의미론적, 통사론적 층위 등 다양한 언어 층위에서 상이성을 가지는 개별 언어의 대표적인 예로 영어와 한국어의 경우를 선정하고, 실제 언어와 문화의 경계를 뛰어넘는 보편적 소유 관계가 존재하는지 확인하기 위해서 영어언어학과 한국어언어학 분야에서의 소유구문관련 선행연구들을 우선 조사한다. 언어학 분야에서의 선행연구는 개별 언어의 경계를 넘어서 소유의 의미가 내재적 관계(intrinsic relationship), 전체-부분 관계(part-whole rela-tionship), 통제성(state of control), 수반/ 동반성(comitative/ concomitance), 분리 (불) 가능성(in-/ alienable relationship), 처소/ 공간성 (location/ spatiality), 존재 (existence/ being) 등의 보다 세부적인 의미 요소들에 의해 유형화된다는 것을 보여주는 한편, 문화에 따른 언어 형식의 차이(e.g., 영어의 ‘have’ 동사 vs. 한국어의 ‘있-’ 동사, 영어의 ‘’s’ vs. ‘of’ 그리고 한국어의 사이시옷 vs. ‘-의’)가 심리언어학적 실체를 토대로 한 언어진화적 결과인지 아니면 그 외의 비가시적이면서도 결정적인 외적 인자 또는 인위적/ 의도적 작용이 행사함 으로써 나타나는 부산물적 사회, 문화 현상인지 등과 같은 질문 앞에서는 그 이론적 충족성이 약화된다는 점을 보여준다. 즉, 기존의 언어학적 선행연구는 기술적 충족성을 그 강점으로 가지며, 설명적 충족성에서는 아직 많은 부분이 연구되어야하는 것으로 파악된다. 하지만, 소유의 개념을 각 개인, 사회, 문화의 차원에서 특징적으로 구체화하고 담론화시키는 것을 소유 해석에 대한―언어 문화적 측면, 물리역사적 측면, 인류심리학적 측면 등이 강조된―번역적 역사 (translative histories of interpretation)로 파악하였을 때에도 이러한 기술적 충족성의 강세와 그와 대비되는 설명적 충족성의 부족은 해소되지 않는다 (viz., 존재와 소유의 긴밀한 대비 관계에 대한 설명 부재, 소유권(property)의 근원으로서의 소유(possession)에 대한 근원적 설명 부재, 등). 따라서, 본고는 이를 형태-내용, 실체-개념/의미, 몸-마음, 기표-기의, 물질-비물질, 주체-객체 (자아-타자), 이성-비이성, 언어-비언어, 인간-비인간 (cf. 영어 ‘men’ vs. 한국어 ‘인간’), 그리고 소유-무소유 등으로 절단/ 단절시키는 서양 전통적 사고, 즉, 극단적이고 편협한 시각 중심주의(ocularcentrism)에 기반한 절대적 이분법주의(absolutistic dichotomous thinking)를 강조하는 사고와 무관하지 않다고 보고 논의의 중심을 언어 현상에서 번역 현상으로 옮기는 노력을 꾀한다. 논의 주제의 복잡성과 다층성을 충분히 고려하여, 번역 개념과 (메타) 번역이론의 범위는 로만 야콥슨이 주장한 삼위론(즉, 언어내 번역, 언어간 번역, 기호간 번역)에서 보다 발전되고 체계화, 상세화된 기호학적 번역이론(STT, Semiotic Theory of Translation)에서 기술하고 설명하는 초기호적 기호로서의 번역(trans-lation as transsigns, transsigns as translation)이 제시하는 함의를 받아들인다(Petrilli 2003; Petrilli and Ponzio 2005; Petrilli 2010; Petrilli 2012; Gorlée 1994; Gorlée 2004). 이와 함께 Lakoff and Johnson(1980/ 2003) 이후로 인지언어학과 인지과학의 이론적 발전에 힘입어 큰 설득력을 얻고 있는 마음/ 인지의 체현(Cognitive Embodiment) 작용을 소유의 측면에서 보다 면밀하게 고려하도록 한다. 이러한 기호적, 인지적 번역을 고려하면, 모든 인간은 개개인이 고유한 기호적 번역을 경험하고 실천하는 근원적 의미의 번역자(human beings as respectively unique translators in a fundamental translative sense)이며 따라서 번역의 기호 작용과 그 범위, 과정(i.e., the semiotics and semiosis of translation)은 협의의 언어 범위와 인간/ 문화 기호계(anthroposemiosphere and cultural semiosphere)를 넘어서 모든 기호계(global biosemiosphere)에 적용됨을 알 수 있다. 본고는 다음 단계로, 기호학적 연구 방법뿐만 아니라 사회 문화의 질적 연구에 유용한 사유방법인 가추적(abductive) 사고를 통해 다음과 같은 가설을 상정하고자 한다. 즉, 인간기호계 (즉, 인간 경험의 영역) 내에서 모든 인간 개개인이 소유를 하나의 원형적인 개념으로 구축(prototypical concept formation) 가능케 하는 경험적 게슈탈트(experiential gestalt)가 존재, 작용하며 이는 실제 타고 나는 것이 아니라 태아 즉 생명이 어머니의 몸의 일부, 즉, 자궁 내에서 수정, 착상되는 순간부터 (viz., 최초의 전체-부분/ 수반/ 분리 불가능/ 통제/ 공간/ 내재적 관계 게슈탈트 형성) 그에 뒤이어 출생을 거쳐 어머니의 가슴과 얼굴, 눈을 시각, 촉각, 미각, 후각, 등을 매개로 경험하게 되는 수유기간까지—viz., 상징, 표상, 지표적 기호에 대한 몸 중심의 경험, 근본적인 광의의 기호적 번역(semiotic translation; translation as open transsemiotic processes)의 체현, 대상에 대한 개별적 애착 형성—크게 두 종류의 움벨트(Umwelt) 속에서 몸을 주 매개로 하는 (무의식적) 기호적 번역이 체현되는 과정 및 그 총체적 경험과 깊게 연관을 맺고 있다고 본고는 주장한다. 그리고 이러한 모체와 태아의 일차적이고 본질적인 상호신체성(intercorporeity) 기반의 총체적 경험을 소유의 원형 게슈탈트(proto-gestalt), 즉, 소유 개념 및 소유 현상과 관계된 경험 게슈탈트의 원형(prototypical experiential gestalt for/ of possession)으로 상정한다. 다양한 언어적 실현은 특정 문화 구성원의 소유 게슈탈트에 대한 또 다른 기호적 해석의 발현으로 사료되며, 이러한 가추적 가설을 뒷받침하기 위해 남은 장에서는 초학문적인 관점으로 제 학문 분야(e.g., 심리학, 발생학, 어원학, 진화생물학, 역사비교언어학, 인지언어학, 인지과학, 신경과학 등)에서 제시하는 여러 이론적, 실제적 지식과 정보를 검색하고 검증하고 수용하여, 이론적 가설에 구체적이고 실증적인 학술적 근거를 제시한다. 또한 원형 게슈탈트 (proto-gestalt)에 기반하거나 원형 게슈탈트(proto-gestalt)를 환기시키는 실제 기호적 번역의 예들을 크게 번역 기호계의 세 가지 하위 기호계 (anthropo-semiospheres of anthroposemiosic translation, interlinguistic translation, and endolinguistic translation)에 중점을 두고 관찰, 조사하여 소유관련 원형 게슈탈트(proto-gestalt)의 구체적인 초기호적 번역 가능성(transsemiotic translations enabled by the proto-gestalts of/ for possession)을 실제로 검증한다. 결과적으로, 표면적으로는 보편성-다원성의 대립적 이원성의 양상을 보이는 소유 개념과 현상은 그 근원적 속성이 인간 생명의 모태 내 발생 (genesis), 모태로부터의 출생(naissance), 모체를 통한 수유(suckling)와 보호라는 생명 초기의 몸 사이의 경험들(intercorporeal experiences)이 기호 번역의 기본 메커니즘을 통해 다차원적으로 체현되는 원형 게슈탈트(proto-gestalt)와 깊은 연관성을 가지고 있다고 제안하며, 특정한 언어적 현상 및 사회문화적 현상은 체현된 소유의 원형 게슈탈트의 일부 속성 및 양상(들)이 개별 번역자(들)의 가치체계와 (무)의식적인 번역 과정/ 현상/ 목적에 의해 다차원적인 방법으로 기호 번역적으로 실현된 것이라고 주장한다. 이러한 기호 중심, 번역 중심, 몸 중심, 생명 중심의 초학문적 연구방법과 관점은 그 이론적 한계와 문제 제기 가능성에도 불구하고 많은 긍정적인 이론적 함의를 제시하고 있다고 본고는 주장하며, 더 나아가 통합적, 인문학적, 다차원적 번역학 연구와 ‘소유’ 현상의 생명중심적 재고찰에 있어 후행 연구를 위한 다양한 새로운 가능성을 제공한다고 결론 짓는다.

Sarcopenic Obesity Index in relation to Diet and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Obese Women

임희주 경희대학교 대학원 2022 국내석사

Objective: We analyzed the relationship among SVR (appendicular skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio), an indicator of sarcopenic obesity, dietary factors and cardiometabolic risk factors in Korean women with obesity. Methods: Fifty-nine Korean women aged 19-65 years with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 25 kg/m2 but < 32 kg/m2 were included in this study. SVR was obtained through dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and computed tomography (CT). Cardiometabolic risk factors were evaluated through anthropometric, blood pressure, biochemical measurements, and dietary factors were measured through 3-day food record and the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ). Student’s t-test, general linear model analysis was performed to analyze the associations among SVR, cardiometabolic risk factors, and dietary factors. Results: Cross-sectionally, SVR is inversely correlated with the levels of blood lipids (β = -0.390, P = 0.023 in total cholesterol, β = -0.346, P = 0.047 in LDL-cholesterol), hs-CRP (β = -0.369, P = 0.016) is positively correlated with physical activity (β = 0.358, P = 0.018) among cardiometabolic risk factors. Among the dietary factors, SVR is inversely correlated with fatty acid intake (all P < 0.05) and positively correlated with vitamin B6 (β = 0.338, P = 0.012) and vitamin B12 (β = 0.281, P = 0.024) intake. Moreover, there is no association between eating behavior and SVR. Conclusions: As approached sarcopenic obesity, blood lipids, inflammatory indicator levels worsen, and fatty acid intake increased. Conversely, the far from sarcopenic obesity, the greater the amount of physical activity, and the intake of vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 increased.

Security analysis and quality of protection for wireless networks

임선희 Graduate School of Information Management and Secu 2010 국내박사

A diversity of wireless networks, with rapidly evolving wireless technology, are currently in service. Due to their innate physical layer vulnerability, wireless networks require enhanced security components. WLAN, WiBro, and UMTS have defined proper security components that meet standard security requirements. Extensive research has been conducted to enhance the security of individual wireless platforms, and we now have meaningful results at hand. However, with the advent of ubiquitous service, new horizontal platform service models with vertical cross-layer security are expected to be proposed. Research on synchronized security service and interoperability in a heterogeneous environment must be conducted. Security Interworking for Seamless Wireless Service - This thesis analyzes security mechanisms in wireless networks, and designs a secure and efficient protocol for a handover reusing the key materials generated before the handover phase. Especially, we describe in this thesis a handover scenario between WLAN and a WiBro network and propose a fast and efficient authentication scheme for the handover. In the scheme, a Serving Network (SN) plays a key distribution center role so that the Mobile Node (MN) can be quickly associated to a Target Network (TN) before starting a full authentication scheme where a remote Authentication Center (AC) is involved. In order to be sure that our handover protocol does not have any security flaws, we formally validated it using automatic protocol analyzer AVIPSA. Evaluation Model for Balanced Wireless Service - As wireless network cannot dispense with a proper security measure due to its inborn vulnerability, a new security measure has been developed with an advent of new wireless network technology. Each security measure properly serves the security needs of its associated wireless network as it was intended to. In heterogeneous environments, to design the balanced security components, quantitative evaluation model of security policy in wireless networks is required. Quality of Protection (QoP) estimates the stability of individual network system by quantifying security intensity. So, it can work as an evaluation standard for the security of network. Firstly, this thesis considers Historical Vulnerability Measure (HVM) and relative weight in total reward function for the improved QoP model. HVM is objectively organized by Flow-based Abnormal Traffic Detection Algorithm for utility function. Secondly, to design appropriate evaluation method of security policies in heterogeneous wireless networks, we formalize the security properties in wireless networks. As the benefit of security protocols is indicated by the QoP, we improve the QoP model and evaluate hybrid security policy in heterogeneous wireless networks by applying to the QoP model. Deriving relative indicators from the positive impact of security points, and using these indicators to quantify a total reward function, this thesis will help to assure the appropriate benchmark for combined security components in wireless networks.

Association of hepcidin with anemia parameters in incident dialysis patients : difference between dialysis modalities

임정훈 Kyungpook National University 2018 국내박사

목적: 만성 신부전에서 빈혈은 흔히 동반되지만 아직까지 철분대사나 조혈작용을 효과적으로 대변해주는 인자는 없는 상태이다. 혈청 헵시딘은 최근 철분 항상성과 관련된 주요 인자로 주목 받고 있으나 이와 관련된 인자들에 대한 연구는 부족한 상태이다. 본 연구에서는 투석을 처음 시작하는 말기신부전 환자들을 대상으로 혈청 헵시딘과 철분 지표들 및 다른 임상 지표들과의 관련성에 대해 분석하였다. 방법: 전향적 다기관 연구에 등록된 총 123명의 새로 투석을 시작한 환자들을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였으며 그 중 110명의 환자들이 연구를 완료하였다. 이 중 복막투석을 시행한 환자는 68명이었고 42명은 혈액투석을 시행하였다. 환자들은 6개월간 관찰되었으며 헵시딘 측정은 효소면역분석법으로 측정하였다. 헵시딘과 다른 임상 변수들과의 관계는 연구등록 시점과 투석 시작 후 6개월째에 선형 회귀모형을 통해 분석하였다. 결과: 혈청 헵시딘은 복막투석 환자군과 혈액투석 환자군 모두에서 6개월 후 증가하였다. 복막투석 환자군은 연구 기간 중 더 적은 양의 적혈구생성자극제를 사용하고도6개월의 투석 후 혈액투석군에 비해 높은 헤모글로빈을 보였다. 다변량 분석을 통해 각 연구 집단에서의 혈청 헵시딘 예측인자를 분석해보면 유지투석을 시행하기 전의 말기신부전 환자에서 혈청 헵시딘 예측인자는 aspartate aminotransferase (β=20.738, P=0.002), interleukin-6 (β=9.115, P=0.001), 페리틴 (β=0.042, P=0.041), 트랜스페린 포화도 (β=0.689, P=0.004), 인 (β=6.283, P=0.002) 이었고, 6개월간 복막투석을 시행한 환자들에서는 페리틴 (β=0.056, P<0.001), 총철결합능 TIBC (β=−0.184, P=0.023) 이었으며, 6개월간 혈액투석을 시행한 환자 집단에서는 페리틴 (β=0.048, P=0.095), 총철결합능 (β=−0.225, P=0.015), 소변량 (β=−0.021, P=0.004) 이었다. 결론: 혈청 헵시딘과 철분지표들과의 관계는 복막투석과 혈액투석 환자들에서 다르게 나타났다. 혈액투석을 처음 시작하는 말기 신부전 환자에서 소변량은 헵시딘의 독립된 예측인자로 밝혀졌다. 따라서 혈액투석을 시작하는 환자에서 잔여 소변량의 보존은 혈중 헵시딘을 낮출 것으로 생각된다.

Clinical Nutritional Approach to Human Studies on Health Functional Foods

손금희 경희대학교 대학원 2023 국내박사

A Study on the Assessment of Nutritional Adequacy and the Effects of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Extracts on Sleep Quality Improvement in Korean Adults with Poor Sleep Quality by Kumhee Son Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Nutrition Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University Advised by Dr. Hyunjung Lim Background & Aims: “Coronasomnia” is a newly coined word as sleep problems during the pandemic. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) has been known to contain hypnotic substances that induce sleep. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the effect of lettuce extract on the adults who have poor sleep quality, and to assess the nutritional adequacy of those with poor sleep quality. Methods: This is a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study from February 2021 to February 2022. Subjects aged from 30 to 65 who had poor sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) > 5) were enrolled. The subjects took 2 capsules of test or placebo every day for 4 weeks. PSQI, insomnia severity index (ISI), Epworth sleep scale (ESS), Stanford sleep scale (SSS) were measured to assess sleep quality. Actigraphy, sleep diary, and polysomnography (PSG) were used to assess sleep quantity. In addition, to assess sleep related symptoms, depression, anxiety, and fatigue were measured. Dietary intake during the study period was analyzed through 3-day food diary. The nutritional adequacy was analyzed by comparing with the estimated average requirement (EAR) from 2020 Dietary Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). Also, biochemical measurement, and adverse events were investigated for safety assessment. Results: Among the indices of sleep quality, the amount of changes in PSQI showed significant difference between the test and placebo group (daytime dysfunction: -0.87 ± 0.80 vs. -0.48 ± 0.82, p = 0.0221; global score: -4.91 ± 3.30 vs. -3.55 ± 2.66, p = 0.0328). The amount of changes in SSS showed significant difference between the test and placebo group (-0.66 ± 0.92 vs. -0.18 ± 1.02, p = 0.0206). Among the indices of sleep quantity, total sleep time (actigraphy: 27.48 ± 59.09 min vs. -8.26 ± 59.69 min, p = 0.0051; sleep diary: 32.11 ± 40.62 min vs. 14.20 ± 37.63 min, p = 0.0320) , sleep efficiency (PSG: 4.81 ± 9.53 % vs. -4.74 ± 12.06 %, p = 0.0103), and wake after sleep onset (PSG: -19.55 ± 32.59 min vs. 18.50 ± 39.16 min, p = 0.0025) improved significantly in the test group compared to the placebo group. In addition, the depression, anxiety, and fatigue symptoms improved after 4 weeks in the test group, whereas there was no significant difference in fatigue symptoms in the placebo group. As a result of evaluating nutritional adequacy, it was found that the intake of vitamin D (41.4 ± 40.3%) and magnesium (33.2 ± 14.2%) were insufficient compared with the EAR. Although there was no difference in nutritional adequacy according to severity of poor sleep quality, BMI was higher in the group with worse sleep quality. Conclusion: Lettuce extract showed possibility of improving sleep quality and quantity in the test group compared with the placebo group. As safety was also identified, it suggests that the lettuce extract can be an effective functional food to improve sleep quality. In addition, this study also showed that clinical nutritional intervention is necessary to improve sleep quality through nutritional adequacy assessment of people with poor sleep quality in Korea. Effects of Lotus and Turmeric Complex Extracts with Medical Nutrition Therapy on Blood Lipid Level in Adults with Borderline Dyslipidemia by Kumhee Son Doctor of Philosophy in Medical Nutrition Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University Advised by Dr. Hyunjung Lim Background & Aims: Lotus and turmeric extracts has been reported to have lipid-lowering effect. Medial nutrition therapy (MNT) is essential for dyslipidemia management. This study aimed to examine the effects of the lotus and turmeric complex (LTC) extracts with MNT on blood lipide levels in adults with borderline dyslipidemia in Korea. Methods: This is randomized, single-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Subjects aged from 20 to 60 with borderline dyslipidemia were enrolled. They were randomly assigned to 4 groups; Placebo (P) group, Placebo with MNT (PM) group, Test (T) group, Test with MNT (TM) group. To evaluate the effect of intervention, anthropometric measurement, blood lipid profile, dietary intakes were investigated. Results: MNT was only effective in subjects who took placebo. Changes of dietary intake such as energy (P: 215.0 ± 606.2 kcal/day; PM: -394..9 ± 542.1 kcal/day, p = 0.0041), carbohydrate (P: 23.9 ± 87.2 g/day; PM: -52.3 ± 66.2 g/day, p = 0.0073), fat (P: 7.6 ± 36.4 g/day; PM: -15.5 ± 59.6 g/day, p = 0.0212), and protein (P: 8.3 ± 27.1 g/day; PM: -15.3 ± 26.8 g/day, p = 0.0159), waist circumference (P: 091 ± 2.36 cm; PM: -2.18 ± 2.33 cm, p = 0.0006) and hip circumference (P: 0.87 ± 1.57 cm; PM: -0.92 ± 2.49 cm, p = 0.0174), triglyceride (P: 32.8 ± 61.5 mg/dL; PM: -13.1 ± 56.6, p = 0.0302) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, P: -3.1 ± 9.5 mg/dL; PM: 3.4 ± 7.8 mg/dL, p = 0.0373) were significantly larger in the group PM than P (p < 0.005). LTC was only effective in subjects who did not undertake MNT. The change of HDL-C (P: -3.06 ± 9.49 mg/dL; PM: 5.06 ± 6.43 mg/ dL, p = 0.0075) was bigger of group T than P. Conclusion: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the LTC extract on blood lipid levels in combination with MNT in adults with borderline dyslipidemia in Korea. Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and blood lipid profile were improved only in the MNT with placebo combination group. LTC only influenced HDL-C improvement in group that did not perform MNT.

A study of four Korean third grade EFL classrooms

임인재 Columbia University 2002 해외박사

This study describes how four Korean third grade classroom teachers carry out the new communication-oriented EFL curriculum under non-experimental, naturally occurring conditions and examines the extent to which the nature of their lessons meets the curricular goal of teaching English for communication. By observing and videotaping their EFL lessons, the types of learning activities and strategies each teacher utilized were depicted in detail. Then, the characteristics of the lessons were analyzed in terms of the curricular goals: the type of language skills, the focus of the instructional content, and the structures of as well as participants' role in classroom interactions. The results show that, in spite of their limited experience in and resources for teaching EFL, the teachers carried out the curriculum by exploiting unique individual teaching styles and strategies on the basis of their own perception of the second language teaching and learning. Regarding the curricular goals, the teachers were similar in putting strong emphasis on building speaking skills over listening comprehension. They also stressed students' interaction in English with less explicit instruction on grammatical rules, words, or sentences. Discussions of the broader context such as social customs and cultural background associated with particular instances of English interactions were rare. In contrast, they preferred different participant structures, favoring either student-centered role-play presentations or teacher-led activities; yet, their choices did not necessarily reflect their views of students' role in classroom interaction. These results suggest that additional textbook materials for the new curriculum should be developed to provide a variety of learning activities that could help realize the curricular goals as well as be practically adaptable for beginner students in large-size classrooms. At the same time, it seems necessary to develop teacher education programs which place more emphasis on the design, simulation, and analysis of teaching activities so that the classroom teachers not only can apply the curriculum appropriately within the context of their own classrooms but also continue to reflect on and modify their teaching for the future.

Fabrication of hollow boron-doped diamond nanostructure and its applications for electrochemical sensor

임영균 Korea University 2018 국내박사

Hollow BDD nanostructure was developed by using electrochemical corrosion of nanostructure template that was an environmentally friendly and economical method. Tungsten oxide nanowires are deposited on a silicon substrate as a template by the hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) method. By changing the temperature of the substrate, the structure of tungsten oxide nanowires was adjusted, and the optimal morphology with a length of 0.8 - 1.0 µm and 100 nm diameter of tungsten oxides was applied to the fabrication of hollow nanostructures. BDD layer deposited with a thick of 100 nm on the template, tungsten oxide nanowires, by HFCVD to form a core-shell nanostructure, and subsequently, the tungsten oxides core was eliminated by electrochemical corrosion resulted in form hollow BDD nanostructure. The fabricated hollow BDD nanostructure was investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The specific surface areas of the hollow BDD nanostructure was analyzed by using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The specific surface area of hollow BDD nanostructure exhibits 1.65 times larger than that of the nanostructure before corrosion of tungsten oxides (WOx/BDD). Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronocoulometry (CC) are used to investigate the electrochemical characteristics and the reactive surface area of the hollow BDD nanostructure electrode. The hollow BDD nanostructure electrode exhibits a reactive area that is 1.58 times that of the WOx/BDD electrode, which is similar with the result of BET specific surface area. Heavy metal and glucose detection was conducted using the hollow BDD nanostructure electrode that shows high sensitivity with a low detection limit, especially for glucose detection.