A Study of the Determinants of Outbound Travel Expenditure of Malaysian Travelers

Leng,Kan-Lye,Leng,Soo-Keng 세계문화관광학회 2009 International Journal of Culture and tourism Resea Vol.2 No.1

There is a growing trend of Malaysian traveling abroad despite the limited literature available on Malaysian outbound travel and its expenditure patterns. Hence, this paper attempts to study if there is any significant difference in the average expenditure of outbound travelers of different income level, socio-demographic factors and travel related behavior. It also examines the relationship between travelers' expenditure patterns and their income level, and identifies other determinants that influence travel expenditure. There is a significant difference in the average expenditure for different samples of income level, marital status, age group and travel group size. Total travel expenditure, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, entertainment and recreation and gift expenses are found to have significant positive relationships with income level. There is also a significant relationship documented for gender and marital status with total travel expenditure. Some of these results are consistent with previous findings. The study further discusses its limitations and provides some recommendations for future research.

Polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites prepared by suspension polymerization and their electrorheological behavior

Petr Slobodian,Vladimír Pavlínek,Aneźka Lengálová,Petr Sáha 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.1

Polystyrene and polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites, PS/MWNT, with MWNT content up to 1 wt.% were prepared in the form of microspheres through in situ suspension polymerization. The morphology of the fraction of 32–64 lm was examined by SEM and TEM microscopy. On the surface of the spheres the presence of MWNT was not observed. The microspheres intersections showed the structure of aggregates of sintered beads a few micrometers in size with heterogeneous interface. No MWNT material was observed inside the beads; it seemed to be situated in the heterogeneous phase of microspheres. Suspensions of PS/MWNT in silicone oil show electrorheological effect, whose intensity strongly depends on MWNT content in composite microspheres. Polystyrene and polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites, PS/MWNT, with MWNT content up to 1 wt.% were prepared in the form of microspheres through in situ suspension polymerization. The morphology of the fraction of 32–64 lm was examined by SEM and TEM microscopy. On the surface of the spheres the presence of MWNT was not observed. The microspheres intersections showed the structure of aggregates of sintered beads a few micrometers in size with heterogeneous interface. No MWNT material was observed inside the beads; it seemed to be situated in the heterogeneous phase of microspheres. Suspensions of PS/MWNT in silicone oil show electrorheological effect, whose intensity strongly depends on MWNT content in composite microspheres.

Community bonding and community wellbeing: Perspective from a Community Development Council in Singapore

( Leng Leng Thang ) 한국행정학회 2012 한국행정학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2012 No.-

A STUDY OF THE DETERMINANTS OF OUTBOUND TRAVEL EXPENDITURE OF MALAYSIAN TRAVELERS

Kan Lye Leng,Soo Keng Leng 세계문화관광학회 2009 Conference Proceedings Vol.10 No.0

There is a growing trend of Malaysian traveling abroad despite the limited literature available on Malaysian outbound travel and its expenditure patterns. Hence, this paper attempts to study if there is any significant difference in the average expenditure of outbound travelers of different income level, socio-demographic factors and travel related behavior. It also examines the relationship between travelers' expenditure patterns and their income level, and identifies other determinants that influence travel expenditure. There is a significant difference in the average expenditure for different samples of income level, marital status, age group and travel group size. Total travel expenditure, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, entertainment and recreation and gift expenses are found to have significant positive relationships with income level. There is also a significant relationship documented for gender and marital status with total travel expenditure. Some of these results are consistent with previous findings. The study further discusses its limitations and provides some recommendations for future research.

A Study of the Determinants of Outbound Travel Expenditure of Malaysian Travelers

( Kan Lye Leng ),( Soo Keng Leng ) 세계문화관광학회 2009 International Journal of Culture and tourism Resea Vol.2 No.1

There is a growing trend of Malaysian traveling abroad despite the limited literature available on Malaysian outbound travel and its expenditure patterns. Hence, this paper attempts to study if there is any significant difference in the average expenditure of outbound travelers of different income level, socio-demographic factors and travel related behavior. It also examines the relationship between travelers’ expenditure patterns and their income level, and identifies other determinants that influence travel expenditure. There is a significant difference in the average expenditure for different samples of income level, marital status, age group and travel group size. Total travel expenditure, accommodation, food and beverage, transportation, entertainment and recreation and gift expenses are found to have significant positive relationships with income level. There is also a significant relationship documented for gender and marital status with total travel expenditure. Some of these results are consistent with previous findings. The study further discusses its limitations and provides some recommendations for future research.

Two-Tier Interference Elimination for Femtocells Based on Cognitive Radio Centralized Spectrum Management

( Leng-gan Yi ),( Yi-min Lu ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2014 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.8 No.5

Femtocell provides better coverage and higher spectrum efficiency in areas rarely covered by macrocells. However, serious two-tier interference emerging from randomly deploying femtocells may create dead zones where the service is unavailable for macro-users. In this paper, we present adopting cognitive radio spectrum overlay to avoid intra-tier interference and incorporating spectrum underlay and overlay to coordinate cross-tier interference. It is a novel centralized control strategy appropriate for both uplink and downlink transmission. We introduce the application of proper spectrum sharing strategy plus optimal power allocation to address the issue of OFDM-based femtocells interference-limited downlink transmission, along with, a low-complexity suboptimal solution proposed. Simulation results illustrate the proposed optimal scheme achieves the highest transmission rate on successfully avoiding two- tier interference, and outperforms the traditional spectrum underlay or spectrum overlay, via maximizing the opportunity to transmit. Moreover, the strength of our proposed schemes is further demonstrated by comparison with previous classic power allocation methods, in terms of transmission rate, computational complexity and signal peak-to-average power ratio.

Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose to Cellulose Acetate Propionate (CAP) Over SO₄^2-/ZrO₂ Solid Acid Catalyst

Leng, Yixin,Zhang, Yun,Huang, Chunxiang,Liu, Xiaocheng,Wu, Yuzhen Korean Chemical Society 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.4

The solid super acid catalyst $SO{_4}^{2-}$/$ZrO_2$ was prepared by impregnation method using $ZrO_2$ as the catalyst support. Catalyst forming was taken into consideration in order to separate catalyst from the mixture of cellulose acetate propionate (CAP). $Al_2O_3$ and sesbania gum powder were selected as binding agent and auxiliary agent respectively. The catalytic properties were evaluated through esterification of cellulose with acetic anhydride, propionic anhydride and characterized by XRD, FTIR and $NH_3$-TPD. In this paper, the effects of concentration of $H_2SO_4$ impregnated, calcination temperature, esterification temperature and esterification time on the yield, acyl content and viscosity of CAP were investigated. The results showed that $SO{_4}^{2-}/ZrO_2$ successfully catalyzed CAP synthesis over catalysts impregnated in 0.75 mol/L $H_2SO_4$ and calcined at $500^{\circ}C$. The yield, acetyl content and propionyl content of CAP reached the maximum value of 105.3%, 29.9% and 25.8% reacted at $50^{\circ}C$ for 8 h.

Watch out for your<i>TRP1</i>marker: the effect of<i>TRP1</i>gene on the growth at high and low temperatures in budding yeast

Leng, Gang,Song, Kiwon,Jamieson, Derek Published by Elsevier/North Holland on behalf of t 2016 FEMS microbiology letters Vol.363 No.10

Power System Black-Start Decision Making Based on Back-Propagation Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm

Leng Ya-Jun,Huang Yuan-Hai 대한전기학회 2022 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.17 No.4

Black-start decision making plays an important role in power system restoration after a large-area blackout. However, most studies focused on the black-start decision making problem with complete information. In this article, a novel black-start decision making method based on back-propagation neural network and genetic algorithm, called BPNN-GA, is proposed to deal with the black-start decision making problem with incomplete information. In the proposed method BPNN-GA, back-propagation neural network is used to predict the missing values in the black-start decision matrix, and a complete decision matrix is obtained. Then, the weights of indexes are assumed to be a group of variables, and two weighted normalized decision matrices are constructed. Finally, the genetic algorithm is used to determine the optimal solution of the index weights, and the best black-start scheme is selected. Based on the data of Guangdong power system of China, experiments were carried out to investigate the eff ectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method even performs better than some black-start decision making methods considering complete information.

Palmprint recognition system on mobile devices with double-line-single-point assistance

Leng, L.,Gao, F.,Chen, Q.,Kim, C. Springer Science + Business Media 2018 Personal and ubiquitous computing Vol.22 No.1

<P>Compared with other biometrics, palmprint has several advantages in authentication on mobile devices. However, some serious challenges severely restrict the development of palmprint recognition on mobile environments, such as various locations and gestures of hand, complex backgrounds, diverse illuminations, and limited hardware resource. In order to overcome the aforementioned problems, a novel assistant technique, named double-line-single-point (DLSP), is proposed in this paper for palmprint acquirement. The assistant graphics include two line segments and one point, which help users to locate their hands correctly and accurately. Region of interest (ROI) can be localized directly with DLSP even without any preprocessing, so false localization is overcome effectively, and the computation complexity is remarkably reduced, and the real-time performance is improved. Furthermore, users feel more comfort and freedom in DLSP than the existing assistant techniques for palmprint acquirement. Moreover, a judgment rule for palm existence is designed to overcome improper enrollments, which judges whether the users place their hands appropriately. A practical palmprint recognition system with DLSP is implemented on mobile platform. The experimental results on the database collected with the developed system confirm the effectiveness and advantages of our algorithm.</P>