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PABC: Power-Aware Buffer Cache Management for Low Power Consumption
Lee, M.,Euiseong Seo,Joonwon Lee,Jin-soo Kim IEEE 2007 IEEE Transactions on Computers Vol.56 No.4
<P>Power consumed by memory systems becomes a serious issue as the size of the memory installed increases. With various low power modes that can be applied to each memory unit, the operating system can reduce the number of active memory units by collocating active pages onto a few memory units. This paper presents a memory management scheme based on this observation, which differs from other approaches in that all of the memory space is considered, while previous methods deal only with pages mapped to user address spaces. The buffer cache usually takes more than half of the total memory and the pages access patterns are different from those in user address spaces. Based on an analysis of buffer cache behavior and its interaction with the user space, our scheme achieves up to 63 percent more power reduction. Migrating a page to a different memory unit increases memory latencies, but it is shown to reduce the power consumed by an additional 4.4 percent</P>
Lee, M.,Yoon, J.,Song, H.,Lee, B.,Lam, D.T.,Yoon, J.,Baek, K.,Clevers, H.,Jeong, Y. Academic Press 2017 Developmental biology Vol.424 No.1
<P>The thalamus acts as a central integrator for processing and relaying sensory and motor information to and from the cerebral cortex, and the habenula plays pivotal roles in emotive decision making by modulating dopaminergic and serotonergic circuits. These neural compartments are derived from a common developmental progenitor domain, called prosomere 2, in the caudal forebrain. Thalamic and habenular neurons exhibit distinct molecular profile, neurochemical identity, and axonal circuitry. However, the mechanisms of how their progenitors in prosomere 2 give rise to these two populations of neurons and contribute to the forebrain circuitry remains unclear. In this study, we discovered a previously unrecognized role for Tcf7l2, a transcription factor known as the canonical Wnt nuclear effector and diabetes risk-conferring gene, in establishing neuronal identity and circuits of the caudal forebrain. Using genetic and chemical axon tracers, we showed that efferent axons of the thalamus, known as the thalamocortical axons (TCAs), failed to elongate normally and strayed from their normal course to inappropriate locations in the absence of Tcf7l2. Further experiments with thalamic explants revealed that the pathfinding defects of Tcf7l2-deficient TCAs were associated at least in part with downregulation of guidance receptors Robol and Robo2 expression. Moreover, the fasciculus retroflexus, the main habenular output tract, was missing in embryos lacking Tcf7l2. These axonal defects may result from dysregulation of Nrp2 guidance receptor. Strikingly, loss of Tcf7l2 caused a post-mitotic identity switch between thalamic and habenular neurons. Despite normal acquisition of progenitor identity in prosomere 2, Tcf7l2-deficient thalamic neurons adopted a molecular profile of a neighboring forebrain derivative, the habenula. Conversely, habenular neurons failed to maintain their normal post-mitotic neuronal identity and acquired a subset of thalamic neuronal features in the absence of Tcf7l2. Our findings suggest a unique role for Tcf7l2 in generating distinct neuronal phenotypes from homogeneous progenitor population, and provide a better understanding of the mechanism underlying neuronal specification, differentiation, and connectivity of the developing caudal forebrain.</P>
Lee, M.,Won, Y.,Shin, Y.,Kim, J.H.,Chun, J.S. Published for the Society by Baillère Tinda 2016 Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Vol.24 No.1
<P>Objective: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2 alpha and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis in chondrocytes serve as catabolic regulators of osteoarthritic cartilage destruction by regulating the expression of catabolic factor genes. We explored possible crosstalk between these signaling pathways and its biological significance in osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Microarray analysis, various mRNA and protein assays were conducted using primary cultured mouse articular chondrocytes and experimental OA cartilage to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between HIF-2 alpha and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis. Experimental OA in mice was induced by intra-articular (IA) injection of adenovirus expressing HIF-2 alpha (Ad-Epas1), ZIP8 (Ad-Zip8), or MTF1 (Ad-Mtf1) in wild-type mice or mice with cartilage-specific conditional knockout of HIF-2 alpha (Epas1(fl/fl); Col2a1-Cre), ZIP8 (Zip8(fl/fl); Col2a1-Cre), or MTF1 (Mtf1(fl/fl); Col2a1-Cre). Results: HIF-2 alpha activated the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis in chondrocytes by upregulating the Zn2+ transporter ZIP8, thereby increasing Zn2+ influx and activating the downstream transcription factor MTF1. The zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis, in turn, acted as a novel transcriptional regulator of HIF-2 alpha. HIF-2 alpha-induced activation of the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis amplified HIF-2 alpha regulation of OA cartilage destruction by synergistically promoting expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. Thus, HIF-2 alpha-induced activation of the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis, together with zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 regulation of HIF-2 alpha, acted collectively to synergistically promote expression of matrix-degrading enzymes and OA cartilage destruction. Conclusion: Our findings identify a reciprocal activation mechanism involving HIF-2 alpha and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis during OA pathogenesis that amplifies catabolic signaling and cartilage destruction. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd and Osteoarthritis Research Society International.</P>
Lee, M.,Heo, M.H.,Lee, H.H.,Kim, Y.W.,Shin, J. Applied Science Publishers ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 Carbohydrate Polymers Vol.159 No.-
A series of elastomeric nanocomposites with superior tensile strength and extensibility, simultaneously exhibiting softening, was prepared using in situ polymerization by homogeneously dispersing TEMPO-oxidized cellulose individualized nanofibers (TOCNs) in a polyurethane urea (PUU) matrix. The structure of these PUU composites covalently cross-linked with the TOCNs was characterized. It was interesting to find that the amount and size of the hard domains in the composites gradually decreased by introducing crosslinkable TOCNs. With only 2wt% of TOCNs incorporated, a 10.4-fold increase in tensile strength, 5.5-fold increase in strain-to-failure, and a decrease of 35% in the coefficient of thermal expansion were achieved, compared with those of neat PUU. However, the elastic modulus of the nanocomposites gradually decreased with up to 1wt% of TOCNs. Conversely, with 2wt% of TOCNs, the stiffness of the elastomers again increased, due to filler-filler interaction over the CNFs percolation in the nanocomposites.
Lee, M.,Jang, Y.,Kim, K.,Cho, H.,Jee, S.h.,Park, Y.,Kim, M.K. Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co 2010 Atherosclerosis Vol.213 No.1
Objective: Limited information is available on the association of HDL subtypes and the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). The objective of the present study was to investigate the association of HDL subspecies with the prevalence of MetSyn in new outpatients. Methods: Five hundred forty-one new outpatients (366 males and 175 females) were enrolled in two hospitals participating in the KMSRI-Seoul Study. The new criteria for the Korean MetSyn based on the 2005 KHANES were used. Medical questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, 3-day recall dietary assessments, and blood biomarker analyses were performed. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate crude and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with multivariate adjustments. The proportions of HDL subtypes were measured after subtypes were identified by 4-30% gradient gel electrophoresis. Results: Of the subjects, 50.8% were classified as MetSyn; blood pressure (BP) and fasting blood sugar (FBS) among the five criteria did not differ by gender. Increasing the HDL<SUB>2b</SUB> subtype significantly reduced the risk of MetSyn in males and females. The association of small size HDL<SUB>3b</SUB> with the risk of MetSyn was stronger in females than in males: adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for the 3rd tertile of HDL<SUB>3b</SUB> compared to the 1st tertile were 3.79 (CI, 2.00-7.18) in males and 11.2 (CI, 2.1-59.6) in females. However, a decreased waist circumference (WC), BP, and triglycerides (TG) were observed with increased large HDL particles in males. Conclusions: Small-sized HDL was associated with increased MetSyn risk factors and closely related to WC, BP, TG, and HOMA-IR, particularly in males.
Lee, M.,Oh, S.Y.,Pathak, T.S.,Paeng, I.R.,Cho, B.Y.,Paeng, K.J. Elsevier 2007 Journal of chromatography Vol.1160 No.1-2
A simple and selective one-step solid-phase extraction procedure using chemically modified polymer resin (Amberlite XAD-4) with crown ether was investigated for the measurement of urinary catecholamines. After loading the urine samples (adjusted to pH 4) on the synthesized adsorbent cartridge, the column was washed with methanol followed by water and then the adsorbed catecholamines were eluted by 1.0mL of 6.0M acetic acid. The effectiveness of sample clean-up method was demonstrated by reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Under optimal condition, the recoveries of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine from spiked urine sample were >86% for all catecholamines. The detection limits (n=5) for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine were 37, 52, and 46nmol/L, respectively.
Lee, M.,Shin, S. J.,Oh, Y. T.,Jung, D. C.,Cho, N. H.,Choi, Y. D.,Park, S. Y. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 European radiology Vol.27 No.9
<P>aEuro cent As a non-contrast MRI technique, fusion MRI is useful for bladder cancer.</P>