단수가격의 효과

조윤희(Jo, Yunhee),이원제(Lee, Won Jae),이성근(Yi, Seong Keun) 한국상품학회 2009 商品學硏究 Vol.27 No.3

단수가격에 관한 연구가 많이 이루어진 미국의 화폐 단위는 달러($)와 센트(¢), 두 가지로 표시한다. 하지만 우리나라의 경우 원(\) 단위가 유일하며, 1원 단위는 일반적인 현금 거래에서 통용되지 않는 화폐단위이다. 이처럼 기본적인 화폐 단위에 대한 차이가 있기 때문에 미국의 단수가격의 효과에 관한 실험 결과를 우리나라의 가격 연구에 그대로 받아들일 수 없다. 또한 단수가격의 효과에 관한 기존 연구들은 일반적으로 관여도가 낮은 저가격 제품을 대상으로 하고 있다. 따라서 우리나라의 경우에도 저가격 제품일 때 소비자의 가격에 대한 태도가 긍정적인지에 관한 연구와, 저가격 제품과 비교해 고가격 제품에서 단수가격을 사용하는 경우 그 효과가 달라지는지에 관한 연구를 하고자 한다. 실험 결과, 저가격 제품에서는 선행 연구에서처럼 단수가격에 대한 소비자의 태도가 정수 가격에 대한 소비자의 태도 보다 긍정적이었지만, 고가격 제품에서는 단수가격에 대한 소비자의 태도가 정수가격에 대한 소비자의 태도 보다 부정적으로 나타남을 증명하였다. 그러나 브랜드 인지도와 소비자의 가격에 대한 태도는 서로 상관이 없는 것으로 나타났다. Odd-price effect has been mainly applied to the goods with lower level price because consumers do not process the price information elaborately in the low involvement situation. Additionally as consumers have a tendency to process the price information from the left to the right digit, they perceive the goods with odd-price as much cheaper. The meaning of odd-price has some difference between U.S. and Korea. Usually odd-price in U.S. means 9-ending price. In Korea, odd-price should not be 9-ending price because unit "won" in price is perceived as a very small amount, the price strategy with 9-ending can not used. Thus, the odd-price should be the price ending at least 10 won. For that reason we can't apply the same concept used in U.S. to the Korean market. Based on the previous studies, I was concerned that odd-price policy still had an effect on the consumer attitude in Korean currency and that it could be applied to the good sith high level price. Additionally I checked how the brand moderates the effect of odd-price because brand could give some trust for the justification of the strategy.

일부 농촌지역 재가 장애인의 요구도 분석

정병옥,이규리,김근조,박흥기,김본원,Jung, Byeong-Ok,Lee, Cu-Rie,Kim, Keun-Jo,Park, Heung-Ki,Kim, Bonn-Won 대한물리치료과학회 2006 대한물리치료과학회지 Vol.13 No.4

The survey was conducted with participation of the 289 handicapped persons residing at the rural area OOeup-gun in Kyungbook for the period of March 2 - May 31, 2006, to study the nature in general of the handicapped and the boundaries of their need. For the nature in general of the handicapped, the study was done by gender iscrimination, age, marital status, religion, educational level, occupation, monthly income, disability cause, disabled duration, disability type, disability level. For the boundaries of their need, the study was done by demand of financial support, educational demand, demand of voluntary workers, need of rehabilitation and medical treatment, job training, improvement of living conditions, or so. Using the Win.SPSS program, we made a frequency analysis and conclusions on the nature in general of the handicapped and the boundaries of their need on a 2-test. Conclusions are : 1. Nature in general of the handicapped The existence of the handicapped shows high at the age over 51 (71.6%), male-handicapped (65.1%), primary school graduates (62.9%), farming engaging (65.2%), monthly income less than one million Won (80.5%), cause by disease (53.8%), duration more than 10 years (61.6%), disability at level 3 (39.8%), extremity disability (66.4%). 2. Correlation of nature in general with demand of the handicapped a. In demanding the financial support, support for helper’s compensation shows high (p<0.05). In demanding the necessity of voluntary workers, the male-handicapped appears high during the absence of family assistance and the female-handicapped appears differently per week and also appears high during the absence of family assistance (p<0.05). b. In educational demand of the handicapped by their age, the age below 30 demands technical-job training and the age over 31 demands medical education for health care (p<0.01). c. In demanding the financial support by educational level, support for living cost shows high (p<0.05). d. In demanding improvement of living conditions by postnatal cause of disability, improvement of house structure shows high (p<0.05). e. In demanding assistance of voluntary workers by disabled duration, "No Need" shows high in the disabled duration more than 4 years (p<0.05). f. In demanding rehabilitation and medical treatment by disability type, home-visiting treatment, oriental medical treatment and physical therapy show high (p<0.001). g. In educational demand by disability level, medical education for health care shows high (p<0.01).

권역심뇌혈관질환센터 사업의 비용-편익 분석

김병호 ( Byung Ho Kim ),감신 ( Sin Kam ),배상근 ( Sang Geun Bae ),김건엽 ( Keon-yeop Kim ),이원기 ( Won Kee Lee ),홍남수 ( Nam-soo Hong ),박형근 ( Hyeung-keun Park ),이혜진 ( Heyjean Lee ),조은정 ( Eun-jung Cho ),채성철 ( Shung C 한국보건정보통계학회(구 한국보건통계학회) 2017 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.42 No.1

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate economic feasibility of operating Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers using cost-benefit analysis. Methods: The current study assessed cost and benefit data collected from nine hospitals which were designated as Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers between 2008 and 2010. Results: The operation of Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers reduced mortality rate and length of stay due to acute myocardial infarction and stroke and also decreased disability occurred after stroke. The total calculated cost of operating nine Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers was 19.85-22.30 billion won and the minimum benefit calculated was 23.98 billion won. Applying the maximum cost and the minimum benefit, the net benefit was 1.68 billion won, which is estimated to 190 million won per Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Center. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the operation of Regional Cardiocerebrovascular Centers was economically beneficial. The benefit would be larger if intangible benefit such as the long-term effects to community hospitals and enhancement of quality of life of patients and their families are considered.

Molecular Surveillance for Tick-Borne Rickettsial and Protozoal Infectious Diseases of Dog in Korea

Keun-Ho Kim(Keun-Ho Kim),Mi-Sun Yoo(Mi-Sun Yoo),Hyun-Ji Seo(Hyun-Ji Seo),Kyu-Won Kwak(Kyu-Won Kwak),Hyunkyoung Lee(Hyunkyoung Lee),Jung-Won Park(Jung-Won Park),Seunghee Lee(Seunghee Lee),Soon-Seek Yoo 한국예방수의학회 2017 한국예방수의학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2017 No.-

Recovery Effects from Oxidative Cell Damage by So-Hap-Hyang-Won on Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells (BAEC)

Lee, Mi-Hwa,Kim, Ji-Young,Ju, Hyun-Yang,Lee, Ju-Young,Roh, Sang-Keun,Gu, Bon-Seong,Kim, Min-Ho,Han, Sang-Min,Kim, Hong-Sik,Choi, Won-Chul The Society of Korean Medicine 2003 대한한의학회지 Vol.24 No.4

So-Hap-Hyang-Won, a traditional oriental medicine used in the treatment of stroke patients, was examined for its ability to reverse the cell damage caused by lipid peroxidation products and oxidative stress in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). The effects of herbal medicine on cell proliferation and recovery of oxidative damaged situation were studied in BAEC, which was considered an appropriate in vitro model for stroke resulting from various vascular diseases prevalent in advanced age. In a clinical study of stroke patients, So-Hap-Hyang-Won appeared to improve considerably arm and leg movements as well as consciousness disturbance condition, compared with other traditional medicines used for stroke. When BAEC were treated with extracts of the lyophilized herbal medicines, only that of So-Hap-Hyang-Won stimulated cell proliferation and showed no toxicity even at high concentrations. In studies of BAEC treated with extracts of the lyophilized material of the 14 components of So-Hap-Hyang-Won, only the extract of Foeniculi Fructus stimulated cell growth at all concentrations tested. Moreover, when cells were treated with Foeniculi Fructus (10 and 100 mg/ml) extract after prior exposure to t-BHP ($l0\mu\textrm{M}$) or HNE ($0.2\mu\textrm{M}$), lipid peroxidation products which are known to be involved in aging and vascular diseases, or after the exposure to SIN-l ($500\mu\textrm{M}$), which generates nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive oxygen species, there was substantial recovery from the oxidative damage, presumably due to the radical-scavenging effect of Foeniculi Fructus extract. Foeniculi Fructus not only showed stimulatory effects on cell growth and cell damage repair in BAEC, but also appeared to show the most anti-aging activity among all the herbal components of So-Hap-Hyang-Won.

Optimal Shock Wave Rate for Shock Wave Lithotripsy in Urolithiasis Treatment: A Prospective Randomized Study

Keun Bai Moon,Go San Lim,Jae Seung Hwang,Chae Hong Lim,Jae Won Lee,Jeong Hwan Son,장석헌 대한비뇨의학회 2012 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.53 No.11

Purpose: We aimed to compare the effects of a fast shock wave rate (120 shocks per minute) and a slow shock wave rate (60 shocks per minute) on the shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) success rate, patient’s pain tolerance, and complications. Materials and Methods: A total of 165 patients with radiopaque renal pelvis or upper ureter stones were included in the study. Patients were classified by use of a random numbers table. Group I (81 patients) received 60 shock waves per minute and group II (84 patients) received 120 shock waves per minute. For each session, the success rate, pain measurement, and complication rate were recorded. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in the patients according to age, sex, body mass index, stone size, side, location, total energy level, or number of shocks. The success rate of the first session was greater in group I than in group II (p=0.002). The visual analogue pain scale was lower in group I than in group II (p=0.001). The total number of sessions to success and the complication rate were significantly lower in group I than in group II (p=0.001). Conclusions: The success rate of SWL is dependent on the interval between the shock waves. If the time between the shock waves is short, the rate of lithotripsy success decreases, and the pain measurement score and complications increase. We conclude slow SWL is the optimal shock wave rate. Purpose: We aimed to compare the effects of a fast shock wave rate (120 shocks per minute) and a slow shock wave rate (60 shocks per minute) on the shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) success rate, patient’s pain tolerance, and complications. Materials and Methods: A total of 165 patients with radiopaque renal pelvis or upper ureter stones were included in the study. Patients were classified by use of a random numbers table. Group I (81 patients) received 60 shock waves per minute and group II (84 patients) received 120 shock waves per minute. For each session, the success rate, pain measurement, and complication rate were recorded. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed in the patients according to age, sex, body mass index, stone size, side, location, total energy level, or number of shocks. The success rate of the first session was greater in group I than in group II (p=0.002). The visual analogue pain scale was lower in group I than in group II (p=0.001). The total number of sessions to success and the complication rate were significantly lower in group I than in group II (p=0.001). Conclusions: The success rate of SWL is dependent on the interval between the shock waves. If the time between the shock waves is short, the rate of lithotripsy success decreases, and the pain measurement score and complications increase. We conclude slow SWL is the optimal shock wave rate.

Five-Year Follow-up Study of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance in a Korean Elderly Urban Cohort

Lee, Yun-Gyoo,Bang, Soo-Mee,Lee, Jeong-Ok,Kim, Jin Won,Lee, Keun-Wook,Kim, Jee Hyun,Song, Jung Han,Kim, Tae-Hee,Kim, Ki Woong,Lee, Jong-Seok Korean Cancer Association 2015 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.47 No.2

<P><B>Purpose</B></P><P>We previously reported the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to be 3.3% among an elderly Korean urban cohort recruited during 2005-2006. Here, we report a 5-year follow-up study of the previously identified MGUS cohort.</P><P><B>Materials and Methods</B></P><P>The 680 participants from the initial cohort were followed-up for a median of 5 years. Sera were collected between 2010 and 2011. Two-step screening was performed with standard serum electrophoresis followed by immunofixation and determination of the serum concentration of monoclonal-protein (M-protein).</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Of the 680 participants (21 with MGUS), 348 (51%) agreed to participate in the follow-up study and 10 were found to have MGUS. Among the 21 MGUS patients initially identified, nine were followed-up, six had persistent M-protein, and one patient had progressed to multiple myeloma (progression rate, 1.0%/yr). The M-protein disappeared in the remaining two individuals. Among the 339 participants without MGUS who were followed-up, four developed an M-protein. There was no significant difference in survival with respect to the presence of MGUS (p=0.66).</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>The 5-year follow-up data show that the natural clinical course of MGUS in Korea is similar to that in Western countries. MGUS was not associated with an increased risk of death over the 5-year study period.</P>

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastric Cancer in Korea: An Evidence-Based Approach

Lee, Jun Haeng,Kim, Jae G.,Jung, Hye-Kyung,Kim, Jung Hoon,Jeong, Woo Kyoung,Jeon, Tae Joo,Kim, Joon Mee,Kim, Young Il,Ryu, Keun Won,Kong, Seong-Ho,Kim, Hyoung-Il,Jung, Hwoon-Yong,Kim, Yong Sik,Zang, D The Korean Gastric Cancer Association 2014 Journal of gastric cancer Vol.14 No.2

Although gastric cancer is quite common in Korea, the treatment outcome is relatively favorable compared to those in western countries. However, there are currently no Korean multidisciplinary guidelines for gastric cancer. Experts from related societies developed guidelines de novo to meet Korean circumstances and requirements, including 23 recommendation statements for diagnosis (n=9) and treatment (n=14) based on relevant key questions. The quality of the evidence was rated according to the GRADE evidence evaluation framework: the evidence levels were based on a systematic review of the literature, and the recommendation grades were classified as either strong or weak. The applicability of the guidelines was considered to meet patients' view and preferences in the context of Korea. The topics of the guidelines cover diagnostic modalities (endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and radiologic diagnosis), treatment modalities (surgery, therapeutic endoscopy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy), and pathologic evaluation. An external review of the guidelines was conducted during the finalization phase.

Poster Session : Rapid detection of hepatitis b virus by real time-pcr and micro-pcr assay

( Won Kang ),( Sang Bum Park ),( Youn Hyoung Nam ),( Young Chang An ),( Sang Hyun Lee ),( Jin Keun Park ),( Won Cheoul Jang ),( Su Min Park ),( Song C Chong ) 한국생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학회) 2006 생화학분자생물학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

The use of heparin chemistry to improve dental osteogenesis associated with implants

Lee, Sang Jin,Bae, Min Soo,Lee, Deok Won,Heo, Dong Nyoung,Lee, Donghyun,Heo, Min,Hong, Seoung-Jin,Kim, Joohyoung,Kim, Wan Doo,Park, Su A,Kwon, Il Keun Elsevier 2017 Carbohydrate polymers Vol.157 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this study, we designed a hybrid Ti by heparin modifying the Ti surface followed by Growth/differentiation factor-5 (GDF-5) loading. After that, products were characterized by physicochemical analysis. Quantitative analysis of functionalized groups was also confirmed. The release behavior of GDF-5 grafted samples was confirmed for up to 21days. The surface modification process was found to be successful and to effectively immobilize GDF-5 and provide for its sustained release behavior. As an <I>in vitro</I> test, GDF-5 loaded Ti showed significantly enhanced osteogenic differentiation with increased calcium deposition under nontoxic conditions against periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSc). Furthermore, an <I>in vivo</I> result showed that GDF-5 loaded Ti had a significant influence on new bone formation in a rabbit model. These results clearly confirmed that our strategy may suggest a useful paradigm by inducing osseo-integration as a means to remodeling and healing of bone defects for restorative procedures in dentistry.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Titanium surface was developed to selectively graft the polymer using bioactive chemistry. </LI> <LI> The developed hybrid titanium disc showed outstanding <I>in vitro</I> osteo-integration activities. </LI> <LI> The surface modified titanium implant exhibited significant bone tissue regeneration in a rabbit model. </LI> </UL> </P>