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이은섭 ( Eun Sup Lee ) 국어학회 2006 국어학 Vol.0 No.48
The verb ``kul-`` cannot independently refer a specific activity, because it has a defect in the aspect of meaning. The ``kul-`` always needs some adverbials, which precede to it and make its meaning concrete. Therefore, we regard them not as adjuncts, they should be complements as obligatory elements. There are three types of ``kul-`` construction. A. the construction KP or ADVP precede to ``kul-`` B. the construction DNP(dependent noun phrase) precede to ``kul-`` C. the construction CP precede to ``kul-`` Adverbials(KP or ADVP) in the construction A cannot have a thematic role, because the verb is semantically opaque and dependent upon situations. As a natural consequence it follows that is impossible to regard them as arguments. However, they are complements that should be necessarily realized in the aspect of a syntactic structure. A dependent noun phrase has a property ``stateness`` in the construction B. Each of dependent nouns combines selectively with a different adnoun clause according to the degree of the stateness it has. The ``-ke kul-`` construction, which is divided into two sub-types, is a representative form in comparison with the ``-i kul-`` construction of the constructions C. This is kind of control construction in which the subject realize as a empty category in that the subject in CP is the same as that of embedding clause. However, this construction should be the one unit in the level of conception if the subject of the CP is different with that of the embedding clause, i. e. the construction ``-ke kul-`` functions as a morphological unit like a transitive verb even though it is syntactic construction. 본고는 동사 ``굴-``의 구문 유형과 통사 구조에 대한 전반적 고찰이다. ``굴-``은 의미 내역이 불완전하여 단독으로는 구체적이고 특정한 행위 내용을 지시할 수 없다. ``굴-``은 통사적으로 부사어를 반드시 선행시켜야 한다. 그러므로 구조적 차원에서 ``굴-``에 선행하는 부사어들은 일반적인 부가어 성분이 아닌 필수 성분으로서의 보충어이다. ``굴-``이 실현된 구문은 크게 세 가지 유형으로 구분된다. 첫째, ``같이``, ``처럼``, ``으로``, ``제멋대로``, ``함부로`` 등 조사구나 부사구가 선행하는 구문, 둘째, ``듯``, ``양``, ``척`` 등의 의존 명사구 구성이 선행하는 구문, 셋째, ``-게``, ``-이`` 부사절이 선행하는 구문들이 그것이다. 조사구나 부사구가 ``굴-``에 선행하는 구문에서 필수 성분인 부사어들은 ``굴-``이 의미론적으로 모호하고 상황 의존적이어서 의미역을 지닐 수 없으므로 논항의 자격을 부여받지 못한다. 그러나 구조적으로 필수 성분이므로 보충어의 자격을 지닌다. 의존 명사구 구성이 ``굴-``에 선행하는 구문에서는 그 의존 명사구 구성이 대개 상태성을 지니고 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 의존 명사인 ``듯, 척, 양`` 각각은 스스로가 지니는 상태성 자질의 정도에 따라 관형사절과 선별적으로 통합하는 양상을 보였다. 부사절 ``-게``와 ``-이``가 ``굴-``에 선행하는 구문에서는 ``-게 굴-`` 구성이 대표적인 유형이다. 그런데 ``-게 굴-`` 구성은 구조적인 차원에서 이원적인 양상을 띠므로, 이들을 내포절과 모문절 주어가 동일한 구성과 내포절 주어가 모문절 목적어와 동일한 구성으로 하위 구분하였다. 첫째 구성은 내포절 주어가 공범주로 실현된 복합문으로 이해할 수 있다. 둘째 구성은 구조적으로는 내포절이 포함된 복합문이지만, 개념적인 차원에서는 ``-게``와 ``굴-``이 일종의 복합 서술어 구성을 이루어, 선행하는 논항들을 실현시킨다고 보았다.
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Privatization-related Subsidies under SCM Agreement
LEE EUN-SUP(이은섭),Yannan Sun 법무부 국제법무정책과 2011 통상법률 Vol.- No.100
There have been growing interests among the WTO member countries in the issue whether it is reasonable under WTO subsidy rules to impose countervailing duties on those goods imported from the privatized company based on the pre-privatization subsidies, even when the company was privatized at arm's length. This paper suggests the proposal for more reasonable interpretations and application of the SCM Agreement to avoid the abuse of the countervailing measures under the current WTO Agreement. For the applicable suggestion, it reviews the problems exposed through the enforcement of the United States subsidy-relating policy and irrational methodology in treating with the privatization-related subsidies, and the WTO's judicial decisions on them. With regard to the privatization-related issues, the United States attempted to impose countervailing measures on products imported from privatized companies, for which the U.S. made amendment to the countervailing duties law and tried to apply various methodologies in the countervailing investigation. Such efforts of the U.S., however, were criticized severely by the trading partner countries and also judged to be in breach of the SCM provisions of the WTO. The United States laws and the Department of Commerce's enforcement would impede the effect of the several salient U.S. trade policies and threaten the credibility in its efforts to pursue a trade policy toward liberalization and open markets. Such an approach would be harmful to the U.S. consumers and industry, foreign industries, and free trade in general. Since the United States has maintained ideological and pragmatic interests in promoting privatization in the word markets, its legislative and administrative approach to the privatization-related subsidies should conceptually be reframed to be well-grounded in economic principles, and compatible with the U.S. trade policy goals and, at the same time, the WTO spirit and principles.
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이은섭 ( Lee Eun-sup ) 국어학회 2014 국어학 Vol.69 No.-
이 논문은 단어나 문장의 형성 과정과 어휘부의 성격을 종합적으로 고찰하기 위한 일환으로 작성된 것이다. 특히 단어나 문장 형성의 과정에서 전형적인 절차를 밟지 않는 경우가 존재하는데, 이러한 양상을 보이는 요소들이 바로 임시 단어 형성 전용 요소와 임시 통사원자들이다. 그런데 기존의 어휘부 이론은 이러한 임시적 요소들을 배제해 왔으므로 그 성격과 행태에 대한 논의가 부족하였다. 그러므로 이러한 요소들을 그 성격에 따라 표층과 심층 어휘부에 각각 등재 요소로 편입하고 그 운용 절차에 대해서도 설명할 필요가 있다. 그리고 이를 바탕으로 기존의 어휘부의 조직과 구조를 수정함으로써 형태부나 통사부와의 상호 관련성을 보다 구체적으로 나타내 주어야 한다. This paper aims to reconsider some morphological and syntactic processes in relation to the structure of a lexicon. There are many exceptional cases in the word formation and sentence, i. e. especially the nounce word through a clipping the original form or the complex predication by verbals combination. It is impossible to explain these situations by the present theories of the lexicon that excluded theses temporary elements. However even though these elements are ad hoc, they respectably take part in the word or sentence formation as a root or a verb. Therefore we must put them into the list of registrations in a lexicon. Besides, we have to specify the positions for them in a lexicon too, then we could explain their roles and operations in the language processes more concretely.
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WTO체제하 무역과 환경의 조화를 위한 “동종상품”의 판단기준
이은섭(Eun-sup Lee),이양기(Yang-kee Lee) 한국국제상학회 2006 國際商學 Vol.21 No.1
One of the most controversial issues in interpreting the product under the GATT/WTO in linking trade with environmental policies is defining what is "like product". Even though the WTO Appellate Body"s decision, differently from the panels" decisions under the GATT, opened the door for environmental consideration to be taken into account in determining "like product", it is still unclear whether the Appellate Body takes into account the environmental concerns arising solely from the process and production methods of a product in determining the likeness of product. In order to balance the value of free-trade and environmental protection, the value of environmental protection which has arguably rather poorly been evaluated should be advanced by defining the term of "like products" more obviously; i.e. the definition of "like products" should be shifted from the way of emphasizing physical characteristics into the way of emphasizing functional characteristics.
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이은섭(Lee, Eun-sup) 중앙어문학회 2013 語文論集 Vol.53 No.-
This paper aims to investigate the characteristics of the second person pronoun ‘그대[keudae]’. Even though this pronoun is the correspondence of ‘너[neo]’(you) which is the most general second pronoun in the aspect of the addressee-honorifics, some people take it for third person pronoun in some instances recently. This case is originated from several causes.<br/> Most of all, when a addressee is invisible at the scene of discourse, some misread who is referred ‘그대’ as the third person she or he. Also since some changes occurred in the addressee-honorific system diachronically, the distribution scope of ‘그대’ became to cover all kinds of honorific styles.<br/> ? However we can identify the characteristics as the second person pronoun of ‘그대’ to be still steady. At first, ‘그대’ occurred in the imperative and the propositive without any constraints. There are no possibility that people would interpret it as the third person.<br/> At second, as ‘그대’ often combines with the vocative case marker ‘여[yeo]’, it would be introduced into the discourse as a addressee automatically. Besides, ‘여’ has some restriction in combining with other person pronoun. Therefore we reaffirmed that ‘그대’ has solid status as a second person pronoun.
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이은섭(Eun-Sup, Lee),김선옥(Sun-Ok, Kim) 한국통상정보학회 2006 통상정보연구 Vol.8 No.2
This paper discusses the definition of the term “domestic industry” in relation to the application of the safeguards provisions of the WTO through the judicial interpretation made by the WTO Appellate Body and panel. The requirements for the imposition of safeguards include a rapid increase in import quantity, the existence of serious injury or threat of serious injury to the domestic industry, and a causal relationship between the increase in imports and the industrial injury. The domestic industry refers to the producers that account for a considerable portion of the total national production, or the national producers who produce articles “like” or “directly competitive” with the specific imports. Chronically, there have been controversial disputes relating to the interpretation of the term “like” or “directly competitive”. Reviewing the disputes relating to the term “domestic industry” in application of the safeguards provisions since the establishment of the WTO, the interpretation of the term “like” has been made imposing weight on the physical characteristics of the products. This interpretation is in contrast with that of the interpretation of the term “directly competitive” which has been interpreted with imposed weight on the commercial elasticity of substitution which can be measured by the final use or consumer’s taste.
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