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Le Floc'h, V.,Brasselet, S.,Zyss, J.,Cho, B. R.,Lee, S. H.,Jeon, S.-J.,Cho, M.,Min, K. S.,Suh, M. P. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2005 Advanced Materials Vol.17 No.2
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>An octupolar crystal is produced from octupolar molecules of 1,3,5-tricyano-2,4,6-tris(p-diethylaminostyryl)benzene and its structure is elucidated experimentally using the combined polarization analysis of two-photon fluorescence and second-harmonic generation (SHG). The optimal crystalline packing of the molecules in the crystal (which originates from intermolecular &pgr;–&pgr; stacking interactions)—see Figure—results in a large SHG efficiency. <img src='wiley_img/09359648-2005-17-2-ADMA200400451-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/09359648-2005-17-2-ADMA200400451-content'> </P>
An extremely young massive clump forming by gravitational collapse in a primordial galaxy
Zanella, A.,Daddi, E.,Le Floc’h, E.,Bournaud, F.,Gobat, R.,Valentino, F.,Strazzullo, V.,Cibinel, A.,Onodera, M.,Perret, V.,Renaud, F.,Vignali, C. Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2015 Nature Vol.521 No.7550
When cosmic star formation history reaches a peak (at about redshift z ≈ 2), galaxies vigorously fed by cosmic reservoirs are dominated by gas and contain massive star-forming clumps, which are thought to form by violent gravitational instabilities in highly turbulent gas-rich disks. However, a clump formation event has not yet been observed, and it is debated whether clumps can survive energetic feedback from young stars, and afterwards migrate inwards to form galaxy bulges. Here we report the spatially resolved spectroscopy of a bright off-nuclear emission line region in a galaxy at z = 1.987. Although this region dominates star formation in the galaxy disk, its stellar continuum remains undetected in deep imaging, revealing an extremely young (less than ten million years old) massive clump, forming through the gravitational collapse of more than one billion solar masses of gas. Gas consumption in this young clump is more than tenfold faster than in the host galaxy, displaying high star-formation efficiency during this phase, in agreement with our hydrodynamic simulations. The frequency of older clumps with similar masses, coupled with our initial estimate of their formation rate (about 2.5 per billion years), supports long lifetimes (about 500 million years), favouring models in which clumps survive feedback and grow the bulges of present-day galaxies.
Satellite content and quenching of star formation in galaxy groups at<i>z</i>~ 1.8
Gobat, R.,Daddi, E.,Bé,thermin, M.,Pannella, M.,Finoguenov, A.,Gozaliasl, G.,Le Floc’h, E.,Schreiber, C.,Strazzullo, V.,Sargent, M.,Wang, T.,Hwang, H. S.,Valentino, F.,Cappelluti, N.,Li, Y.,Hasi EDP Sciences 2015 Astronomy and astrophysics Vol.581 No.-