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유아특수교육 기관의 개별화교육프로그램 운영실태 및 개선 방안
조광순,전병운,박혜준,홍은숙 국립특수교육원 2005 특수교육연구 Vol.12 No.1
본 연구에서는 유아특수교육교사 8명과의 심층면담과 30개의 IEP 문서 분석을 통해, 특수교육진흥법 상의 규정과 유아특수교육 추천 실제에 따른 IEP의 질적 수준을 알아보았다. 연구결과 특수학급 교사의 경우 유치원 교육과정과의 연계가 부족한 IEP를 작성하여 운영하고 있으며, 개별화교육운영위원회는 실질적으로 소집되지 못하고 있고, IEP의과정에 보호자의 참여 정도는 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 대부분의 IEP 내용은 유아의 현 수행수준에 근거한 장 · 단기 목표의 기술을 제외하고는 상당히 형식적이고 제한적이어서 IEP 운영에 도움을 주지 못하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 특수교육진흥법 상에 규정되어 있지는 않지만 실제 현장에서는 가족지원이 다양한 방식으로 이루어지고 있으며, 다학문적 팀의 구성과 구성원들 간의 협력은 교사에 따라, 또는 기관에 따라 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 일반 유치원 프로그램의 일일 계획안과 IEP와의 연계, 발달적 교육과정과 유치원 교육과정과의 연계, 목표의 수정, 개별화교육운영위원회의 협력적 참여, 객관성 있는 수행 평가 면에서 유아특수교육교사들은 어려움을 나타내 보였으며, IEP 작성과 운영에 따른 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 무엇보다도 표준화된 IEP 양식 또는 구조화된 IEP와 평가준거의 예가 제시된 IEP 모델이 필요한 것으로 교사들은 제안하고 있다. Various research has identified a number of problems with individualized education program (IEP) development and implementation among schools, including a lack of adequate teacher training, poorly developed team processes, minimal coordination with general education, and failure to develop measurable goals and objectives to evaluate child achievements. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality levels of IEPs implemented in early childhood special education (ECSE) settings based on recommended ECSE practices and requirements of the Korean Special Education Enhancement Act. Through an in-depth focus group interview with eight ECSE teachers from eight different programs and an analysis of 30 IEPs, the study investigated: 1) how regulations on IEP development and implementation of the Special Education Enhancement Act, specifically regulations on IEP team organization and implementation, parent participation, and IEP contents, are interpreted in ECSE programs; 2) how ECSE program professionals collaborate with families and how family supports are provided; 3) how a multidisciplinary approach is put into practice and effective levels of collaboration among IEP team members; 4) ECSE teacher suggestions for solving problems with IEP development and implementation, and for improving practices. The results indicate that special education classroom teachers of regular kindergarten programs develop and implement IEPs that are irrelevant to their curricular. IEP procedural deficits were found in the area of team process. It was found that the ECSE programs lack a multidisciplinary team approach when developing and implementing IEPs. Overall, parental participation was not ensured even though regulations require IEP teams to include parental requests in IEPs and implement their signed IEPs. Key personnel such as regular early childhood education teachers and therapists were found to be absent from IEP meetings. However, differences were found among the programs in the team process. Programs specialized only for young children with disabilities demonstrated higher levels of team approaches than those of ECSE programs in special schools and regular kindergartens. In this study, limited content of IEPs were found to be developed for young children with disabilities. IEP goals and objectives analyzed in this study were shown to be generally adequate, showing that children's levels of performance information and annual goals were congruent and that measurable goals and objectives were developed. During the in-depth interview, it was learned that ECSE teachers provide support to children and families, coordinating services in the community for children with disabilities. The results of this study also show that ECSE teachers in regular kindergarten programs have difficulties in linking IEP goals with their daily instructional plans as well as linking their general curriculum with developmental goals for young children with disabilities. Overall, teachers in this study demonstrated difficulties with modification of IEP goals, facilitating collaborative IEP team participation, and objective monitoring of IEP goals. They suggest that standards for IEP and structured IEP forms be developed. They also suggest that model IEPs be introduced by school districts. The findings of this study suggest that: 1) specific IEP procedures need to be mandated through special education laws and regulations in order to facilitate and monitor team approaches when developing and implementing IEPs in ECSE settings; 2) a coordinated service system is needed to provide comprehensive services to young children with special needs and their families; 3) there is an urgent need for comprehensive curriculum-based assessment tools that reflect various developmental aspects as well as diverse special needs and suggest assessment guidelines; 4) it is important to provide strong pre-service teacher education programs as well as in-service work shops for teachers in order to develope skills in developing meaningful IEP goals and objectives linked to curriculum and daily classroom routines; and 5) IEP model development research should be facilitated.
영구치의 탈구성 손상 후 치수괴사 발생에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 연구
김광철,강계숙 大韓小兒齒科學會 1994 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.21 No.1
In order to plan an appropriate treatment after injury, it would be ideal to be predict the long-time prognosis of the involved teeth at the time injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors which influence the development of pulp necrosis after luxative injuries in the permanent dentition. The data was obtained from the 214 luxated permanent teeth of 84 patients who examed and treated at the Dept. of Pediatric dentistry in Kyung-Hee Medical center. The material were categoried according to variables (i.e. age of patient, type of luxation, the diameter of apical foramen measured on radiographs, number of injuried teeth.) and analysed to the relationship with development of pulp necrosis. The results were obtained as follow: 1. The frequency of pulp necrosis was 19.16%. 2. Prognosis was worsened with increasing age of the patient at time of injury(p<0.05). 3. The frequency of pulp necrosis according to type of luxation were 9.09% on concussion,10.07% on subluxation, 41.18% on lateral luxation, 41.67% on extrusive luxation, and 85.71% on intrusive luxation(p<0.05). 4. The frequency of pulp necrosis was significantly decreased at : the diameter of apical foramen above 1.1mm on concusion, above 2.1mm on subluxation and lateral luxation, above 3.1mm on extrusive luxation, and above 4.1mm on intrusive luxation(p<0.05). 5. There was a tendency towards a worsened prognosis as the number of injuried teeth in the same dental arch increased, but not a significant effect(p>0.05).
4-성분 Silicate 용융체의 열역학적 모델링에 의한 고체 분율 예측
오명숙,이광수 弘益大學校 科學技術硏究所 1996 科學技術硏究論文集 Vol.7 No.1
가스화 공정에서 Slag의 흐름은 Slag 성분과 온도에 영향을 받는다. 이 Slag에서의 결정체 형성은 Slag의 점도를 높여 주어 Slag의 원활한 흐름을 방해한다. 결정체 형성이 Slag 점도에 미치는 영향을 이해하기 위해서는 각 온도에서 Slag안의 결정체 분율 측정할 수 있어야 한다. 본 연구는 가스화 공정의 주원료로 쓰이는 석탄의 성분을 SiO₂, Al₂O₃, FeO, CaO의 네 성분으로 단순화하여, 이 네 성분이 이루는 Melt에서의 결정체 형성을 열역학적 평형 계산에 의하여 예측함을 목적으로 하였다. 4-성분 Melt의 열역학적 성질을 계산하기 위하여 Blander와 Pelten의 Stoichiometric 방법과 Hastie와 Bonnell의 Speciation방법을 비교하여, 이중 다성분계의 평형 예측에 유리한 Speciation 방법을 선택하였다. Speciation 방법의 정확도는 Melt species의 적절한 선택과 그 species의 열역학적 data의 정확도에 큰 영향을 받는다. Anorthite이나 mullite과 같은 복합체의 액상 data는 Hastie and Bonnell이 제안한 근사값외에는 구할 수 없었다. 단순 산화물 중에서도 SiO₂의 경우에는 data source간의 약간의 차이가 있었는데 이 차이가 녹는점을 큰 폭으로 변화시켰다. Hastie와 Bonnell의 Speciation방법을 시험하기 위하여, SiO₂-Al₂O₃이 성분계의 평형 계산 결과를 실험적으로 측정된 상평형도와 비교하였다. 열역학적 data가 평형 계산 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 세 source에서 추출된 SiO₂(s) data로 계산을 반복하였다. SiO₂(s) data 어느 것도 상평형도의 Eutectic Point의 조성 및 SiO₂(l)와 mullite(s)의 계에서 SiO₂(s) 와 mullite(s)계로의 전환온도를 정확히 예측하지 않았다. 또한 mullite(l)를 melt에 포함시키는 경우의 예측된 상평형도는 정확도가 감소하였다. SiO₂-Al₂O₃-CaO의 3-성분계와 SiO₂-Al₂O₃-CaO-FeO의 4-성분계의 계산도 예측된 결정체 형성온도 및 결정체 분율이 상평형도보다 낮은 값을 보여주어 전체적으로 예측된 Melt species 활성도가 낮음을 보여주었다. Hastie와 Bonnell 방법을 활용하기 위하여는 anorthite(l)과 mullite(l)같은 액상 복합체의 열역학 Data가 조정되어야 한다. Slag안의 결정체 분율 예측은 3-성분계 상평형도를 활용하는 것이 가장 정확함을 보여 주었다. 이는 Slag의 성분 중 3개의 주성분을 다시 100%로 조정하여, 3-성분계 상평형도에서 결정체 형성 경로를 따라 각 온도에서 결정체 분율을 계산하는 방법이다.
치과교정용 NiTi 합금계 선재의 탄성과 상변태 거동에 대한 열처리 효과
이진숙,김광만,김경남 대한치과기재학회 1997 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.24 No.1
Due to unique property of superelasticity, NiTi has been used widely since their introduction to the orthodontic specialty by Andreasen and Hillmann. But sufficent evaluation of superelasticity of domestic marketed wires has not yet been made. It has been known that heat treatment caused changes not only of elastic behavior but also of phase transformation behavior, an important factor of superelasticity. So, this study was investigated into varied ways of heat treatment of wires for orthodontic force proper for each clinical case. Each elastic behavior of 6 commercial NiTi alloy orthodontic arch wires(LG's ORTHOLLOY, G & H's Nickel Titanium arch wire, ORMCO's NI-TI and COPPER NI-TI, TOMY's SENTALLOY and 3M Unitek's Nitinol) were examined, and in order to study the effect of heat treatment on elasticity and phase transformation behavior, 3-point bending test, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction with each wire heated at 350℃, 450℃ and 550℃ for 1hour were carried out compared with a as-recieved group. The results were as follows : 1. As a result of 3-point bending test in a control group, all wires had superelasticity and COPPER NI-TI showed the lowest maximum load as well as minimum(P<0.05). 2. As a result of 3-point bending est, except Nitinol and COPPER NI-TI, the wires in the group heated at 450℃ had lowest maximum and minimum load than that of a control group, and higher maximum and minimum load that of COPPER NI-TI in control group, and had superelasticity without and permanent deformation(P<0.05). 3. Phase transition temperature of all wires heated at 350℃ except COPPER NI-TI became higher but it became lower when they were heated at 450℃ and 550℃. 4. All wires in control group had austenite structure and when they were heated, martensite phase increased, and R phase appeared when heated at 550℃. The wires used in this study were changed in phase transition temperature, structure and elastic behavior as well by heat treatment. So this study showed that even the same kind of wire could be varied and used after heat treated, choosing proper load in accordance with each orthodontic clinic case.
누에 배자와 난소의 초대 배양에 있어서 세포의 분화형태
최광호,손홍대,조은숙 東亞大學校生命資源科學大學附設 農業資源硏究所 1997 農業生命資援硏究 Vol.6 No.1
곤충 세포의 초대 배양에 있어서 그 분화양상을 관찰하기 위하여 누에 배자와 난소를 초대 배양하였다. 그 결과 몇 가지 상이한 세포형이 관찰되었는데 배자 초대 배양의 분화형태는 상피형 세포와 망상조직을 형성하는 섬유상 세포가 관찰되었고, 난소에서는 주로 상피형 세포가 관찰되었다. 또한 두 조직 모두에서 거대 세포보다는 작지만 다소 큰 세포 형태가 관찰되었다. This study was carried out to investigation for differential charaterization of the cells in primary culture with insects. In the process of primary culture with embryos and larval ovaries of silkworm, Bombyx mori, three types of cells were observed. Fibroblast-like cells which formed network and epitherial-like cells migrated from embryos. But in case of ovaries, fibroblast-like cells were not found. Somewhat large cells but smaller than giant-cells were observed in the cultured embryos and ovaries.
김광호,심강섭,김성숙,구혜수,박응범 梨花女子大學校 醫科大學 醫科學硏究所 1997 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.20 No.2
1989년 1월부터 1992년 12월 사이에 대장암으로 근치적 절제술을 시행받은후 추적조사가 가능한 45명의 환자를 대상 대장암조직의 Hematoxylin-Eosin염색을 통하여 apoptotic body를 광학 현미경하에서 400배율 하에서 관찰하여 암세포 100개당 평균개수를 세었으며 TUNEL 방법을 이용하여 면화학적염색을 통하여 염색정도를 판정을하여 대장암에서 아포토시스의 정도를 판정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Dukes병기 A 일 때 apoptotic body가 평균 1.93개, B 일 때 2.66개, C 인 경우 2.76개 였으며 분화도에 따라서는 고분화암인 경우 2.51개, 중등도분화암인 경우는 3.01개, 저분화암인 경우는 2.15개였다. 5년내 사망한 환자에서는 3.55개 였으며 5년이상 생존한 환자에서는 2.8개였다. 형태학적으로 apoptotic body의 수를 세어 아포토시스를 측정하여 예후예측인자로 사용할 수 있으리라 사료되며 아포토시스와 p53의 발현과의 관계를 보았을 때 특별한 상관관계를 발견 할 수 없어 bcl-2의 발현과 더불어 아토토시스와의 관게에 대하여 좀더 연구가 되어야 하겠다. Objectives : Apoptosis is a specific mode of cell death recognized by a characteristic pattern of morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes, There are several methods of detection of apoptosis. Morphological changes involve a characteristic pattern of chromation and cytoplasm. The landmark of apoptosis is endonucleolysis, with nuclear DNA initially degraded at the linker sections to fragments equivalent to single and multiple nucleosomes. Detection of DNA fragments is situ using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase(TDT)-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay is increasingly applied to investigate apoptosis. We studied the detection method of apoptosis morphologically and by using TUNEL assay and examined the correlation of p53 expression and apoptosis. Methods : Forty-five cases of colorectal cancer were selected. The number of apoptotic bodies was expressed as a number per 100 cancer cells. The TUNEL assay was performed with in situ Apoptag kit®. Results : The mean number of the apoptotic bodies was 2.28 in the patients who survived over 5 years after curative resection and 3.55 in the patients who died within 5 years(p=0.001). There was a relationship between the number of apoptotic bodies which were measured by morphologic study and the results which were measured by TUNEL assay. There was no relationship between p53 expression and apoptosis. Conclusion : These results suggest that the frequency of apoptotic bodies may be a prognostic factor for colorectal cancer and apoptosis could be measured by morphological study without special study.
안양시 유치원 교육환경의 실태와 발전 방향 : The Actual Conditions and the Directions for Improvement
최양미,이은상,김영숙,구광현,이수남 안양대학교 인문과학연구소 1998 人文科學硏究 Vol.6 No.1
Abstract Although environmental factors are important in all stages of education, those factors play more significant roles in the field of early childhood education than in any other school settings in that young children grow and develop rapidly and they are very sensitive to environmental elements. Consequently, it is essential to prepare appropriate educational environments for young children in order to maximize the effect of educational efforts. The environment of a kindergarten can be divided into personal environments and physical environments. Personal environments include parents, teachers, peer groups, and other people in the community. On the other hand, physical environments include the site of a school, school buildings, playgrounds, books, and several kinds of educational facilities and materials.The purpose of this study was to analyze the actual conditions of educational environment of kindergartens in Anyang city and to propose the directions for improving the environment. For this purpose, this study reviewed the significance of educational environment of kindergarten and the history of early childhood education in Anyang. In addition, the information on actual conditions of educational environment of kindergartens was collected using a series of questionnaire and the collected data were examined on the basis of the following categories: 1) Curriculum planning and program implementation 2) Educational facilities and teaching materials 3) Heads and teachersThe results of data analysis revealed that, in general, actual conditions of educational environment of kindergartens in Anyang city were appropriate. However, several problems to be solved were also found. Based on the results of the study, following suggestions can be made for improving educational environment of kindergartens in Anyang city: 1) First of all, heads/managers and teachers in the kindergarten should have strong attitudes and make efforts to solve the environmental problems pointed out in this study. 2) In addition, it is necessary to establish an effective corporation system among educational administrative authorities, schools, and other organizations of social education. 3) In parallel with the above, the government should provide not only strict administrative controls but also proper supports to the field of early childhood education for maintaining and improving the quality of educational environment. It seems that these suggestions are consistent with Anyang city's policy to make this city as “a city of hope in the 21th century, the period of localization” and minimum requirements for preparing the implement of kindergarten education as a stage of public education.
이광숙 서울대학교 언어교육원 2012 語學硏究 Vol.48 No.1
The French Language School of the Korean Empire was established in 1895 and lasted until 1911. The development of the French School occurred in three stages, like the development of five other foreign language schools (English, Japanese, Chinese, German and Russian language schools) in the Empire. During the first stage (1895-1906), the French School was the third most prosperous school, after the English and Japanese schools. A large number of students entered the School, and the employment rates of its students were high. This is because the strong diplomatic power of France during this period leads to the introduction of the French system in areas such as the government’s postal services and construction and the hiring of professionals who can speak French. The classes were held at the house of Emile Martel, a teacher at the French School, before the School found a site. Lee Nung- Hwa was a talented Korean instructor at the School, who also served as the principal. The curriculum of the School was divided into two: the language acquisition classes, which accounted for more than 60 percent, and the other subjects (history, geography, science and mathematics). The second stage of the development (1906-1098) saw the increasing influence of the Japanese government. During the third stage (1908-1911), all the foreign language schools were merged to form one school, where the French School became the Department of French Language. Japanese language is included in the curriculum of each department as an elective course during this period.
근로자 건강증진전략을 위한 행동변화에 대한 요구도 평가
이강숙,임현우,구정완,홍현숙,이정민,이원철,박정일,맹광호,M, O'Donnel 大韓産業醫學會 1999 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.11 No.4
Objectives : In order to evaluate the stage of behavior change for health promotion strategy in workplace Methods : Questionnaire survey was carried out for 309 workers who employed in H Electronics company in Kyong-in area from September to October 1998. Results : According to need assessment of four step such as precontemplation stage, contemplation stage, action stage, maintenance stage which were to change of behavior for health promotion, the percent for quitting smoking were observed 48.8%, 43.1%, 8.1%, 0%, and for the restriction of drinking were 29.8%, 10.6%, 9.3%, 5.3%; for fitness 11.1%, 31.0%, 37.3%, 20.6% in male 26.6%, 27.8%, 26.6%, 19.0% in female, for regular diet 26.1%, 19.8%, 38.7%, 15.3% in male, 27.8%, 22.2%, 40.0%, 10.0% in female and for stress management 5.8%, 10.6%, 8.7%, 75.0% in male, 13.6%, 22.7%, 19.7%, 44.0% in female. In heavy smoker(p=0.017) and heavy drinker,(p=0.021) the percent of precontemplation stage was significantly higher than in lower drinker and light smoker. Conclusions : This study suggested that company support for health promotion in workplace was and workers of high risk group for smoking and drinking were in precontemplation stage. So before conducting the health promotion program, health risk appraisal and need assessment for stage of behavior change should be taken for the efficient health promotion strategy.