가람 時調에 나타난 自然觀 考察

강관진(Kang, Kwan-Jin) 한국시조학회 2014 시조학논총 Vol.40 No.-

본고는 가람의 시조에 나타난 자연관을 살펴봄으로써 가람이 자연을 인식하고 시조에 구현하는 방식을 구체적으로 파악하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 다음과 같이 크게 두 가지 관점에 집중한다. 첫째는 현실의 비극을 비추는 거울로서의 자연이요, 둘째는 그러한 현실의 비극을 극복하고 초월하고자 하는 매개체로서의 자연이다. 가람이 시조 속에 구현하고 있는 자연은 때로는 현실의 비극을 드러내는 역할을 한다. 이 현실의 비극을 크게 세 가지 유형으로 나눌 수 있는데 (1) 망국의 비극, (2) 사회의 비극, (3) 문명의 비극이 그것이다. 첫째, 亡國의 悲劇은 일제 강점기의 비극적 현실인식을 나타낸다. 〈봄(二)〉의 경우 망국의 현실을 되새기는 내용으로서 인간사의 비극과는 무관하게 자연은 평화롭게 그려져 있어 대조적인 모습을 드러낸다. 〈解放前〉, 〈洪原低調〉 등에서도 망국민의 눈에 비친 현실의 비극이 표현되고 있다. 둘째, 자연은 사회적인 비극을 드러내는 매개체로도 활용된다. 〈農村의 明朗〉에서는 농촌의 평화로운 풍경과 범죄가 난무하는 도시를 비교하는 구조를 통하여 자연과 멀어진 사회의 비극을 드러낸다. 〈農村畵帖(二)〉, 〈途中點景〉, 〈발[簾]〉 등에서도 인간 사회의 비극이 부각되고 있다. 셋째, 文明의 悲劇 또한 자연을 매개로 나타난다. 〈냉이꽃〉이 대표적인 작품으로서 냉이꽃 한 잎에도 생명을 불어넣지 못하는 인류 문명을 질타하는 내용이다. 水素彈이나 原子彈 등의 인공물과는 달리 자연은 변화를 가져오고 새로움을 창조하는 위대한 존재다. 가람은 현실의 비극을 드러내는 한편, 그러한 비극의 현실을 극복하고 초월하기 위한 매개체로서 자연을 활용하기도 했다. (1) 자연을 동경하고 (2) 자연에의 회귀를 염원하였으며 (3) 일상에서의 초월을 꿈꾸기도 했다. 첫째, 自然에 대한 憧憬과 沒入의 자세를 찾을 수 있다. 〈蘭草(四)〉에서는 자연의 아름다움을 통하여 자신을 갈고 닦고자 하는 자세를 보이며, 〈蘭草(二)〉의 경우 난초와 동일화를 이루며 황홀경에 사로잡혀 있는 장면이 나타나고, 〈蘭草(三)〉의 경우 자연물과의 내밀한 대화가 그려져 있다. 둘째, 自然回歸를 志向하는 자세를 볼 수 있다. 〈새벽〉에서는 자연에 안주하고 의지하고 싶은 심리를 그리고 있으며, 〈蘭과 梅〉에서는 영예나 신앙보다 자연을 귀하게 여기는 마음이 나타나 있다. 〈芭蕉〉에서는 자연을 통한 고향회귀 의식을 나타내고 있다. 셋째, 日常에 內在된 超越性을 누리는 모습이 나타난다. 〈故鄕길에〉의 경우 현실을 초월하여 다른 세계에 속해 있는 기분을 나타내고 있다. 〈萬瀑洞〉에서는 속진을 벗어 버린 별세계에서 화자는 ‘神仙’이 된 듯 ‘물소리를’ 듣는다. 이와 같이 동양적 자연관이 배어 있는 가람의 시조는 시조문학에 시사하는 바가 많다. 우리는 그 정신을 보존하고 계승할 필요가 있다. 그러한 면에서 가람의 자연관에 대한 보다 깊고 넓은 연구가 필요하다. This study is going to examine the Garam Yi, Byung-Gi’s poetic values by watching his view of nature which appeared in his Sijo, a kind of Korean traditional poetry. The study mainly focuses on two aspects: firstly, nature as a mirror that reflects tragedy in real world and secondly, nature as a medium through which the tragedy could be overcome. Nature appeared in Garam’s Sijo sometimes to do with a role to show tragedy in the real world. The tragedy of real world which Garam shows in his Sijo can be classified by three types: (1) Tragedy of ruined country, (2) Tragedy of society and (3) Tragedy of civilization. Firstly, tragedy of ruined country represent Garam’s understanding of tragic situation of his country caused by Japanese occupation. In his Sijo named 〈Spring (2)〉, Garam shows the reality of ruined country. In that Sijo, natural objects of background appears peacefully regardless of tragic status of human history. Some more works including 〈Before Liberation〉 and 〈Hong-Won-Joe -Jo〉 shows similar tragedies suffered by reality of colony. Secondly, the nature which Garam present in his Sijo is also used as mediator for uncover tragedy of society. In his work 〈Cheerfulness of a Farm Village〉, Garam exposes tragedy of society by comparing peaceful farm village and criminality of major city. 〈Scenery of Farm Village (2)〉 and other works also shows tragic reality of human society in similar ways. Thirdly, natural object also used to reveal tragic aspect of civilization. One of that kind of works is 〈Shepherd"s Pouch Flower〉 which contains a message of scolding human civilization that could not blows on life to a plant’s leaf. The artificial things like hydrogen bomb and atom bomb are useless for saving lives. In compare with that, nature is great existence which brings change and create newness. Garam utilized nature to reveal tragic life while using it as a mediator to transcend that tragedy. He (1) longed in nature and (2) desired recurrence to nature and (3) dreamed of transcendence in daily life. Firstly, he showed admiration and immersion to nature in his works. In series of work subjected on Orchid, he described his desire to live in nature through his behavior of caring, watching and feeling the plant. Secondly, he shows his willing to recurrence to nature. In 〈Dawn〉, he describe the mind to live in natural peace and to rely on it, and in 〈Orchid and Apricot〉, he reveals the mind that admire natural more than honor or faith. Thirdly, Garam’s figure enjoying transcendence characteristics that inherent in daily life is appeared in his works. 〈On the Road To Hometown〉 shows the feeling like be in another world above this world. In 〈Man-Pok-Dong〉, the poetic speaker hears “the sound of water” as “legendary hermit” in another world. In this way Garam feels transcendence in daily life in various ways and sublimate them into his many Sijo works. Gram’s poetic spirits are necessary to be preserved and be inherited for present and future Sijo literature. That is why Garam’s view of nature is necessary to be studied more deeply and widely.

충주시 농촌지역 주민들에 대한 보건교육 평가

권복규,양준호,송진범,이건세,이원진,장성훈 건국대학교 의과학연구소 1996 건국의과학학술지 Vol.5 No.-

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of health education program in Choongju rural area which had conducted by Public Health Doctor during winter in 1994 and 1995. We used two step sampling method for a household survey. First, six were selected from 12 Myuns, which were stratified by the level of health education activity. Second, we applied convenient sample method. Of the 307 respondents, most of them knew Health-subcenter's existence in their region. However, only 149 persons(45%) visited it during last year. They visited Health-subcenter because it was easy to travel and convenient. Some of them thought that Health-subcenter had very poorly equipped and supplied. About 32∼34% of respondents participated the health education program for hypertension and diabetes mellitus which was done last winter, and 59∼70% of participants of the program answered that it was very, moderately helpful. 82∼83% of participants recognized complications of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and 18∼20% of them did not know that medications of hypertension and diabetes mellitus should be continued one's whole life. The respondents want to receive health educations for cancer, arthritis, viral hepatitis and AIDS in orders. Many of rural residents utilize Health-subcenters because health clinics in Choongju rural area are very few.

모체 Thyroxine 투여가 태아알코올효과를 가진 흰쥐 대뇌겉질 및 해마에서 NPY함유 신경세포의 생후 발달에 미치는 영향

김복,박상기,박영란,김종중,문정석,김주수,문영민,현영식,천관영,정윤영 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2005 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.30 No.2

Background and Objectives: Maternal alcohol abuse is considered to be one of the most prominent cause of neurobiological malformations in the postnatal and adult life of the offspring. In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal alcohol drinking on the postnatal development of NPY-containing neuron, and, the influence of thyroxine treatment on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of pups of alcohol abused mother. Materials and Method: Time-pregnant rats were divided into three groups. Alcohol-fed group A received 35 calories of liquid alcohol diet daily from gestation day 6; control pair-fed group B was fed a liquid diet in dextrin replaced alcohol isocalorically: alcohol + T4 group C received 35 calories liquid alcohol diet and exogenous thyroxine subcutaneously. Results: Group C showed prominent NPY immunoreactivity in the cerebral cortex compared to group A and B at P7. In group C, NPY-containing neurons were widely distributed in the all layers of cerebral cortex after P14. Besides, numerical decrease of NPY-containing neuron as age increases was not found in group C. However, the decrease of NPY-containing neuron was clearly observed in group A compared to group C after P14. In hippocampus, group Band C were appeared similar patterns after P7. Additionally, in group C, NPY immunoreactivity was prominently appeared in CA2 and CA3 at P14 as compared to group B. Conclusions: The present results showed the increase of intensity and number of NPY-containing neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of pups of exogenous T₄ supplemented alcohol-exposed dams as compared to control pair-fed and alcohol-exposed pups at P7. It presumably suggest that NPY-containing neurons might be regulated by the early postnatal growth stimulatory effect of the exogenously supplemented T₄. Therefore, the increase of NPY synthesis caused by maternal administration of exogenous thyroxine may ameliorate fetal alcohol effect, one of the ill effects as a result of the dysthyroid state following maternal alcohol abuse.

공기소총 사격시의 생체변화 분석

엄기진,이철규,박장평,이광재,문병용,홍관이,노성규,오수일,박기동 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所 1985 江原大學校附設體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.- No.10

This study conducted for analyze the process of physiological variation during shooting, and produce the basic data for training prescription to the performance improvement in Air Rifle Shooting, 9 Elite Rifle shooters )College 3, High School 3, Middle School 3) in GangWeon province were tested the physiological parameter which are Electrocardiograph(E.C.G), Heart-rate(H.R), Respiratory pattern, and Trigger time by polygraph system 8 channel from Sept. 1st to Sept. 10th, 1985. Analyzed experimental results are as follows; 1. Firing at T-P wave in E.C.G, 77.68bpm in H.R)16.68% by resulting H.R), the deep size of inspiration-expiration was low, and 8.34 sec of trigger interval were appeared when the shooter acquired high score. 2. The most effective factor among physiological parameters for excellent shooting score is the inspiratory volume with decresc breathing pattern. 3. Shooting performances correlated with stability and static-dynamic balance, but flexibility effected on negative correlation.

특별활동 부서 배정업무 자동화 시스템 구축

이진관,김귀복,박기홍 군산대학교 정보통신기술연구소 2000 情報通信技術硏究論文集 Vol.4 No.-

This thesis tries to rule out the problems of the existing method in which teachers assigns students the club activity department respectively in manual manner. The proposed system assigns club activity department automatically on the web according to the students' application. And thus it reduces both time and cost spent in organizing, arranging and managing which characteristic provides teachers with a turning point in teaching- learning fields.

기어의 백래쉬를 고려한 승용차 조향계의 동특성 연구

김종관,김경석,송상기,정진형 한국공작기계학회 1996 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.5 No.3

The problem related to the rotational vibration at steering wheel end of passenger cars during high speed driving is investigated. To analyze vibration of steering wheel, a steering system of passenger car is modelled in twelve degrees of freedom including backlash effect of rack and pinion gear system. The one degree of freedom system with backlash in investigated by the analytical method . Consequently the skeleton curve and the frequency response curves are computed. The steering system is analyzed by the numerical simulation using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method, the obtained results are compared with the experimental data. Also the effects of the change of rack gear tooth stiffness and backlash on the acceleration level of steering wheel are investigated. As a result, it can be found that the acceleration level of steering wheel becames lower as the rack gear tooth stiffness becames higer, and that acceleration level becames high as the magnitude of backlash between rack and pinion gear increase.

부산 지역기업인의 이노베이터 육성전략

김종관,김진욱 釜山 大學校 經營 經濟 硏究所 2000 經營 經濟 硏究 Vol.19 No.1

본 연구는 21세기 부산광역권 지역경제의 내발적 발전과 지역이노베이터 육성전략을 수립하기 위한 연구로서 지역기업인의 이노베이터 육성전략을 모색하고자 한다. 먼저, 부산지역산업구조외 지역기업인의 특성 및 지역기업의 문제점을 1차 자료와 설문조사를 통해 분석ㆍ검토하고, 기업가정신을 설문조사, 분석하여 진단한다. 이것을 토대로 지역기업인의 육성방향을 정립하고, 미국의 지역 기업인 이노베이터 육성전략을 고찰하여, 부산기업인의 이노베이터 육성전략을 수립한다. 이러한 과정을 통해 지역기업인의 이노베이터 육성전략은 지역기업인이 기업가 정신을 최대로 발휘할 수 있도록 경제적, 정치적, 사회적 환경을 조성하고, 이 속에서 기업가정신을 제고할 수 있는 육성ㆍ개발 프로그램을 효과적으로 운영해 나가는 것이다. 이러한 창의적인 지역기업인 육성과정을 구상하여 추진하는 것이 지역기업인의 이노베이터 육성전략이라고 할 수 있다.

우수여자 유도선수들의 연간 트레이닝과 디트레이닝에 따른 무산소성 역치의 변화

홍관이,정정진,김학렬,김기진,조현철,손태열,노성규 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1992 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.2 No.1

The seasonal variance for estimate of exercise intensity, energy expenditure, maximal oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold of elite women judo players(Group Ⅰ:4,Group Ⅱ: 4) was measured during 3,5,7,9,10month. The results of this study is as follows. 1. Exercise intensity by %HRmax during seasonal training was shown range of 56.45-73.62, 65.56-82.15, 80.03-86.62, 62.06-68.83%HRmax, respectiveley, from 3 to 9month in the warm up, additional exercise, main exercise and cooling down. 2. Energy expenditure per min during seasonal training was shown range of 4.09-7.96, 5.41-8.66, 8.95-9.90 and 5.05-6.41Kcal/min, respectiveley, from 3 to 9month in the warn up, additional exercise, main exercise, main exercsie and cooling down. 3. Changes of maximal oxygen uptake(VO₂max)during seasonal training and detraining not significant difference between both group, and in the seasonal variance. However, maximal heart rate during detraining expressed significant difference(p<0.05) between both group. 4. Anaerobic threshold levels during seasonal training and detraining not significant difference between both group, and in the seasonal variance. However, AT-VE(1/min) and AT- work time(min) of group Ⅱ expressed significant difference(p<0.01) in the seasonal variance.

고정층 활성탄 흡착반응기에서 기상 톨루엔의 흡착특성

임진관,이송우,감상규,이동환,이민규 한국환경과학회 2005 한국환경과학회지 Vol.14 No.1

Adsorption characteristics of toluene vapor, which is one of important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), by activated carbon were investigated using a fixed bed adsorption column. The operating parameters such as breakthrough curve, adsorption capacity. mass transfer zone (MTZ), and length of unused bed (LUB) were studied. The experimental results showed that the breakthrough time decreased with increasing inlet toluene concentration and gas flow rate. MTZ and LUB increased with the increase of inlet concentration, gas flow rate, and particle size of activated carbon. The adsorption capacity increased with the increase of inlet toluene concentration, while it decreased with increasing particle size. However, it was kept at constant value regardless of the increase of gas flow rate. Adsorption isotherm of toluene vapor could be represented by the Freundlich adsorption equation fairly well. From the adsorption experiments using some VOC gases such as toluene, xylene, butyl acetate. butanol and acetone, it was also found that the adsorption capacity was higher in the case of gas with higher boiling point and lower vapor pressure.

다목적홀의 음향설계를 위한 1/10 축척모형의 제작 및 평가

류종관,신동재,전진용 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.9

A 1/10 scale model was introduced as an efficient tool to predict acoustical qualities of multi-purpose halls It was constructed to predict the acoustical properties, and to complement and adjust the architectural components on room acoustical characteristics of K-performing arts center The materials of scale model such as seats and audiences, absorption banners were selected through measurements of absorption coefficient In a 1/10 reverberation chamber and the absorption coefficients due to air-absorption With relative humidity was also Investigated As a result, It showed that types and parts of material and arrangement of specimen had much effects on absorption coefficient, and air absorption resulted In a significant decrease In absorption coefficient at high frequency In addition, the reverberation time of scale model was measured In occupied seats and the effect of absorption banners on the ceiling and side walls was also investigated Results showed that reverberation time of scale model showed a decrease of 0.5s by banners on the ceiling, whereas those on side walls had a little effect on reverberation time