아동의 삶의 질 수준 국제비교와 놀이와 여가활동의 영향 연구

김미숙 ( Meesook Kim ),김효진 ( Hyojin Kim ),김안나 ( Anna Kim ) 아시아.유럽미래학회 2018 유라시아연구 Vol.15 No.3

우리나라의 세계적으로 유례없는 경제발전에 의해 대부분의 아동가구는 절대빈곤에서 벗어 났고, 이제는 상대빈곤에 대한 논쟁으로 이행하고 있다. 우리나라 아동의 물리적인 환경은 개선되었다고 할 수 있는데, 문제는 아동의 삶의 질에 있다. 우리나라 아동은 부모의 높은 교육열에 의해서 아동기에 누려야 할 놀이 및 여가가 박탈된 채, 심리적 및 정서적으로 불만족한 상태에 있는 것이다. 아동은 충분한 놀이와 휴식을 통해서 건강하게 성장할 수 있고, 사회성과 공동체성도 키울 수 있게 된다. 아동의 놀 권리는 국제사회에서도 강조하고 있다. 유엔아동권협약에서는 아동의 여가, 놀이, 문화의 권리를 명시하면서, 아동은 자유롭게 놀이와 오락 활동에 참여하며 문화생활과 예술에 참여하는 권리를 가진다고 규정하였다. 국제적 추이와 반대로 우리나라 아동은 놀권리보다는 교육권에 대한 과중한 강조로 아동기에 누려야할 권리를 박탈당하고 있다. 선진국의 문턱에 선 우리나라에서 아동의 삶의 질 수준 확보는 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 선진국일수록 아동에 대한 배려와 정책적 개입이 충분하여 아동의 삶의 질 수준이 높은 편이다. 특히 노딕 국가의 아동의 삶의 질은 최고의 수준이다. 이러한 상황에서 지금은 우리나라 아동의 삶의 질 수준은 어느 정도이고, 어떠한 요인이 이에 영향을 미치는지 밝혀 삶의 질 제고를 위한 노력을 경주하여야 할 시기라고 판단된다. 특히 아동에게 부족한 놀이와 여가활동이 삶의 질에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 규명할 필요가 있다. 아울러 우리나라와 다른 나라와의 국제비교를 통해서 국제사회에서 우리나라 아동의 삶의 질 수준의 좌표를 점검하고 향후 지향점을 밝힐 필요가 있다. 대부분의 아동의 삶의 질 수준에 대한 국제비교 연구는 한국을 제외하고 있고, 한국을 포함한 연구는 비교대상 국가 수가 적은 상황이다. 지금까지는 국제비교할 수 있는 데이터의 한계와 한국의 국제사회에서의 참여의 부족으로 이러한 국제비교가 제한적으로만 가능하였다. 다행히 2013년 보건복지부가 생산한 한국아동종합실태조사에서는 이러한 국제비교가 가능한 삶의 질 지표를 활용하여 조사하였다. 본 고에서는 우리나라 아동의 삶의 질 수준을 국제비교 한 후, 놀이와 여가활동이 삶의 질에 영향을 주는 요인을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 WHO의 학생건강행동조사 데이터와 우리나라 한국아동종합실태조사 데이터(9-17세 미만 아동 총 2,279명)를 2차분석 하였다. 우리나라 아동의 삶의 질을 30개국 OECD 국제간 비교한 결과, 삶의 만족도는 30위, 가족관계 20위, 교육적 웰빙 29위, 건강 웰빙 1위 등으로 매우 불균형하게 나타났다. 4영역을 합한 우리나라 아동의 주관적 삶의 질 수준은 전체 30개국 중 28위로 파악되었다. 우리나라 아동의 삶의 질 수준이 OECD 국가에 비해 매우 낮음이 확인되었다. 놀이와 여가활동이 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 4모델을 구성하였다. 놀이와 여가활동은 총 8개 요인으로 구성하였다. 분석결과 놀이와 여가활동 요인 8개 중 5개는 아동의 삶의 질에 유의한 영향을 미치고 있었다. 친구수는 많을수록, 수면시간은 길수록, TV/비디오 시청시간은 짧을수록, 독서시간은 길수록, 문화ㆍ예술 및 취미ㆍ특기 시간은 짧을수록 삶의 질 수준이 높았다. 우리나라 아동의 놀이 및 여가활동에 있어서, TV/비디오 시청, 인터넷 사용 등은 오히려 삶의 질에 부정적인 영향을 주고 있었고, 사교육 형태로 하거나 의무적으로 하는 문화ㆍ예술활동이나 취미ㆍ특기 활동 등도 삶의 질에 오히려 부적인 영향을 주고 있었다. 놀이 및 여가활동 요인 중 삶의 질에 가장 커다란 영향을 주는 요인은 수면시간이었다. 다른 요인 중 아동의 삶의 질에 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 것은 관계요인으로 판명되었고, 그 다음은 교육 요인(주관적 성적)이었다. 아동의 삶의 질 제고를 위해서는 수면시간 확보 및 휴식이 되면서도 소모적이지 않은 유익한 놀이 및 여가활동을 제안하였다. 아울러 아동이 관계의 질을 제고하고 학업스트레스를 완화하기 위한 방안을 제안하였다. Due to Korea’s un-precedent economic growth, most of households escaped from poverty and the issue is no longer dealing with absolute poverty but tackling relative poverty. The physical environment for children has improved, but the quality of children’s life is uncertain. Most of Korean children are deprived of play and leisure activities, because of their parents’ high zeal for education. Hence, they chidlren very unsatisfied with their lives. Children can grow healthily while playing and relaxing, and can achieve social skills and communality while playing. Nowadays, the international society is emphasizing on children’s rights to play. For instance, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child deals with the rights of children’s leisure activities, play and culture. Opposite to the international trend, Korean children are lack of playing times due to serious emphasis on education. As Korea is about to enter into the advanced country, it is required to have a high quality of life (QOL) for children. The quality of life in most of the advanced countries is rather high with proper political intervention to children. That of the Nordic countries is the highest. Under these circumstances, we need to examine the quality of Korean children’s life and the factors affect them. We need to investigate how play and leisure activities influence children’s QOL. In addition, we need to compare our children’s QOL with that of other countries to find out the status of our children’s QOL and set the target. Korea is left out in most of research on children’s QOL comparison. If we compare QOL among OECD countries, we can find out our status with the international standard. Up until now, there were lack of data which can compare internationally and Korea did not participate in the international survey on children’s QOL, that international comparison were only partially feasible. Thankfully, the Korean National Survey on Children in 2013 adopted the QOL index and thus, we can compare the QOL of Korea with other OECD countries. This study compared Korean children’s quality of life with OECD countries and examined the impacts of play and leisure activities on their quality of life. As for data, both ‘WHO’s Health Behavior in School-Aged Children’ data and a survey on the Korea Children aged 9 through 17 (2,279 children) were utilized. The QOL level of the Korean children were as follows: life satisfaction marked 30^th out of 30 countries, family relations, 20^th, educational well-being, 29^th, and health well-being, 1^st. This shows that Korean children’s QOL was very unbalanced. Summing up the four components together to measure subjective well-being, Korean children ranked 28^th out of 30 countries. These results confirm the fact that the quality of Korean children is very low. Four analytical models (socio-demographic model, relationship model, education model and play and leisure activities model) were built to examine the impacts of play and leisure activities on QOL, where play and leisure activity factors include 8 elements. Five out of 8 play and leisure activity components had significant impacts on QOL. The more friends they had, the longer their sleeping hours were, the shorter their time to watch TV and video was, the longer their reading time was, and the short their time to spend for culture and art activities was, the higher their quality of life was. Watching TV and video and using the internet affected their quality of life negatively, and so did obligatory cultural and art activities. This implies that to boost the QOL of children, we need to design play and leisure activities properly to have relaxation without much stress, including securing sleeping time. Finally, strategies to maximize relationships and minimize the study stress are needed.

Anti-proliferating effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

OH, MEESOOK,CHOI, YUNG HYUN,CHOI, SANG-HO,CHUNG, HAE-YOUNG,KIM, KYU-WON,KIM, SHIN IL,KIM, DONG KYOO,KIM,NAM DEUK 부산대학교 유전공학연구소 1999 분자생물학 연구보 Vol.15 No.-

Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) isolated from the root of Panax ginseng has been shown to have anti-cancer proliferation, differentiation and chemopreventive effects in certain cancer cell types. We incestigated the mechanism of G-Rh2-induced growth inhibition in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. G-Rh2 significantly inhibited the cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner, which effect was reversible, and induced a G1 arrest in cell cycle progression. G-Rh2 treatment down-regulated the protein level of cyclin D3 but upregulated the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21^WAFI/CIPI. The increased levels of p21 were associated with increased binding of p21 and Cdk2 concomitnat with marked decrease in Cdk2 and cyclin E-dependent kinase activities with no changes in Cdk2 and cyclin E expression. G-Rh2 markedly reduced the phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and enchanced association of unphosphorylated pRb and the transcription factor E2F-1. These data suggest that G-Rh2 inhibited the growth of MCF-7 cells, by inducing protein expression of p21 and reducing the protein levels of cyclin D which resulted in the down-regulation of cyclin/Cdk complex inhibiting E2F release.

Truncated Verb Structures in Child Korean

Kim, Meesook 한국중앙영어영문학회 2014 영어영문학연구 Vol.56 No.1

This study applied to Korean the standard techniques (e.g., tense, case markers, etc.) which have been used to show that young children represent functional projections mainly for European languages, by focusing on Korean children’s production of mood morphemes. Based on what I found from the analysis of Korean CHILD database, I suggest that the over-use of the default mood-inflection ‘-e’ in the earliest speech of one Korean two-year old parallels root infinitive forms observed in other languages. I also found that the absence of inflectional morphemes and the absence of correlations between specific verb forms and null-subjects, or tense markers, seem to be consistent with the view that children initially have only lexical categories. Therefore, this apparently provides strong evidence for a prefunctional analysis of child Korean syntax. Despite this apparently strong evidence for a prefunctional analysis of child Korean syntax, I argue that the systematic presence of the linking morpheme ‘-ko-’ in truncated auxiliary verb constructions implies that at least some level of functional structure is represented, even when it is never produced.

Focal Attention in the Acquisition of Passives in Korean

Meesook Kim 한국응용언어학회 2009 응용 언어학 Vol.25 No.2

Tomlin (1995, 1997) has claimed that sentence voice could be determined by a person"s focal attention in an experimental setting, in particular in the case of adults. By extending the cognitive experimental paradigm of attention manipulation to the acquisition of passives in Korean, I present two experiments which show Korean children"s comprehension and production of passives. First, I investigated whether Korean Children aged 4 to 5 would be capable of using visual focal attention when making syntactic choices between passives and actives, by using so-called fish film in an on-line production task. I further investigated the extent to which Korean children could understand passives, by using a sentence-picture matching task. Results from the on-line production task show that Korean children were unable to produce passives even when a patient was primed, while adult speakers of Korean predominantly produced them. It suggests that Korean children do not seem to be able to use the cognitive mechanism of focal attention in assigning the syntactic subject. Finally, this paper discusses why Korean children are unable to use the focal attention in their production of passives.

Syntactic Priming in Children’s Production of Passives

Meesook Kim 한국응용언어학회 2010 응용 언어학 Vol.26 No.2

This study presents two experiments which are designed to explore syntactic priming effects in 5- and 6-year-old Korean children, by focusing on the passive voice. In Experiment 1, an experimenter described a series of pictures using one of two syntactic forms (i.e., active/passive forms). After repeating the experimenter’s sentence, children were asked to describe another picture that contains different object names. Both 5-year-olds and 6-year-olds were more likely to use a particular syntactic form if it had been used by the experimenter. In Experiment 2, additional 5-year-olds and 6-year-olds participated in a procedure where they only listened to the experimenter’s sentence before describing the pictures. The present studies with preschool children show priming effects in both repetition and no-repetition conditions. That is, listening to and producing the sentence as in Experiment 1 and simply listening to the sentence as in Experiment 2 had a similar impact on children’s following sentence production. This finding lends support to the view that a common representational system determines both the production and comprehension of syntactic forms. Therefore, the results of this study provide evidence that preschool children, regardless of whether they speak English or Korean, have abstract syntactic representations.

Effects of Perceptual Priming and Lexical Priming in Sentence Production by Korean Children

Meesook Kim 한국응용언어학회 2011 응용 언어학 Vol.27 No.1

Two experiments are reported which investigate the roles of perceptual priming and lexical priming in Korean children’s production of passive sentences. Experiment 1 examined whether manipulations of perceptual attention by size and a flashing arrow could affect Korean children’s linguistic choices regarding subject role assignment, by using so-called fish film (Tomlin, 1997) in an on-line production task. 5-year-old and 6-year-old children were not able to produce passives even when a patient was perceptually primed by a flashing arrow and the size. Experiment 2 examined lexical priming effects in children’s production of passive voice. 5-year-old and 6-year-old children were more likely to use passive sentences if a patient has been verbally primed by the experimenter. Taken together, the results of these two experiments clearly demonstrate that there is a relationship between linguistic priming and children’s production of passive voice, whereas there is no direct relationship between visual attention and language production.

The Roles of Prepositional Phrasesin Argument Structure Alternations

Kim, Meesook 한국중앙영어영문학회 2007 영어영문학연구 Vol.49 No.4

Verbs that participate in their argument alternation, the so-called locative alternation, have received considerable attention from the areas of syntax, semantics, and language acquisition. In particular, researchers have so far focused on the holistic interpretation that the locative alternation demonstrates. On the other hand, a few researchers have noticed that not all of the Spray/Load verbs listed in Levin (1993), which participate in the locative alternation, show the same syntactic behaviors in terms of a PP (prepositional phrase) omission test. Few researchers have explained why Pile-class verbs systematically show different syntactic possibilities from the Spray/Load verbs, even though they all participate in the locative alternation. In this paper I propose that unlike the Spray/Load verbs, the Pile-class may select transitive prepositional phrases as complements. I presented an analysis for the Pile-class, which is a subclass of the Spray/Load verbs. I also capture other aspects of the Pile class, based on the obligatoriness of the with phrase, the failure of the verbs to undergo the adjectival passive, the failure of the with phrase to prepose, and the failure of the Goal direct object to be raised in subject position.

How English Speakers Perceive Non-native Speech Sounds: A Preliminary Study

Kim Meesook,Lee, Sang-Hyok 한국중앙영어영문학회 2002 영어영문학연구 Vol.44 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 모국어에는 존재하지 않는 다른 나라 언어에만 존재하는 음소적 대조를 어떻게 인지하고 있는가를 알아보고 모국어에 존재하지 않는 다른 나라 언어에만 존재하는 음소의 대조를 인지하는데 중요한 음성적 실마리가 무엇인가를 알아보는 것이다. 특히 이 연구에서는 영어를 모국어로 사용하고 있는 사람들이 한국어에서만 특징적으로 나타나고 있는 세 가지 무성 파열음들의 음성적 차이점을 인지할 수 있는가를 소리인식 방법인 AX 변별 방법을 사용해서 알아보았다. 이 연구 결과 영어 모국어 화자들은 한국어의 세 가지 무성 파열음의 음성적 차이점을 대체로 잘 구별하였지만, 한국어 평소리 파열음(/p,t,k/)과 유기음 파열음(/p^h, t^h, k^h/)을 구별하는데 상당한 어려움을 보이는 반면에 된소리 파열음(/p^*, t^*, k^*/)을 다른 파열음과 구별하는데는 아무런 문제를 보이지 않았다. 또한 한국어와 영어의 VOT 범위를 비교한 결과 한국어의 평소리 파열음과 유기음 파열음은 영어의 유기음 파열음의 범위속에 포함되고, 한국어의 된소리 파열음은 영어의 유성 파열음과 비슷한 범주에 포함된다는 사실은 왜 영어 모국어 화자들이 한국어 무성자음들 중 평소리 파열음과 유기음 파열음을 식별하는데 어려움을 보였는가를 설명해 줄 수 있다. 그러므로 이 실험은 VOT가 모국어에는 존재하지 않는 소리들을 음성적으로 구별하는데 중요한 실마리를 제공한다는 또 다른 중요한 증거를 제공한다고 할 수 있다.

Korean EFL Learners’ Acquisition of English Prenominal Adjectival Participles

Meesook Kim 한국영어학학회 2007 영어학연구 Vol.- No.24

  In this study I investigated Korean EFL learners’ knowledge of English conflation classes of verbs, focusing on the formation of prenominal adjectival participles. Three groups of 30 learners and 1 group of 10 native speakers of English participated in the study. They rated the acceptability of prenominal adjectival participles contained in two different linguistic contexts. The results showed that the Korean EFL learners were generally sensitive to conflation classes related to the formation of prenominal adjectival participles, even though a clear-cut separation of the state-change from the non-state-change verb classes started from the intermediate learners. It suggests that Korean EFL learners’ knowledge of English conflation classes of verbs in the formation of prenominal adjectival participles improved gradually, as they increase exposure to English. In addition, the finding that the low-proficiency learners have not yet learned the state-change items as a conflation class from the non-state change items may be explained partially by L1 effect. Finally, an asymmetry between manner verbs and state-change verbs associated with prenominal adjectival participles was discussed.

Korean EFL Learners' Interpretation of Quantifier-Negation Scope Interaction in English

Meesook Kim 한국영어학학회 2010 영어학연구 Vol.16 No.1

This study presents two experiments which are designed to explore the Isomorphism Effects in Korean EFL learners, by focusing on sentences containing negation and universal quantified noun phrases (NPs). A recent series of experimental investigation has focused on children's interpretation of sentences containing negation and quantified NPs (e.g., Every horse didn't jump over the fence). What emerges from this line of work is that, unlike adults, young children show a strong preference for the interpretation of such sentences that corresponds to the surface syntactic position of the elements involved, which is known as the Isomorphism Effect (Musolino, Crain, & Thornton 2000). In Experiment 1, I tested 60 EFL learners' interpretation of ambiguous sentences containing negation and quantified subject in English, by using the Truth Value Judgment Task Methodology. Like native speakers of English, advanced EFL learners accepted both an isomorphic and a non-isomorphic interpretation, whereas intermediate EFL learners accepted only the isomorphic reading. In Experiment 2, I also tested 60 EFL learners' interpretation of English sentences containing negation and quantified objects. Both groups from EFL learners accepted both isomorphic and non-isomorphic readings, whereas native speakers of English accepted only the isomorphic reading. Together these results indicate that Korean EFL learners do not show the Isomorphism Effect found in first language acquisition in the scope interaction between negation and quantifiers. Instead, Korean EFL learners strongly prefer a wide-scope (every>not) to a narrow-scope (not>every), regardless of their surface position, suggesting that L1 transfer plays a crucial role in understanding sentences containing negation and quantifiers.