Evaluation of Renal Toxicity by Combination Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Ji Yeon Son,Yoon Jong Kang,Kyeong Seok Kim,Tae Hyung Kim,Sung Kwang Lim,Hyun Jung Lim,Tae Cheon Jeong,Dal Woong Choi,Kyu Hyuck Chung,Byung Mu Lee,Hyung Sik Kim 한국독성학회 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.2

Melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with crystal formation in the kidney caused by combined exposure to melamine (Mel) and cyanuric acid (CA). However, there are few dosage-finding studies for toxicological evaluation of chronic co-exposure to Mel and CA. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which a Mel and CA mixture lead to renal toxicity in rats. Mel and CA were co-administered to rats via oral gavage for 50 days. Nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in rats after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) mixtures. BUN and sCr levels were significantly increased after Mel and CA co-exposure. Taken together, significant increase in KIM-1, NGAL, and calbindin levels were observed in the urine of rats exposed to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) compared with the corresponding control group. Histological analysis revealed epithelial degeneration and necrotic cell death in the proximal tubules of the kidney after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg). Our data suggest that Mel-mediated renal toxicity may be influenced by CA concentrations in Mel-contaminated milk or foods.

유전성 대사질환에서의 동종조혈모세포이식 : 단일 기관에서의 경험 A single center experience

유건희,김흥렬,이지은,이호영,천정미,성기웅,구홍회,이문향,진동규,김종원,김대원,김형록 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2001 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.6 No.2

배경: 유전성 대사질환의 치료로서 효소 요법 및 유전자 치료가 제한적인 현실에서 동종 조혈모세포이식이 현재로선 가장 중요한 치료가 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 단일 기관에서 유전성 대사질환에 대해 동종 조혈모세포이식을 시행한 경험을 보고하고자 하였다. 방법: 삼성서울병원 유전성 대사질환 조혈모세포이식팀에서는 1999년 12월부터 2001년 3월까지 총 6례의 유전성 대사질환을 대상으로 동종 조혈모세포이식을 시행하였다. 대상 질환은 Hunter 증후군 3례, galactosialidosis 1례, 이염성 백질이영양증 1례, 부신백질이영양증 1례였으며 성별 분포는 남아가 5명, 여아가 1명이었으며 연령 분포는 2년 9개월에서 15년 9개월이었다. 5례는 HLA 일치 혈연간 골수이식이었으며 1례는 HLA 불일치 T 림프구 제거 말초혈액 조혈모세포이식이었다. 전처치는 모두 BuCy를 사용하였으며 이식편대숙주반응의 예방에는 cyclosporine을 사용하였다. 이식된 세포는 유핵세포가 4.81×10^(8)(2.40~7.01×10^(8))/kg이었으며 CD34+ 세포는 3.65×10^(6)(0.88~10.72×10^(6))/kg이었다. 결과: 이식 후 조혈기능의 회복은 모두 조기에 달성되었으며(ANC>500: 정중 9.5일, 범위 9~14일; PLT>50K: 정중 32일, 범위 23~34일) 이식과 관련된 합병증은 Gr I의 aGVHD 3례, 국한성의 cGVHD 1례, 경증의 간정맥 폐쇄성 질환이 1례이었다. 모든 환자에서 직간접적으로 이식 후 효소의 생산이 증가함이 확인되었으며 임상적인 호전을 보인 경우가 4례, 질병 진행이 중단된 경우가 1례, 질병이 진행된 경우가 1례이었다. 질병 진행이 중단되었던 1례는 면역억제제 투여 중 수두 감염에 의한 폐출혈로 사망하였다. 결론: 유전성 대사질환에서 동종 조혈모세포이식이 가장 중요한 치료법으로 사용될 수 있고 중추신경계 증상이 나타나기 전, 가능한 조기에 조혈모세포이식을 시행하는 것이 바람직할 것이며 적극적인 지지 요법이 필요하다. 향후 더 많은 임상 경험이 필요하리라 사료된다. Background: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) may be the most important treatment modality to cure a number of genetic metabolic disorders because of the limitation of enzyme replacement or gene therapy. In this study, we report our single center experience about HSCT in several genetic metabolic disorders. Methods: We performed 6 cases of HSCT for genetic metabolic disorders from December 1999 to March 2001. Patients' diagnoses were Hunter syndrome (3), galactosialidosis (1), metachromatic leukodystrophy (1), and adrenoleukodystrophy (1). Stem cell sources were bone marrow from HLA matched sibling donors in 5 patients and mother's peripheral blood stem cells in one patient who did not have HLA matched donors. Busulfan and cyclophosphamide for conditioning, and cyclosporine for the prevention of graft versus host disease were used in all patients. Transplanted total nucleated cell counts were median 4.81×10^(8)(2.40~7.01×10^(8))/kg , and CD34+ cells 3.65×10^(6)(0.88~10.72×10^(6))/kg. Results: All patients achieved early hematologic recovery (median 9.5 days, range 9~14 days for ANC>500/μL; median 32 days, range 23~34 days for PLT>50,000/μL). Transplant-related complications were 3 cases of grade 1 acute GVHD, a case of limited chronic GVHD, and a case of mild hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Enzyme levels were normalized in 4 patients evaluated and there were indirect evidences of enzyme production in the other 2 patients after HSCT. Four of the 6 patients showed symptomatic improvement, 1 patient (galactosialidosis) experienced disease stabilization without progression before he eventually died due to pulmonary hemorrhage, and the other 1 patient deteriorated progressively even after HSCT. Conclusions: Allogeneic HSCT can be done as the only curative treatment in a number of genetic metabolic disorders. It seems desirable to perform HSCT as early as possible before the onset of central nervous system symptoms. More experience and long term follow up is needed to evaluate the efficacy and to monitor the long term transplant-related complications.

Evaluation of Renal Toxicity by Combination Exposure to Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats

Son, Ji Yeon,Kang, Yoon Jong,Kim, Kyeong Seok,Kim, Tae Hyung,Lim, Sung Kwang,Lim, Hyun Jung,Jeong, Tae Cheon,Choi, Dal Woong,Chung, Kyu Hyuck,Lee, Byung Mu,Kim, Hyung Sik Korean Society of ToxicologyKorea Environmental Mu 2014 Toxicological Research Vol.30 No.2

Melamine-induced nephrotoxicity is closely associated with crystal formation in the kidney caused by combined exposure to melamine (Mel) and cyanuric acid (CA). However, there are few dosage-finding studies for toxicological evaluation of chronic co-exposure to Mel and CA. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible mechanism by which a Mel and CA mixture lead to renal toxicity in rats. Mel and CA were co-administered to rats via oral gavage for 50 days. Nephrotoxicity was determined by measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr) levels. Relative kidney weights were significantly increased in rats after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) mixtures. BUN and sCr levels were significantly increased after Mel and CA co-exposure. Taken together, significant increase in KIM-1, NGAL, and calbindin levels were observed in the urine of rats exposed to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg) compared with the corresponding control group. Histological analysis revealed epithelial degeneration and necrotic cell death in the proximal tubules of the kidney after co-exposure to Mel+CA (63/6.3 or 630/6.3 mg/kg). Our data suggest that Mel-mediated renal toxicity may be influenced by CA concentrations in Mel-contaminated milk or foods.

패혈증 이후 발생한 스트레스성 심근병증 2례

김종훈,남궁준,박혜연,황철웅,박경일,도준형,이성윤,이원로 白中央醫療院 2005 仁濟醫學 Vol.26 No.1

The transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome, also known as takotsubo cardiomyopathy is a recently described novel cardiac syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by transient asynergy of the ventricular apex or mid-ventricle in the absence of obstructive epicardial coronay artery disease. This report concerns two types of morphologic difference about left ventricular apex and mid-ventricle. In this case, we report two types of stress-induced cardiomyopathy with review of literatures.

人蔘赤腐病菌의 榮養生理學的 硏究

金倧熙,李敏雄,李榮俊 동국대학교 농림과학연구소 1969 農林科學 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

As a result of an elementary study for the physiological nutrition of setting up the composition of synthetic medium in Erwinia-araliavorus, the effect of hydrogen ion concentration, several kinds of carbon sources, inorganic nitrogen sources, phosphate sources, micro metals and concentration of potassium phosphate mono-basic, Potassium phosphate di-basic on the growth of this bacteria have been investigated and are summarized as follows; 1. The effects of hydrogen ion concentration on the growth of this bacteria in the basal medium, optimum hydrogen ion concentration range was 7.5. After incubation the hydrogen ion concentration altered it's formal medium concentration. The strong acidity changed into weak acidity, the strong alkali into weak alkali. 2. The effects of several kinds of carbon sources on the growth of this bacteria, Soluble starch, Inulin and Maltose showed best results and followed by Sucrose and Mannite. Organic acid in the carbon sources was not used effectively as nutritional elements. After incubation hydrogen ion concentration was changed into weak acidity. 3. In the effect of nitrogen sources on the growth of the bacteria, Alanine as a organic compounds and KNO_3 as a inorganic compounds were respectively effective on the growth. L-Isoleucine and NaNO_2 were poor effect. Among this nitrogen sources, Alanine showed the best result and L-Isoleucine was appreciably poor effect. After incubation the hydrogen Ion concentration altered it's formal medium concentration into weak acidity. 4. In the effect of phosphate sources on the growth of this bacteria, Potassium phosphate mono-basic was effective. Sodium phophate tri-basic, Ferric phosphate and Potassium phosphate di-basic showed comparatively good results but Ammonium phosphate mono basic and Calcium phosphate tri-basic proved less effective. After incubation the hydrogen Ion concentration of this medium was altered into weak acidity. 5. As for the effects of micro metal sources on the growth of this bacteria, optimum concentration in each micro metal sources showed the following; Ferrous sulfate 100(㎎/100ml), Zinc sulfate 0.1(㎎/100ml) Curpric sulfate (㎎/100ml). Magnesium Chloride 10(㎎/100ml) Manganese sulfate 10(㎎/100ml), Natrium Melybdae-nium(㎎/100ml), Calcium Chloride 10(㎎/100ml) and Boric acid 1(㎎/100ml). Among these micro metal sources, ferrous sulfate, Zinc sulfate, Manesium chlorid0 and Natrium molybdaenium showed especially best results, followed by Calcium chloride, Manganese sulfate and Cupric sulfate. The Boric acid showed poor effects. Also in the medium to which no metal sources were added the growth of this bacteria was ineffective. After incubation the hydrogen Ion concentration generally changed into weak acid. 6. In the effect of Potassium phosphate mono basic and Potassium phosphate di-basic concentration on the growth of this bactecia, Potassium phosphate mono-basic showed the best result when concentration 0.1(g/100ml) was added in the basal medium. No addition of phosphate to the basal medium was appreciably decreased and followed by Potasium phosphate di-basic 0.01(g/100ml). The growth of this bacteria was much enhanced when concentration of Potassium phosphate mono basic 0.1(g/100ml) and Potassium phosphate di-basic 0.05(g/100ml) were added to the basal medium and the growth diminished when concentration of Potassium phosphate mono-basic 0.5(g/100ml) and Potassium phosphate di-basic 0.01(g/100ml) were added to the basal medium. After incubation the hydrogen Ion concertration of medium generally changed into acidity.

만성 주정중독자의 뇌전산화 단층촬영 소견

김형동,김종길,오민웅 大韓神經精神醫學會 1984 신경정신의학 Vol.23 No.2

Authors studied the degree of atrophy of alcoholics by measuring ventricle size, cortical sulci size and bifrontal cerebroventricular index. Subjects were consisted of 34 chronic alcoholics and the control group of 25 non-alcoholic neurotics, who were treated at the Department of Neuropsychiatry at Maryknoll Hospital from Mar. 1, 1982 to Aug. 8, 1983. The results were as follows: 1. Cerebral atrophy was found among 24 cases(70.6%) of chronic alcoholics. However, only 1 case of cerebral atrophy was found among the control group. 2. For chronic alcoholics sulci was 6.64±1.48mm, ventricle size was 17.14±2.37mm and the bifrontal cerebroventricular index was 35.6±5.3%, which suggested statistically significant cerebral atrophy, as compared to the control group(p<0.05).

갑상선 기능항진증에 수반된 조증 1례

김형동,허민,오민웅,김종길 大韓神經精神醫學會 1983 신경정신의학 Vol.22 No.3

The authors experienced a case of mania associated with hyperthyroidism at the Neuropsychiatric Dept. of Maryknoll General Hospital in May, 1982. We observed that this case met the criteria for secondary mania by Krauthammer and Klerman. Manic symptoms disappeared after propylthiouracil and neuroleptic treatment, but amnesia of the manic episode remainded until discharge. We thought that this condition was rare in Korea worth a case report together with an uptodate review of literature.

양성 및 음성 정신분열병 아형에서 사고의 정신병리적 특성에 관한 비교연구

김종숙,함웅,홍광화 대한신경정신의학회 1994 신경정신의학 Vol.33 No.3

The authors have studied the content and severity of thought disorder between the subjects of the positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenia. It's hypothetical ground is that the positive and negative subtypes of schizophrenics might bear highly significant differences in the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, psychopathology, also therapeutic and prognostic terms. In that regards, the author reported the neuropsychological significance in differentiating the two subtypes from each other, such that the negative subtype showed the worse function in the short-term recall against the auditory stimuli than the positive. To comparatively analyze the content and severity of thought disorder between the two subtypes, the authors utilized the Thought Discorder Index(TDI) scores and Holt's scale of the primary process thinking content. The results were as follows: 1) The total score of TDI as a whole, showed somewhat more thought disorder in the positive subtype subjects than the negative, though this failed to reach the statistical significance. In 0.75 level of TDI, the positive subtype subjects showed statistically significantly worse thought disorder than the negative. 2) In the comparative study of the primary process thinking content, the positive subtype subjects showed degree in the aggressive content but lower degree in the anxiety content than the negative subtype subjects with statistical significance. 3) In the correlation study, 0.5 level of TDI correlated with the libidinal content of the primary process with blunted affect and the aggressive content with lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation. The above result might suggest that the positive subtype of schizophrenia demonstrated more severe thought disorder, if we regard that responses scored at the 0.75 level of TDI represent clear thought disturbances. The negative subtype of schizophrenia tends to possess higher anxious and libidinal content of the primary process thinking.

논우렁이의 營養學的 成分에 관한 硏究

金鐘培,朴一雄 군산대학교 1987 群山水産專門大學 硏究報告 Vol.21 No.2

This study was carried out to obtain an information for the nutritive component in edible portion of river snail, Cipangopaludina chinensis malleata, as proximate compositions, contribution proteinnitrogen, free amino acids, amino acids, fatty acids constituting to total lipid, and minerals compositions. In total nitrogen contents, protein-N was 80.8%. Arginine, alanine and histidine were the main amino acids in quantity of river snail extract, having 20.2% (58.98mg%), 15.8% (46. l2mg%), 12.6% (36.80mg%) of total free amino acid contents, respectively, and the order of the next contents showed as lysine, glutamic acid, threonine, leucine, proline, serine, methionine and isoleucine , but the content of valine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid were all low, cystine was detected in trace amount and tyrosine was not detected. Amino acids in edible portion of river snail appeared to be 18 kinds, glutamic acid (19.1%), aspartic acid (9.3%), leucine (8.5%), arginine (7.6%), and Iysine (7,0%) content were the most abundant amino acids, while such amino acids as alanine, glycine, proline, threonine , serine, phenylalanine, valise, tyrosine, histidine, isoleucine, methionine, and tryptophan were low , and cystine was detected in least amount. Valine was the first limiting amino acid in the 8 kinds of essential amino acids and its amino acid score 67%. The fatty acid constituting to total lipid was composed chiefly of oleic-acid (33.4%), linolenic acid (15.2%) stearic acid (13.6%), palmitic acid (10.5%), and palmitoleic acid (8.7%), but margaric acid, linoleic acid, myristoleic acid, myristic acid and lauric acid were small amount. The content of Ca, P, K, Na Mg, Fe, Zn. Mn, and Cu were 1055.0,191.0,116.3,70.0, 16.7,11.8,6.2,0.8 and 0.7mg%, respectively.

손가락 끝 점을 이용한 손 형상 인식

김종민,이웅기,장근실,양환석,허진경,박승규 朝鮮大學校 統計硏究所 2007 統計硏究所論文誌 Vol.9 No.1

최근 사용자 친화형 유저 인터페이스 구현을 위해 인간의 손 형상을 실시간으로 인식하는 연구의 중요성이 부각되고 있다. 그러나 인간의 손은 자유도가 크기 때문에 손 형상을 정확히 인식하기란 매우 어렵고 또한 피부색과 유사한 색을 가지는 복잡한 배경에서는 더욱 곤란하다. 본 논문에서는 별도의 센서를 부착하지 않고 카메라를 사용하여 피부색 정보에 의한 손 형상을 분할한 후 손가락 끝 점을 찾는다. 찾은 손가락 끝 점을 이용하여 방향을 탐지하는 알고리즘에 대해 기술한다. 이 방법은 템플리트 매칭을 이용하여 손가락 끝 점을 탐색한 후 찾은 손가락 끝 점과 손목의 중심을 이용하여 전, 후, 좌, 우 방향을 탐지한다. 제안하는 방법을 이용하여 3D 가상현실 공간에서의 네비게이션(Navigation)에 응용하였으며, 실험결과 전진, 후진 및 좌측, 우측의 방향전환도 매우 좋은 결과를 보였다. 또한 본 논문에서 제안하는 방법은 마우스, 키보드, 조이스틱 등의 조작 없이 전, 후, 좌, 우 방향전환을 사용자가 직관적으로 지시함으로써 보다 자연스러운 인간과 컴퓨터의 상호작용을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.