1960년대 북한의 숙청과 술타니즘(Sultanism)의 등장

류길재 고려대학교一民국제관계연구원 2004 국제관계연구 Vol.9 No.1

During the late 1960s, there were some significant purges in North Korea. While the one in 1967 was aimed at getting rid of some high-ranking party officials, the one in 1968 was meant to expel some top military officials. Conventional views had emphasized that Kim Il Sung's unlimited ambitions to seize ultimate power had caused these purges. These views, however, have failed to explain that these purges were closely related to shifts in the North Korean political system, which might have been a result of a complex process of policy competition, power struggle, and succession politics. Although some arguments have recently been made that the purges in the late 1960s were the outcome of conflicts on economic and military policies, there is still a lack of sufficient evidence that verify these claims. Therefore, this study seeks to uncover the actual reasons behind these purges. According to North Korean official documents Park Kum Chol and Lee Hyo Soon are alleged to be "anti-party factionalists," since they have attempted to challenge Kim Il Sung's authority, exert their own authority in their respective fields, be opposed to the state's economic policy, and spread reactionary notions such as feudalism and bourgeois ideas. Surprisingly, they were all purged at the 15th Plenum of the Sixth Party Central Committee in 1967. Their purge was astonishing because they were closely related to Kim Il Sung's anti-Japanese armed struggle, and they had both led the purge of anti-Kim Il Sung forces in August 1958. After a year and a half, Kim Chang Bong, Minister of National Security; and Heo Bong Hak, Commander-in-Chief of the Korean People's Army; were accused and purged for almost the same reasons as the top party officials that had been purged the year before. These two purges were not caused so much by policy conflicts as they were by the combination of power struggle and policy differences amid succession politics. Kim Joug Il, even though a junior party official at the time, wielded the power to get rid of his revolutionary seniors. By way of these purges, Kim Il Sung proclaimed and established a system of monolithic ideology over the society, and the minimal pluralist traces that remained in the decision-making process were thoroughly eradicated. As a result, the North Korean political system was rapidly transformed into a new one, a sultanistic arrangement in which individual leadership becomes the utmost political norm.

心筋의 深度低溫과 Nitroprusside가 心筋保護에 미치는 效果

李吉魯 순천향대학교 1988 논문집 Vol.11 No.1

To evaluate the protective effect of profound hypothermi a and nitroprusside on the rabbit myocardium after global ischemia, we studied 30 rabbits using isolated working heart model. Experimental time courses were; (1) nonworking retrograde perfusion(15min), (2) working perfusion(15min), obtained hemodynamic parameters for baseline value (3) hypothermic(10'C) ischemic arrest(60min) induced with St. Thomas Hospital cardioplegic solution, (4) nonworking reperfusion(15min), measured creatine kinase leadage, (5)working reperfusion(20min), re-checked hemodynamic values and expressed as percent recovery, (6) weighed the wet and dry heart. Experimental hearts were devided to 3 groups: (1) Group I-myocardial temprature 28'C (2) Group Ⅱ-10' C profound hypothermia, (3) GroupⅢ-28'C hypothermia, nitroprusside infusion with the cardioplegic agent(100 μ/L). There was no differences in the peak aortic pressure and heart rate between the groups, but these values showed excellent recovery rate. The Group Ⅱ had good percent recoveries in the aortic flow, coronary flow, and stroke volume, but in the Group Ⅲ, these were relatively lower than the control group. Differences of water content ant tissue water between groups were not so significant. Leakage of creatine kinase in the Group Ⅲ was a little higher than the other two with no statistical significance. Finally, we concluded that deep hypothermia(10'C) is far superior than moderate hypothermia(28'C) on the myocardial protection after global ischemia but not in the nitroprusside.

More Die of Heartbreak 읽기 : 아이러니의 관점에서

최길례,홍성용 조선대학교 사범대학 부설 교과교육연구소 2001 敎科敎育硏究 Vol.4 No.1

Saul Bellow's More Die of Heartbreak is a sexual comedy which focuses on the mind of Kenneth Trachtenberg, a mind rich in contradictions and confusion. Struggling mightly to tell the story of his uncle, Benn Crader, Kenneth cannot escape the main subject-himself. At the heart of the book is sex, the farcical obsession destructive of perspective and harmony. But in telling Benn's story of sexual tribulations, Kenneth reveals his own career of failed human relations. The Layamons, the representative family of the vulgar, materialistic world and Benn Crader,a world-renowned botanist and professor is destined to fail. Kenneth, like Moses Herzog, is one of Bellow's intellectuals ridden with ideas. Although the story is filled with ideas, it is not a novel of ideas. Bellow explains his idea not ideologically but directly through the stages in his characters' career. It pursues the irony of an ideal world of Kenneth, which is between the Ideal and the Real. The dismal irony dominating the book is that the theorizing of Kenneth does not simply fail to bring order to his world; instead, it is a pair of blinders making him vulnerable to the attacks of reality. The story also pursues the transcendental meaning og love. Some critics see in benn Crader and Kenneth Trachetenberg aspects of the same individual at different points in his life.* The lofty project with benn serves to downgrade the real, inimitable father and to turn Benn into a substitude father. The reversed irony is that the idealized master, Benm Crader becomes the justification for the limitations of the pupil, Kenneth. The irony is that Benn's final lesson is a withdrawal. Benn's departure for the frigid Arctic to retreat from the hot complocations of his carnal and matrimonial life. The Arctic will reduce life to its simplest forms. Benn dreams of an idealized self as in Bellow's works. Unfortunately he is too much of a modern intellectual and petty` bourgeois to accept the realities of his vanishing dreams. He is an individual who is wounded and frustrated by the trials and anguish of life. He seems to venture avoidance by means of escaping the realities of hard life and escaping idealized self-esteem.

가토의 척수허혈에서 Aprotinin의 척수보호 연구

이석열,이길노,박형주 순천향의학연구소 2001 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.7 No.2

Background : The complications of ischemic spinal cord injury on the descending and thoracoabdominal aorta remain a problem in spite of surgery and anesthesia advance. The protective effect of aprotinin was assessed from a rabbit spinal cord ischemia model in order to prevent ischemia reperfusion injury from the spinal cord. In the mechanism of the pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury, activated neutrophils are thought to be important in terms of their ability to produce various kinds of proteinase, which can degrade various proteins constructing human tissues. In addition, activation of blood protease cascades may contribute to celluar injury under this condition. Aprotinin is a serine-protease inhibitor and has been shown to inhibit activation of kallikrein-kinin system and plasmin fibrinolysis system. Aprotinin also preserve platelet function and partially inhibit neutrophil activation. such effect of aprotinin observed on ischemia-reperfusion injury of spinal cord after aortic clamping. Methods : In 24 rabbits, left vertical flank incision and retroperitoenal approach were done and ischemia was induced with clamping of the aorta just distal to left renal artery and proximal to aortic bifurcation for 20 min. Aprotinin was given 30,000 KIU/kg as a short intravenous injection after anesthesia, and was followed by 30,000 KIU/hr by continous infusion in study group(n=12). Similar volume of saline solution was used in control group(n=12). Physiological parameters were monitored in animals before aortic occlusion, during aortic occlusion, after aortic occlusion. Their neurological outcome was clinically evaluated up to 48hour postischemia. After 48 hour of the operation, all rabbits' victim were induced and their spinal cord, abdominal aorta, and its branches were processed for histopathological examination. Conclusion ; Mean aortic pressure, heart rate and arterial blood gas analysis showed no statistical difference between study group and control group. Bladder function also revealed no statistical difference. The average motor function score was significantly higher in study group than control group at 24 and 48 hour after the ischemic insult(p<0.05). Histological observations were revealed fewer ischemic damage in study group than control group. This results suggest that aprotinin reduces spinal cord injury and preserves neurologic function in transient spinal cord ischemia of rabbits.

저온보존 심장에서 Coenzyme Q10의 심근보호에 관한 연구

안영규,이길노 순천향의학연구소 1995 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.1 No.2

This study was undertaken to assess whether pretreatment of the rabbit heart with coenzyme Q could improve postischemic myocardial recovery. Coenzyme Q(10 mg/kg of body weight) was administered orally 12 hours and 6 hours before isolation of the heart in the experimental group(15 rabbits). Another 15 rabbits were used by control group. Hearts were harvested from rabbits after administration of sodium heparin(1,000 units/kg) and ketamine(10 mg/kg). Following aortic cannulation, nonworking retrograde perfusion(73'C) of 15 minutes was employed with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution. After conversion into working perfusion for 15 minutes, hemodynamic datas were obtained for baseline values. Each group of hearts underwent infusion of St. Thomas Hospital cardioplegic solution(4'C) and arrested for 60 minutes in the heart chamber (myocardial temprature: 12'C). After cold ischemic arrest, hearts underwent 15 minutes of retrograde nonworking reperfusion at 37'C. The coronary effluent was obtained and determined leakage of CPK during inital 10 minutes of reperfusion. Heaarts were switched to the working reperfoudsion mode for about 30 minutes and hemodynamic values were measured for recovey rate. Wet and dry weight of hearts were obtained to determine of myocardial water content and a small piece of interventricular septal myocardium were excised in random three hearts of each group for relectron microscopic examination. The results were as follows: 1. Recovery of hemodynamics : Percent recoveries of the coenzyme group in aortic flow, coronary flow, cardiac index, stroke volume, and stroke work were significantly higher(13-15%) than the control group except heart rate and peak aortic pressure. The coronary vascular resistance of the control group was relatively elevated about 25% than coenzyme group. 2. Myocardial water content : After reperfusion following ischemic preservation, tissue water and water content increased significantly in the control group compaired to coenzyme group. 3. CPK(MB) isoenzyme concentration in coronary effluent : CPK concentration was lower in the coenzyme group than control group with statistically significant differences. 4. Myocardial ultrastructure : In the control group, the mitochondria was swollen and showed amorphous material which was the product of breakdown of the cristae. Nuclear chronmatin showed clumping and margination, and myofibils are relaxed with partial lysis. But the coenzyme group showed well preserved architecture of mitochondria and myofibrits except mild contracture. Pretreatment of the heart with coenzyme Q is effective in preventing such injury that may develop during ischemia and after reperfusion. These results supports the concept that coenzyme Q play an important role in the cellular oxydative phosphorylation and as the scavenger of the oxygen free radicals during reperfusion.

폐이식술에서 허혈 및 재관류 손상에 대한 칼슘차단제(Verapamil)의 보호효과 : 가토의 적출폐장실험모형에 의한 연구 An experimental study in isolated rabbit lung model

이만복,이길노 순천향의학연구소 2000 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.6 No.2

The optimum method for lung preservation in preparation for transplantation remains unresolved. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of one pharmacologic agent for prolonging the preservation time of the ishemic lung. We investigated a verapamil which is both a calcium channel blocker and a vasodilator, in regard to its effectiveness in promoting functional recovery of the ischemic rabbit lung in isolated rabbit lung model. This study was undertaken to investigate whether verapamil administered during pre-ischemic and post-ischemic periods would ameliorate ischemia- reperfusion injury in preserved isolated rabbit lung. Two groups were evaluated with twelve rabbits in each group. In the control groups, verapamil was not used. In the experimental group, verapamil (0.1㎎/㎏) was injected intravenously, and then Euro-collins solution 150㎖ (E-C sol. 500㎖ added to verapamil 2cc) was perfused through main pulmonary artery. The left lung was harvested and simply immersed in storage solution (Modified Euro-collins' solution) for six hours. Before reperfusion, verapamil (0.1㎎/㎏) was injected through main pulmonary artery. For assessment, the stored lung was ventilated mechanically and perfused with fresh venous blood at a rate of 40㎖/min for 60 minutes. ① Systemic arterial oxygen tension was decreased in both group during reperfusion, but was significantly higher in the verapamil-treated group compared to control group. (p = 0.0001 - 0.0004) ② Pulmonary arterial pressure was increased in both group during reperfusion, but significantly lower in verapamil-treated group. (p = 0.0001) ③ Airway pressure was increased in both group during reperfusion, but significantly lower in verapamil-treated group from reperfusion 30 minutes to reperfusion 60 minutes.(p < 0.0309) ④ Wet/dry weight ratio and water content of the preserved lung were significantly lower in verapamil-administered group than the control group. ⑤ Microscopically, the intra-alveolar hemorrhage and pulmonary congestion was significantly less in the verapamil group. In conclusion, through the use of isolated rabbit lung model, Ca^(++)-channel blocker verapamil prevented injury caused by lung ischemia and reperfusion

가토의 척수허혈에서 척수허수보호연구 : Aprotinin 과 Pentoxifylline 의 비교 Comparison of Aprotinin and Pentoxifylline

이석열,이길노 대한혈관외과학회 2002 Vascular Specialist International Vol.18 No.1

Purpose: The complications of ischemic spinal cord injury on the descending and thoracoabdominal aorta remain a problem in spite of surgery and anesthesia advance. The protective effects of aprotinin and pentoxifylline was assessed from a rabbit spinal cord ischemia model in order to ??grevent ischemia reperfusion injury from the spinal cord. Method: In 36 rabbits, left vertical flank incision and retroperitoenal approach were done and ischemia was induced with clamping of the aorta just distal to left renal artery and proximal to aortic bifurcation for 20 min. In Group A, ??Aprotinin was given30,000 KIU/ ?? ction after anesthesia, and was followed by 10,000 KIU/ ?? by continuous infusion in group??lso in group B, Pentoxifyline 40㎎/㎏ was given as a intravenous injection after of saline solution was used in control group C (n=12). Physiological parameters were monitored in animals before aortic occlusion, during aortic occlusion, after aortic occlusion. Their neurological outcome was clinically evaluated up to 48 hour ??postischemia. After 48 hour of the operation, all rabbits' victim were induced and their spinal cord, abdominal aorta, and its branches were processed for ??histopathological examination. Result: Mean aortic pressure, heart rate and arterial blood gas analysis showed no statistical difference in 3 groups. bladder function also revealed no statistical difference. The average motor function score was significantly higher in ??aprotinin group (group A) than control group (group C) at 24 (P=0.026) and 48 hour (P=0.018) after the ischemic insult. But ehr average motor function score was similar in pentoxifylline group (group B) and control group (group C) at 24 and 48 hour after the ischemic insult. Histological observations were revealed fewer ischemic damage in aprotinin group (group A) than control group (group C) but in pentoxifylline group (group B) and control group (group C), ischemic damages were more than moderate degree. Conclusion: The result suggest that aprotininreduces spinal cord injury and preserves neurologic function in transient spinal cord ischemia of rabbits but pentoxifylline is not effective.

자연기흉 환자에서 폐쇄성 흉강삽관술후 경피적 전기신경 자극법을 이용한 통증감소효과 연구

이석열,이길노 순천향의학연구소 1999 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.5 No.1

Pain control methods after closed thoracostomy in spontaneous pneumothorax patients were used by analgesics, physical therapy, intercostal nerve block but effectiveness have not been proved due to various side effect and uncertified therapic effect. In this study, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) was applied to pain control and it's effectiveness was observed from immediate closed thoracostomy to post-operative 3 days. Forty-five closed thoracostomy patients was classified into 3 groups, which are TENS group(n=15), placebo group(n=15) and control group(n=15). The TENS group was treated with TENS unit, the placebo group was treated using the unit without electrical connection, and the control group received analgesic alone. Same analgesic(demerol) intramuscular injection was used in three groups as pain control. Among the 3 groups, there were no statistical significant difference in age, body weight, operation time, lidocaine amounts and vital signs. However pain intensity by visual analogue scale and analgesic requirements were decreased in TENS group as compared with others(P<0.05). Finally, pain control by TENS after closed thoracostomy was proved to effective pain control method therefore analgesic requirements was decreased.

원발성 하지정맥류의 압박경화요법

이석열,양성린,이길노 순천향의학연구소 2001 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.7 No.1

Background: Varicose veins are a very common condition that presents in a variety of forms. Treatment mordlities are variant and beneficial. The authors report an experience of compression sclerotherapy using Tromboject(Sodium tetradecyl sulfate) in varicose veins of the lower extremities. Methods: Prospective study was performed in 62 varicose vein patients who were treated with compression sclerotherapy from Mar. 1999 to Mar 2001. Sclerosing agent was used by 1%, 3% sodium tetradecyl sulfate and high concentrated agent was injected in proportion to vessel diameter. And then the patients wore compression stocking for 2 months. Results: The prevalent age group consisted of fourth decade and mean age was 39. The female to male ratio was 3.8:1. The site of varicose vein was similar to both side and major involved vein was greater saphenous vein. Duration of the varicose vein was mostly 1-20 years. All patients were complained of cosmetic problem and other symtoms were heaviness, walking discomfort, pain and leg edema. The most etiologic factor was pregnancy. Average frequency of injection was 1.65±0.55 and mean follow-up periods was 11.9 months. There was no recurrence during follow-up periods. The most patients were satisfied with compression sclerotherapy and satisfaction degree was 4.84±0.42. Hyperpigmentation was developed in all case but normalized after 3-6 months. Other complications was leg edema, superficial thrombophlebitis, and hematoma. Contact dermatitis appeared as complication ,especially summer, due to compression stocking. Conclusion: Compression sclerotherapy showed good results and minimal side effects in varicose vein of the lower extremities. Compression sclerotherapy may be primary treatment in selected cases.

두개안면부 다한증에서 제2번 흉부교감신경 절단후 발한분포 변화에 대한 연구

이석열,박정권,이길노 순천향의학연구소 2000 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.6 No.2

Craniofacial hyperhidrosis patients complain discormfort due to excessve sweating of head and face. Medical treatment has been used but it's effect is transient and side effects are very common. After introducing of video thoracoscope in 1986, many thoracic surgical procedures have been developed using video thoracoscope. But domestic papers about craniofacial hyperhidrosis have not been existed yet. This study analyzed the effect and patient's satisfaction of T2 symoathicotomy. The degree of sweating change of pre and post T2 sympathicotomy and compensatory hyperhidrosis using linear analogue scale in 15 craniofacial hyperhidrosis patients were analyzed. Craniofacial sweating disappeared after T2 sympathicotomy and patients' satisfactions were high. Compensatory hyperhidrosis appeared on trunk, back, abdomen, thigh and buttock but it's degree was not severe. Therefore T2 sympathicotomy is effective and safe method in treatment of craniofacial hyperhidrosis. But further evaluations are needed on more patients, long time follow-up and compensatory hyperhidrosis.