食糧消費類型에 關한 調査

金厚根 진주산업대학교 1970 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

Objectives of this study The primary purposes of this study were; 1. To discribe the attitudes of consummers regarding food consumption in the households. 2. To analyze the consumption patterns by occupation and income groups. Summary of major findings. 1. The average size of the 50 households surveyed was 6.0 persons. There was not a great difference in size of household among income groups and various occupation. 2. Of the 302 households members, 186 persons were salary man. 3. The average monthly income was 2,528 won per person. The monthly total food expenditure per person was 938 won. 4. The food expense of the survey households averaged 37.1 percent of their disposable income. And thus Engel's ratio of food expenditure to disposable income decreased continuously as the income increased. 5. The average monthly consumption of food grains was 15.7 liters per person. The lower income group ate less rice and more other grains than higher income groups. 6. The most common response (51.2 percent) was that eating rice alone is too expenses. Another common response (39.5 percent) was that other grains swell more than rice in cooking, so that the members of the household can be filled up at less cost. 7. 27.2 per cent of the household members ate lunches away from home. Those who carried lunch from hoem were mostly children who were attending school. It is interesting to note that there was not much difference among income groups in the proportion of household members carring lunches. The frequency of dining out for supper was greater at higher income 8. In comparing household food expenditure by occupation of the head of the household, the average expenditure per person varied directly with the average household income level of the occupation

農地流動과 賃借料 形成에 관한 硏究(Ⅱ) : 慶南의 3個 水稻作 地域을 中心으로 An Empirical of Three Different Rice Producing Areas in the Province of Gyeongsangnam-Do in Korea

金厚根 慶尙大學校 1987 論文集 Vol.26 No.2

1)Shadow prices (marginal value product) of paddy land at various groups of farm size were assessed by quantitative model of a translog variable profit function. In the less developedd area, the highest shadow price of land was calculated for the group of medium size farms.But the highest mariginal value product of land was observed in te large scale farms in the other two deveeloping areas (Uhichang and Kimhae). 2)Inability of farming caused by old age or increasing opportunity of off-farm employment of farm labor can be defined as the most important factors of promoting land leasing. Opportunity cost obtainable by paddy land owned by these farmers is generally higher than shadow price obtainable from farmong entire acreage of their land. Conclusions: In the traditional farming area where a slow process of machanization is being experienced, direction of land flow concentrating to medium size farms is a distinctive phenomena of stratification of farms by size of farmland, In the moderately developin area, changes of farm size are being experienced in the direction to the polarization as partial tenant farming by large size farms has already emerged. As a result, it can be concluded that direction of change in farming size will be differ by farming regions as affected by the changes in economic conditions such as opportunity for off-farm employment and paddy land conditions for mechanization, Most farms are in the situation of expanding their farm size solely by leasing agreement. Tenacy is prevailing and necessary practices for expanding farm size in spite of current law in which tenancy is regulated. It was generally observed that as the size of farming increases, eficiency in rice production in terms of reduction of cost can be brought out. Expan sion of size of farming by purchasing land is very restrictive under expected price of farm land is very restrictive under expected price of farm land and farmer's income. In light wth the result of this study, it can be described that the quidelines defined in the Land Refrom Act of 1950 prohibition land ownership other than farmer, tenancy of farmer, tenancy of farmland, and right of ownership not exceeding 3 hectares, must be reexamined with respect to the changing conditions of farming. Tenancy of farm land is the usual practice for expanding size of farming and it is realied that in the area near urban,more than 80 percent of tenanted land has been originated from off-farm landlords. For expected price of land and land rental rates are ordinally maintained high, purchase of farmland by tenant is becoming almost difficult. This situation implies that tremendeous amount of rental that otherwise should be reinvested in agriculture runs away to off-farm land lords. The acute problem we must slove is how to accelerate redistribution these tenanted farm land owned by off-farm landlords to the farmers. A tax policy for farm land can be rather considered to be reasonable to accelerate redistribution of tenanted land owned by off-farm landlors to farmers. It is necessary to set up an effective farm land tenure system to promote moblity of farm land in which efficiency in farming may be brought out. This study implies that as longn as an efficient land tenure system in set up, expansion of farm size by renting farmland is becoming easier under rational rent rates. The study also implies that 3 hectares of upper ceilling of land holding will be no larger meaningful, because transaction of farmland among farmers at expected price will not be ordinal means of expanding farm size. The study reached the conclusion that any effort for institutional control of upper ceiling of rent rates is considered to be not helpful for tenant farmers in expanding their farm size. It is considered to be rather plausible to let land rates be formulated on the ground of equating at quantity of demand and supply.

나무딸기 經營調査報告

金厚根 진주농과대학 1971 진주농과대학 연구논문집 Vol.- No.10

Raspberry farming is booming now in Chinyoung County, and the number of raspberry farms has been increased rapidly since 1966. However, only a limited number of economic analysis the on raspberry farm management have been done. The purpose of this study was to find out the ownership of agricultural resources and farm income of raspberry farms in Chinyoung County. The result of this study will contribute to the decision making, beth of individual farmers and of policy makers for raspberry production. The result obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The average age of farm operator was 43.3 years old and the average size of farm family was 7.5 persons. 2. The farm operators educated from middle school and above level were 42.1 per cent, while the farm operators educated from primary school and without school education were 57.9 per cent. 3. The average area of raspberry land per farm was 3.9 tanbo, and most farmers operated with less than 3 tanbo. 4. The seasonal fluctuation of labor requirement is high in raspberry production. The forty four days of labor input per tanbo were required for harvesting and of which 58.9 per cent were family labor. 5. As the area of raspberry land increases, shortage of family labor must be off set by hired labor in order to harvesting. In present types of farming, optimum size of raspberry farm by family labor is about 1.5 tanbo. 6. The commerical index was 92.3 per cent. 7. Gross income were 51,779 won per tanbo. 8. Production cost and expenses averaged respectively, 29,952 won and 16,781 won per tanbo. 9. Farm income and net profit averaged respectively, 34,998 won and 21,827 won per tanbo.

韓國國會에서의 바람직한 立法過程運營方案

朴根厚 관동대학교 1996 關大論文集 Vol.24 No.2

When a bill becomes a law, it should have validity and feasibility. Validity means that the content of a law reflect the norm which is the people-agreed value. Feasibility means that a law should be able to be formulated and implemented timely. In order that a law has validity and feasibility in the bill can have a chance to participate in the legislation process. The special process means that expert should consider the bill. This article begins with the premise the legislation process should be democratic and special. Under this premise, I try to find which are the problems in the legislative process of the Korean National Assembly and to suggest ideas which can improve the legislation process in the Korean National Assembly. Legislation process is compased of introducing a bill, refering it to committee, deliberating it in the standing committee, considering it in the Legislation and Justice Committee, and voting on a bill in the plenary session. The more congressmen introduce a bills which are submitted by congressmen are hard to pass during the deliberation. It is because the bill was not made by expert and lacks validity and feasibility. The way one bill refers to only one committee is apt to lack the speciality and miss the chance to get the different opinion. It disturb to make law democratically and specially to present several bills too committees simultaniously. The purpose of a bill and it is considered after the deliberation of standing committee. In order that a low get validity and feasibility, the legislation process should be democratic and special. And some suggestions can make legislation process democratic and special. Special institution which support and advise congressmen to make a bill should be made in the Korean National Assembly. Referrals should be specialized as multiple referrals, joint split referrals, sequential referrals in order to consider a bill by different and reflect different opinion. The system·wording consideration to consideration should be made during the deliberation of the competent standing committee and the system·wording consideration institution should be made in the Secretariat of the Korean National Assembly.

벼 大單位 增産團地栽培에 關한 經營實態調査 : 慶南地方의 5個 團地를 中心으로

金厚根,金正敎,尹泰圭,河湖成,張權烈 慶尙大學校 1975 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

Recently large scale cooperative rice production system has been promoted. This cooperative rice production system is intended to promote introducing a set of new technology which may not be suitable for individual small scale farms to adopt. And this system is believed to be one of important public programs to achieve productivity growth policy goal in Korea. Nevertheless, there seem to exist several problems for this public program to widely introduce to over-all nation. This is one of main objectives that this study intends to investigate. In order to study comparative characteristics of the large scale rice cooperative farm in terms of resource base and organization 99 farms which are member farms and 100 farms which are non-member individual farms have been selected and interviewed from five large scale cooperative farm areas in Gyeong-Nam Province in 1974. The important findings can be summarized as follows: 1) Most of operators af both classes belong to age cohert 40∼50, but the average educational level for member farm operators is higher than that for non-member. 2) The average scale Of rice paddy for member farms, 13.1 tanbO, is larger than that for non-member, 10.6, and the same thing is true for average size of rice paddy plots which is, respectively, 805 pyeong and 690. 3) Completely irrigated paddy for member farms is 99 percent of total paddy owned whereas that for non-member is 81, and consolidated paddy for member farms is 67 percent while that for non-member is 26.4. On the other hand, technically improved paddy other than indicated above for member farms is 32 percent, but that for non-member is only 8.3. 4) Number of rice varieties adopted is 9 for both classes. The most popular variety for member farm is Akibare(36%) whereas that for non-member is Sadominori(29.3%) and Akibare (28.4%). 5) Labor used is 13.5 man per tanbo for member farms and 12.4 for non-member. More labor is used for improving soil quality and protection for member farms whereas less labor is used for preparatory works such as seed bed, sterilization, and water management in the case of the member farm. 6) In the case of member farms, the type of work which is achieved cooperatively by more than 70 percent is purchasing or exchaging seeds, sterilization, and plant protection. Despite seed bad, water management, transplanting and the like being more or less suitable for cooperative work, the proportion of those works done cooperatively is relatively small as compared to what we expected. 7) According to farmers interviewed, variety selection, plant protection, seed bed, transplanting fertilization, water management, and harvesting works are more easier for cooperation, in order importance. 8) Cooperative farmers were cultivating a leading variety, Tongil, which showed higher yields than ordinary varieties and had a desire to be released a new high yielding variety which has a characteristics of highly resistance to dsease and insect. 9) Cooperative farmers were forced to begin the nusery bed earlier than the individual farmers and to emphasize on the disease and insect control with more frequencies. 10) Cooperative farmers had benefits in the seedling transplanting earlier and higher planting density than individual farmers. 11) Cooperative farmers had an intention to apply a deep fertilization method arid to dress heavier nitrogen with a reasonable ratio of the basal fertilization to the top dressing. 12) Cooperative farmers had a convenient irrigation system and were available to adopt a summer drainage method. 13) Cooperative farmers controlled the weed with agricultural chemicals arid recognized the control effect of weedcides. 14) In general, it was recognized that there happened somewhat benefit result in disease control in the cooperative farm while a reasonable control effect was not found in heavy prevailing case. The dominant diseases found in the cooperative farm were sheath bright, strip disease and they were to he prevented with a strong efforts. 15) Rice stem borer and grass leaf roller were effelctivey controlled in the cooperative farm, however, plant hoppers was not completely controlled by the usual method because of its unexpected prevalence. 16) The most difficult thing to cooperate they indicate is to supply an adequate amount of labor at appropriate time in tire labor peak season. In this sense, it seems necessary to introduce field machinary in order to achieve the objective of large scale cooperative rice production. 17) Farmers interviewed believe that technology concerning yield increase is most important. in this respect, it is important to develop such new technology, to diseminate its results and to train good quality extension workers. 18) 42 percent of member farm operators indicate that the cooperative system was successful and 25 percent indicate failed. 29 percent of non-member farmers think that the cooperative farm system was successful and 7 percent of them think failed. Thus 55 percent of non-member farmers indicate they are willing to join to the system in the next year, 7 percent of them are not and others have not decided yet. 19) 60 percent of member farmers think that the scale and number of members of the system were too much large to successfully cooperate and 67 percent of them believe that cooperation among members were not very developed, and 42 percent of members suppose what the leader of individual active farms were not very well functioning. 20) Number of member farmers who believe that the yield level in this year is increased as compared that before joining to the system is 3,4 percent, and no one indicated that the yield level is decreased. On the other hand, 22 percent of them believe that by participating to the system the same quality of paddy could produce more rice. 21) About 93 percent of member farmers believe that the system may not lie survived without support of government and i priority must be given to yield technology. 22) About 80 percent of member operators indicate that they would partioipate to the program in the next production year and 23 percent of them indicate that they would participate with the same amount of paddy land as this year. 23) The rice yield level for member and non-member farms is, respectively, 406kg and 346 per tanbo, and the former is 17.3 percent higher than the latter. 24) The cash expenses per tanbo for member and non-member farms is, respectively, 12,311 won and 10,398. 25) The gross revenud per tanbo for both classes is, respectively, 60,024 won, and 51,303 when evaluated by the official price level, and the net income is, respectively, 47,713 won and 40,905. As seen above, the fact that the rice yield level of member farmers, hence, the income level turns out to be higher seems to stem from two basic factors; that is, on the average, the member farmers are operating farm with an improved resource base and they seem to use more the so called conventional inputs with a better yield technology and management. Thus we may conclude that it is important to invest to improve resource quality, to innovate new yield technology and diseminate this innovation. At the same time, in order to more promote the cooperative system, it seems desirable to solve the following problem areas: 1) Number of member farms and paddy area covered by one cooperaitve unit seems better not to he very large. This seems so because there is on much scale economies owing to the nature of technology available to adopt, whereas a large member unit may restrict opportunity of individual members to deeply involve in the process of decision making. Thus we recommend to continue to study finding an optimum size of the unit. 2) As implied already, quality as well as quantity of extension workers and other local officers who lead this program area crucial factor to expand number of unit of the system and hence to achieve the objective of the program. 3) In order to get rid of labor deficit, especially in the labor peak season farm mechanization seems necessary. For this matter, it is worthwhile to promote, first of all, to invent suitable field machinery, secondly, land consolidation and other land improvement projects, and thirdly to innovate a new technology system suitable to mechanized farming. At any rate, it is also necessary for the government to supply an adequate amount of credit and other administrative support.

우리나라 農家所得의 分析

金厚根 진주산업대학교 1970 論文集 Vol.4 No.-

Economic development in agriculture can be stated one of the main goals of our national policy. A number of political measurements is performed in order to increase farm family earning level. so that equilibrium between farm and non-farm sectors can be achieved. Indeed it is well known fact that backwardness in agriculture is the critical factor limiting the over-all economic growth, especially, in the developing countries like as Korea. Income gap between industries principally rests in disequilibrium of factor productivities. In nature the this gap can be corrected through achievement of resource allocative efficiency between industries, on other hand, allocative efficiency in intra-industry can be serve for the same goal in the short-run. Hence, in this paper, we will investigate the present state of farm family earning and examine its composition to find out same possible suggestions for the sake of equilibrium achievement. 1. The farm family earning level is tended to increase but is still being low as compared to the wage earning in the non-farm sector as shown in Table (5).The former amounts, on the average,178,959 won ln 1968, 75 percent of which comes from agricultural production, and the rests from off-farm employment or others(off-farm income). 2. Of the gross farm receipts, revenue from crop production amounts to 75 percent,57 percent of which is those of rice and barley. Thus farm family earning can be said to be influenced by the price variation of rice and barley. Hence we can conclude that price supporting program is of importance to maintain farm income at a desired level. 3. On the other hand, the farm family earning can be increased by achieving allocative efficiency or altering the farm type as suggested in Table(9),or by stimulating the ratio of double-crop land Table(10), especially in a country where crop land is the most limiting factor of agricultural production.

山間地帶의 效果的인 土地利用에 關한 硏究

金厚根,徐大振 진주산업대학교 1968 論文集 Vol.1 No.-

Purpose of Study The major purpose of this study was to find out ownership of agricultural production resources and differences in income level between the tobacco-growing farms and sericulture farms in the mountain area, and to find out which crop is more profitable to be planted, tobacco or sericulture. The results obtained are as follows: 1.The average area of crop land per farm was 6.68 tanbo in tobacco farms, 10.24 tanbo in sericulture farms. 2.The average man-e??uivalents of family labor were 2.47 men in tobacco farms, 3.28 men in sericulture farms. 3.Farm assets per farm were 578,772 won in tobacco farms, 686,060 won in sericulture farms. The value of fixed assets covered about 96.4 per cent of the total asset value in tobacco farms, 93.8 per cent in sericulture farms. 4.Gross farm reciepts per farm was 127,921 won in tobacco farms, 205,775 won in sericulture farms. About 71.3 per cent of the gross farm reciepts was obtained from crop production, about 8.2 per cent from livestock production, and about 3.3 per cent from off-farm work in tobacco farms, while sericulture farm, about 66.9 per cent from crop production, about 29.2 per cent from livestock production, and 5.6 percent from off farm work in sericulture farms. 5.Farm expenses were 44,040 won in tobacco farms, 35,818 won in sericulture farms, and those for wages and fertilizer was highest in tobacco and sericulture farms. 6.Farm income was 83,881 won in tobacco farms, 169,957 won in sericulture farms. Farm income per tanbo was 12,558 won in tobacco farms, 16,597 won in sericulture farms. Farm income per M.E. was 33.964 won in tobacco farms, 51,816 won in sericulture farms. 7.Reciepts per dollor expense was 65.5won in tobacco farms, 82.5won in sericulture farms. 8.Proportion of cash income to gross farm reciepts was 50.4 per cent in tobacco farms, 56.6 per cent in sericulture farms. And proportion of cash income of tobacco to total reciepts was 20.3 per cent, and 6.9 per cent in sericulture farms. 9.Coefficent of variation of gross receipts per tanbo of the cocoon was higher than that of tobacco, while coefficient of variation of cocoon per box was lower than that of tobacco. 10.It is evident through the study that sericulture farms were enable to cultivate crop land more than tobacco farms did, and also that the possibility to enlarge the size of sericulture farms was greater than that of tobacco farms.

慶南의 酪農經營 調査報告

金厚根,金順甲 진주산업대학교 1969 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

1. 酪農經營主의 平均年齡은 46歲였으며 全體的으로 볼 때 年齡의 分敢은 30代, 40代, 50代에 均等하게 分布되어 있었고 地域間에 있어서는 多少 差異가 있었다. 2. 酪農經營主의 敎育程度는 中卒以上의 學歷所持者가 82.9%로 나타났으며, 國卒以下는 17.1%에 不過하였다. 그리고 地域別로 본 經營主의 敎育程度에는 뚜렷한 差異가 없었다. 3. 酪農農家의 位置로부터 市場이나 牛乳組合이 있는 곳까지의 平均距離는 8.9㎞이었으나 地域間에 있어서 뚜렷한 差異가 있었다. 또한 運搬方法은 주로 자전거와 뻐스에 의하여 이루어졌다. 4. 酪農農家의 總飼育頭數는 273頭로서 戶當飼育頭數는 3.9頭이었으며 地域別로 多少 差異가 있었다. 그리고 飼育頭數別 調査農家의 分布는 全體的으로 볼 때 4 頭未滿을 飼育하는 農家數가 73.0%였고 10頭以上을 飼育하는 農家數는 7.1%에 不過하였다. 5. 飼育되는 乳牛의 品種을 보면 홀스타인種이 總飼育頭數의 89.0%에 이르고 있으며 이 中 3歲未滿이 58.1%이었다. 그리고 全 乳牛中 암소가 91.6%에 該當하는 250頭이었다. 6. 酪農用 土地面積을 戶當 및 頭當으로 보면 411.1a와 105.4a로 나타났으며 地域間에 있어서 差異는 현저하였으며 酪農外의 土地面積도 地域別 地目別에 따라 뚜렷한 差異를 보였다. 그리고 飼料作物을 전혀 栽培하지 않으면서 酪農經營을 해 나가고 있는 農家가 28.6%나 있었다. 7. 酪農經營으로부터의 粗收益은 戶當平均 377,422원인바 이 가운데서 牛乳生産에서 얻은 收入이 64.9%로서 가장 높았으나 地域間에 있어서 差異가 많았다. 頭當粗收益은 103,894원이었고 地域間에 있어서 多少 差異가 있었다. 8. 戶當平均 經營費 248,966원가운데서 가장 높은 比率을 차지하는 費目은 飼料費로서 38.5%를 차지하고 있었으며 酪農粗收益에서 經營費를 差減한 混合所得의 槪念인 酪農所得은 128,456원으로 算出되었다. 酪農經營所得에서 自家勞賃과 自己資本利子를 費用으로 計上하여 控除한 殘額을 純收益이라 한다면, 이는 77,990원이었으며 地域間에는 뚜렷한 差異가 있었다. 9. 頭當平均所得과 純收益은 各各 76,777원과 63,837원으로 나타났으며 地域間에있어서 多少 差異를 보였다. Dairy farming is booming now and the number of dairy cattle ha increased very rapidly in recent years. However, only a limited number of economic on dairy farm management have been done in Korea. As a fundamental data for the better utilizing the various resources concerned with dairy production, all dairy farms in Kyung-nam province were surveyed from January to February 1968. The purpose of this study was to find out the ownership of agricultural resources and farm in come of dairy farms in Kyung-nam province. The information obtained from this study will contribute to the decision making, both of individual farmers and of policy makers for dairy production. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The average age of farm operator was 46 of age and variance of operator's age distribute equally in each 30, 40, 50 years of age, but a few differences are appeared among the region. 2. The farm operators educated from middle school and above level was 82.9 percent, while the farm operators educated from primary school and without school education was only 17.1 percent, but any differences are not appeared in the degree of farm operators education. 3. Dairy farm is 8.9㎞ from market or cooperative of milk apart in average, but a very high differences are appeared in regions. The carriage of milk are usually used by bicycle and bus. 4. The number of milk cows per feeding farm was 3.9 head, but a few differences are appeared among the regions. The number of farm which raised more than 4 heads was 73.0 percent, which the number of farm which raised more than 10 heads was 7.1 percent. 5. It was 89.0 percent of all Holstein in Kyung-nam and Holstein which are under 3 year of age was 58.1 percent. Out of 273 head, 250 were female and 23 was male. 6. The average area of land for dairy cattle per farm and head was respectively 163.la and 41.8a, but a very high differences are appeared in regions. 7. Gross farm reciepts per farm was 377,422 won. About 65 percent of the gross farm reciepts was obtained from milk production, but a very high differences are appeared among the regions. Gross farm receipts per head was 103,894 won, but a few differences are appeared among the regions.

中國 豫算管理體制의 變遷과 그 問題點

裵根厚 尙志大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

Chinese Budget mangement system is mainly characterized by the substnce of socialistic nations and her national finance is devided into socialized and non-socialized sectors in the economic terms. In the prospect of production means, the former in which the system are common is composed of national enterprises and group economics etc., whereas the latter in private is composed of individuals and private enterprises. Non-socialized economic sector, called individual economy in other words, plays only a scarce role in national economy. On the contrary, most part of national economic production activities are occupied by socialized economic sector and national enterprised play a main role in this sector. So, the profits paid by national enterprised and dealing taxed levied by them in the process of dealing stage are the key factors of income sources in national budget, and the weight of amount given by individual enterprises could not be proportionated so much. Therefore, China will be increased in accourdance with the development of commonized economy. And through the social product distribution, their budget resources are allocated not only to support socialism-building, which is followed by national economic development plan but to meet required funds needed in incrementally improving their quality and quantity of life. Based upon the aforementioned systematic characteristics, this study is focused on the provision of comparative analysis in fiscal structures with the help from figuring out structural analysis about Chinese budget management system with specifix reference to the post socialistic state in china located in the oriental cultural area.

晉州地方 降雨記錄年限의 長短이 確率水分量 推定에 미치는 影響에 關한 硏究

李根厚,金哲會 慶尙大學校 1975 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

Long term precipitation gauging station record(58 year) was analyzed by progressive mean method and Gumbel-Chow method to compare the estimated effective period of records for computing mean and probable values. Obtained results are as follows; 1. 58 years precipitation record at Jinju was analyzed by double mass analysis method. Result show that the record is consistent with time and space. 2. The effective period of records for estimating mean values within the departure of 5% level from true mean are up to 33 years for annual precipitation, 20 years for annual maximum daily precipitation, and 45 years for maximum successive dry days in summer season(June, July, and August). 3. To estimate the probable values by Gumbel-Chow method within the departure of 5% level from true value, periods of 51 years for annual precipitation, 38 years for annual maximum daily precipitation, and 45 years for maximum successive dry days in summer season, are required.