어린이의 사시교정술시 인공호흡수와 심박수와의 상관관계

강종만,김종성,김희수,염명걸 대한마취과학회 2001 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.41 No.4

Correlation between Respiratory Rates and the Degree of Bradycardia in Strabismus Surgery in Children Jong-Man Kang, M.D., Hee-Soo Kim, M.D., Chong0Sung Kim, M.D. and Myung-Kul Yum, M.D.^* Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, and ^*Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Background: Strabismus surgery is frequent in pediatric ophthalmic surgery. Traction on the extra-ocular muscles can trigger an oculocardiac rdflex. We investigated the correlation between respiratoy rates and the degree of bradycardia to find another management for preventing oculocardiac reflex. Methods: NO premedications were administered. They were induced with thiopental and vecuronium and maintained with O_@-enflurane-N_2O. The tidal volume was 10 ml/kg. Respiratory rate of group 1 (n = 18) was fixed at 24 bpm, group 2 (n = 18) at 20 bpm, and group 3 (n = 19) at 16 bpm. We measured the mean heart rate from intubation to the beginning of surgery and defined this as the basal heart rate. We defined the lowest heart rate after traction of the extraocular muscles as the minimal heart rate. We calculated the correlation coefficient between the respiratory rate and basal heart rate, minimal heart rate, the change of heart rates and E_tCO_2. Results: There was a positive correlation between the respiratory rate and the basal heart rate, and minimal heart rate. There was no correlation between the respiratory rate and the change of heart rate. There was no difference in E_tCo_2 among the 3 groups. Conclusions: Can be increased both basal heart rate in anesthetized patients and minimal heart rate induced by oculocardiac reflex by making the respiratory rate more rapid if there is no significant difference of E_tCO_2. The oculocardiac reflex may be reduced by making respiratory rate more rapid if there is no significant influence on minute ventilation. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2001; 41: 450~454)

『주역참동계』에 나타난 의학사상 연구

임명진 ( Myung Jin Im ),김병수 ( Byung Soo Kim ),강정수 ( Jung Soo Kang ) 대한한의학원전학회(구 대한원전의사학회) 2011 대한한의학원전학회지 Vol.24 No.5

According to 『Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)』, 『the Shinnong Herb Bible(神農本草經)』, 『Chamdonggo(參同攷)』, come to the conclusion about medical thought of 『the Zhouyi Cantongxie(周易參同契)』. Alchemy is a common field both on the eastern and western civilization, but a process of development is different. Ancient chinese alchemist made a study on external alchemy, but harmful consequences of external alchemy was consecutive, many scholars had turned their interest on internal alchemy which is related in human meridian biology and spirit. In the western alchemy has developed to make a study on analytic psychology and science of religion. Most importantly, the eastern and western alchemy have something in common what at the point of the perfection of self is similar, but the name is different, for example in the eastern alchemy we can be immortals and take a spiritual enlightenment with the elixir of life, in the western we can take a cure of souls as a christian. As for internal alchemy, 『Cantongxie(參同契)』 gives influence to the theories such as the theory of danjeon(lower part of the abdomen), evolution, aging, and life nurturing. Especially, the theory of danjeon shows such merit for studying since it is similar to triple energizers(三焦) and the theory of qi street(氣街) of oriental medicine. The study on 『Cantongxie(參同契)』 was achieved in Korea too, especially Chosun dynasty. 『Candongkao (參同攷)』 by Seo Myung-eung(徐命膺, 1716~1787) are representative. According to 『Candongkao(參同攷)』, Geon(乾), Gon(坤), Gam(坎), and Ri(離), the four trigrams for divination, each are affiliated with lungs, spleen, kidneys, and heart. Nowadays the study on alchemy correspond with modern trends, which are anti-aging and living without any disease. If processed mineral drugs is assured for stability, it can be used for incurable diseases such as cancer.

법인세법 제43조의 포괄위임방식에 대한 비판적 고찰 : 기업회계의 발전 및 세법규정의 두 가지 변수를 중심으로

강경규,이수명 明知大學校 經濟硏究所 2002 경영연구 Vol.21 No.2

본 연구에서는 기업회계와 세무회계가 추구하는 목적과 기능이 상이함에도 불구하고 기업회계기준을 과세소득산정에 있어서 우선 적용하도록 한 현행 법인세법 제43조(기업회계기준과 관행의 적용)에 의한 세법에서 기업회계를 적용하는 포괄위임방식(negative system)규정에 대한 문제점을 비판적으로 고찰하여 기업회계와 세무회계의 관계를 근본적으로 재조명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 주요국의 기업회계와 세무회계와의 관계를 ‘기업회계의 발전정도’와 ‘세법의 회계에 관한 규정정도’의 두 가지 변수를 중심으로 비교·분석하였다. 본 연구결과를 통하여 기업회계와 세무회계의 계량적인 차이조정 방안위주의 연구에서 벗어나 근본적으로 세법에서 기업회계에 대한 기준성을 입법화하여 규정해도 무리가 없을 만큼 우리나라의 기업회계기준이 손색없이 정비되어있는지에 초점을 둔 실무적인 논의가 선행되어야 할 것이다.

고속 머시닝센터의 성능평가 기술에 관한 연구

강익수,강명창,김정석,김기태 한국공작기계학회 2004 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.-

The high speed machining center(HMC) has been widely applied to manufacture a die and machine elements product in industrial field. Because the evaluation for HMC is not sufficiently performed, ineffective machining is occasionally conducted in machining industry. In this study, the dynamic characteristics of newly developed machining center is evaluated under running condition and the machinability is investigated experimentally. Also, the in-process measuring instrument which can measure the tool wear on the machine were developed by using the CCD and exclusive jig and calibration instrument for tool wear measurement.

고속 머시닝센터의 진동특성 및 가공성 평가

강익수,강명창,김정석,김기태 한국공작기계학회 2004 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.-

The high speed machining center(HMC) has been widely applied to manufacture a die and trial product in many machine industry. Because the evaluation for HMC is not sufficiently performed and the efficient cutting conditions can't be selected, a great loss has been caused in the cost aspect. In this study, the need of preliminary running time and unstable spindle speed is presented by the analysis of acceleration in idling. The Machinability for the TiAIN coated flat end mill and STD11(H_(R)C60) is evaluated from the trends of tool wear and cutting force according to cutting conditions. The resonance spindle speed is identified through the tool wear and natural frequency test.

충수 절제술후 합병증을 감소시키기 위한 연구

박혁수,심명석,강진국 대한대장항문학회 1997 Annals of Coloproctolgy Vol.13 No.3

추출방법과 감마선 조사에 따른 귤피 추출물 생리활성의 변화

강호진,조철훈,김덕진,서재수,변명우 한국식품저장유통학회 ( 구 한국농산물저장유통학회 ) 2003 한국식품저장유통학회지 Vol.10 No.3

가공 과정에서 대량 발생하는 폐기물 중 하나인 귤피를 천연 기능성 소재로 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 마련하고자 추출방법을 달리한 귤피 추출물의 생리활성을 확인하였다. 또한 감마선 조사에 의한 귤피 추출물의 생리활성 변화에 관하여도 관찰하였다. 정치추출의 경우 열수추출에 비해 초기 L^(*)값이 낮은 반면 a^(*)값과 b^(*)값이 높았으나 저장기간 또는 감마선 조사에 의해 차이가 없어졌으며, 감마선 조사선량의 증가에 따라 귤피추출액의 L^(*)값과 a^(*)값은 증가하였으며, b^(*)값은 감소하였다. 전자공여능, tyrosinase 저해효과, mitrite 소거능은 감마선 조사에 의해 영향을 받지 않았으나 저장기간 동안 이러한 생리활성이 감소함을 확인하였다. 또한 추출방법(열수 vs 정치)에 따른 귤피 추출물의 생리활성에 영향을 주지 않음을 확인하였다. 그러므로 경제적인 추출방법을 선택한다면 감귤가공후 폐자원인 귤피를 다양한 용도의 기능성 소재로 활용할 수 있다고 판단된다. Citrus peel extract was prepared using 70% ethanol solution by two extraction conditions (20℃ for 72 hours and 85℃ for 3 hours). The effect of gamma-irradiation on the changes of physiological activity also investigated at 0, 5, 10 and 20 kGy of absorbed does. Color characteristics, DPPH radical scavenging, tyrosinase inhibition and nitrite scavenging activities of the extracts were measured at 4℃ for 30 days. Color values were different by extraction methods at the initial stage, which heat-extracted sample had lower L^(*)- but higher a^(8)- and b^(8)-values than those extracted at room temperature. Irradiation changed color of the extract lighter by increasing Hunter color L^(8)- and a^(*)-values. DPPH radical scavenging, tyrosinase inhibition and nitrite scavenging activities were not affected by either extraction methods or irradiation but significantly reduced by storage time. Therefore, when the cost-effective extraction methods is selected, the citrus peel extracts, which is a major byproduct in citrus processing, could be used as a functional material in various applications.

Garcin 증후군으로 발현된 연골육종 1예

강성수,김명권,박현미,류근신,신동진 대한신경과학회 1999 대한신경과학회지 Vol.17 No.2

모 축전지 회사 근로자들의 연폭로 지표에 대한 경시적 관찰

강명식,김용배,이용진,리갑수,김화성,황규윤,장봉기,이성수,안규동,이병국 순천향대학교 산업의학연구소 1998 순천향산업의학 Vol.4 No.1

Lead poisoning is still prevalent and one of important occupational disease in Korea. To prevent undue high lead burden and maintain good health condition of lead workers in lead using industries, periodic health examination and regular biological monitoring of lead workers are often required in addition to the fundamental improvement of their working condition. To evaluate the effect of comprehensive occupational health program with regular biological monitoring on the level of lead exposure of lead workers in lead using industries, 11 year database from 1983 to 1994 of one storage battery factory was reviewed. From 1983 to end of 1986 only periodic health examination was provided to the lead workers, but from 1987 comprehensive occupational health program with regular biological monitoring was provided to maintain better health condition of lead workers. Selected study variables for lead exposure were blood lead(PbB), zinc protoporphyrin in blood(ZPP), δ-aminolevulinic acid in urine(ALAU), hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(HCT). Information on sex, age and work duration was also reviewed. 5 years data from 1983 to 1987 and 3 years data from 1990, 1993 and 1994 were available for all lead exposure indices except ALAU which has only 5 years data from 1983 to 1997. The results of 11 years longitudinal observation of lead indices are all follows: 1. The mean value of ZPP of lead workers in 1983 was 148.7±73.1 ㎍/㎗(Male: 145.5±72.3, Female: 168.1±79.1), whereas that of ZPP of lead workers in 1994 was decreased to 64.3±32.7 ㎍/㎗(Male: 60.2±28.8, Female: 95.2±43.4). 2. The mean value of PbB of lead workers in 1983 was 56.4±18.8 ㎍/㎗(Male: 55.59±19.1, Female: 59.6±19.1), whereas that of PbB of lead workers in 1994 was dcreased to 35.4±11.9 ㎍/㎗(Male: 35.7±12.0, Female: 32.8±10.8). 3. The mean value of Hb of lead workers in 1983 was 14.1±1.4 g/㎗(Male: 14.4±1.1, Female: 11.7±0.8), whereas that of Hb of lead workers in 1994 was increased to 15.6±1.5 g/㎗(Male: 15.9±1.2, Female: 12.9±1.1). 4. Blood lead is most highly correlated with ZPP(r=0.522, male:0.54 and female:0.50) and also correlated with ALAU and work duration also. 5. The simple regression analysis of PbB and ZPP showed different coefficient of regression by the measurement year, but there was no difference of coefficient of regression between sex. The slope of equation of pooled data for 1983-1986 without comprehensive occupational health program was 2.16 and differed from that of pooled data for 1987-1994(1.25). This difference suggests that the unit effect of blood lead on ZPP was relatively smaller in later period of comprehensive occupational health program than carly period without comprehensive program. The slope change in the analysis of linear regression of PbB on ZPP in lead workers can be used to evaluate the possible effect of health intervention to prevent undue high lead absorption in lead using industries. 6. 11 years occupational health service in this storage battery factory brought out considerable improvement of health status of lead workers in terms of decrease of PbB and ZPP and increase of Hb and the improvement was more remarkable after the introduction of comprehensive occupational health program.

스포츠법상 불법행위책임에 관한 연구

정명수,이강욱 朝鮮大學校 스포츠科學硏究所 2005 스포츠科學硏究 Vol.16 No.-

With the increase in a desire for healthy life and a sense of enjoying human life, sports activity of modern society has become one of necessary social and cultural tools. However, since sports are in substantial characterized by accomplishment orientation, competitiveness, high-difficulty technique, and challenge to the limitation of human faculty, they have high probability of serious or inevitable accidents. Under this circumstances, People's legal sense about their rights has been reinforced and victims increasingly seek their legal responsibility as a positive solution against offenders. However, considering the inherent value and essential danger of sports and peculiarities of sport events, it is not appropriate to apply a solution to dispute by a civil or criminal suit which deals with crimes or accidents in ordinary social relationship. For this reason, this study is intended to derive legal principles of protection and relief for victims and of reduction and exemption from responsibility for offenders in sport accidents caused by sports activity and participation on the assumption of comprehensive fundamental rights based on constitution and fundamental right of sports not listed. To achieve this goal, this study reviewed and analyzed domestic or international literatures, theses, academic seminar materials, and books. First, liability of illegal sports acts decides liability for the damage according to the following procedure based on the conformity rule of Art. 750 of the Civil Law. The objective of civil liability is to decide liability with its focus on victim's relief. To meet conditions of sports acts in terms of a principle of law, i)offender's deliberation and negligence of his/her harm shall be proved and ii)an act of actor with liability capacity, that is, an act of actor with discretion capacity constitutes an illegal act and has liable ability, When i) and ii) are met, the liability for damage is decided. If the act is very deliberate and harmful and has gross negligence, the scope of estimating damage shall be broadened. Second, in case supervisors such as sports teachers, directors, and coaches, or sports clubs and schools teachers are negligent in their attention duties, it shall constitute violation of supervisor's attention duties. resulting in supervisor's liability as special illegal act in accordance with Article 755 of the Civil Law. In particular, illegal sports acts related to sports activity which occur by a person without liability capacity(a minor provided in Article 753 and the non compos mentis in Article 754 of the Civil Law) constitute this case. Third. user's liability provided in Article 756 of the Civil Law defines a type of special illegal acts and acknowledges obligation to damage of sports coaches, government employees, and teachers as well as general company subjects, interpreting the scope of user's liability. In case accidents happen because of the fault of sports coaches, government employees, or teachers, they shall be primarily liable. User's liability is based on the principle of compensation liability that since users benefit from certain business, they should accept damage, and the principle of damage liability that a person making danger shall be responsible for the danger. But in case sports coaches work for public sports facilities or public schools. their liability shall be exempted in accordance with Article 756 of the Civil Law, and instead, state or public agencies shall bear compensation liability in accordance with Article 2 of the State Tort Liability Act. Finally, Article 758, Section 1 of the Civil Law defines structure liability that in case the establishment or fail to maintain of structure causes damage to others, the possessor of the structure shall be primarily liable and its owner shall be secondarily liable. Imposing a heavy duty to maintain safe state or minimize danger of structure including sports facilities or stadiums upon managers(owner·possessor) is based on the principle of danger liability that acknowledges possessor's no-fault liability about sports facilities. By taking full and complete care of maintaining sports facilities or stadiums with high danger and maintaining a safe condition in an aspect of architecture or technology of sports facilities. it guarantees sound and positive sports activity, meets policy concern, and realizes ideal social community life in terms of relief from accidents. By defining a duty of strict attention and supervision, owners and mangers of sports facilities will try to prevent danger and secure safety. In sports-related crimes·accidents. the first important purpose is to find out legal liability and give relief and protect victims. However, offenders could get into social and economic danger due to increase in economic burden caused by liability for damage or be branded as a criminal in society. Such recognition may be a great obstacle to the development and promotion of sports, impair the value or essence of sports, and even contract sports participation or activity. It is sure that legal liability should be strictly applied by civil·criminal interpretation of law about deliberation, negligence, and illegality in the level of th positive law in a constitutional state in order to secure social peace and public order and national, social, and individual benefit and protection of the law. However, from an angle of sports, given peculiarity and inherent danger of sports, the methods to reduce or exempt civil·criminal liability against tort need to be explored in order to minimize offender's economic damage, to secure his/her social and economic status, and to protect minimum human rights. The law principles of exemption are as follows. i) The principle of accepting danger(accepted danger) ii) Force majeure iii) The principle of reliance iv) The principle of self-fault v) a cause to exempt illegality For this case, the Civil Law has a provision of self-defense and emergent refugee(Article 761 of the Civil Law). Accordingly, it is reasonable to invoke a cause to exempt illegality provided in Article 20 and 24 of the Criminal Law(justifiable acts, self-defense, emergent refuge, self-help, and victim's consent) and Article 761 of the Civil Law(self-defense and emergent refuge) and apply as the principle of offender's exemption). However, in case severe accidents(e.g., death), infringement by gross negligence, or physical and property loss greatly breaks social established rules and acceptability, it shall be bear civil·criminal liability.