일 농촌지역에서 발기부전의 유병률 및 상관 요인

홍진표,송해철,이무송,이창화,안준호,한오수,안태영,김성윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.6

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in a rural area of Korea and to examine the relationship between the prevalence and correlates of subjects. Method : This study was done as a part of the chronic disease survey of rural area by the Asan Foundation. Among 30 years or older population from Jung Eup, a rural area of Korea, 711 male subjects were sampled using a cluster probability sampling method. Trained interviewers visited and interviewed subjects aged 30 years or older with a structured interview. ED was categorized as 'none', 'mild', 'moderate', or 'severe' according to the ability to 'attain and/or maintain an erection satisfactory for sexual intercourse'. Response rate was 54.3% (N=386). Results : The age weighted prevalence of ED was 27.2% (minimal 14.1%, moderate 7.6%, severe 5.5%). Prevalence and severity increased with age. Liver disease and underweight were significantly (p<0.05) associated with ED. Smoking seemed to be correlated with ED, but did not reach statistically significant level. Conclusion : ED was highly prevalent in the rural community of Korea. Medical, sociodemographic, and lifestyle variables associated with ED may alert physicians to patients at risk for ED and offer insight to its etiology.

중성자에 조사된 원자로 압력용기 재료(SA508)의 Magneto-acoustic emission 효과

홍준화,박덕근,옥치일,김장환,이종규 韓國非破壞檢査學會 1999 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.19 No.6

원자로 압력용기 재료인 SA508 steel을 온도 70 ℃와 대기압하에서 최고 10 n/㎠까지 중성자를 조사시켜 조사량에 따른 미세경도 변화와 magneto-acoustic emission(MAE) 에너지를 측정하였다. 중성자 조사에 따른 경도의 변화는 조사량이 10 /㎠까지는 거의 일정하였으나, 조사량이 10 /㎠이상에서 급격히 증가하였다. MAE 에너지의 변화는 중성자 조사량에 따라 경도의 변화와 같은 형태로 변하였으나 그 변화량은 감소하여 그변화의 추이는 경도의 변화와는 역의 형태였고, 또한 MAE에너지의 상대적 변화와 경도 변화사이에는 아주 좋은 선형성을 보였다. 이러한 결과에서 SA508 강재는 10 /㎠이상의 중성자에 조사될 경우에 재료에 중성자 조사에 의한 미세 결함이 급격히 증가하여 전위(dislocation)이동에 대한 저항성을 나타내는 마찰경화의 증가가 경도의 증가를 유발하고, 또한 이러한 미세 결함은 자기장과의 반응에서는 90°자벽의 운동중에 자기탄성 변화를 유도하여 MAE 에너지의 감소를 유발함을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 경도의 변화량보다 MAE 에너지의 변화량이 더 크게 나타나, 중성자 조사에 의한 미세결함은 기계적 성질보다 자기적 성질에 더 민감하게 반응한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.따라서 MAE가 중성자 조사에 의한 재료의 미세 구조 결함을 비파괴적인 방법으로 평가하는 강력한 도구의 가능성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. Magneto-acoustic emission (MAE) energy and hardness were measured in the reactor pressure vessel steel (SA508 Steel) for the various neutron fluence, irradiated dose up to 10 n/㎠. The hardness was nearly a constant up to 10 n/㎠, but it was rapidly increased with an increase of the neutron irradiation above 10 n/㎠. It may be considered that the increase of hardness is due to the hindrance of dislocation motion induced defect clusters by irradiation. On the other hand, the MAE energy was slowly decreased as the neutron irradiation increased up to 10 n/㎠ and it was rapidly decreased with an increase of the neutron irradiation increased up to 10 n/㎠ and it was rapidly decreased with an increase of the neutron irradiation above 10 n/㎠. The decrease of the MAE energy may be considered as an increase of the defect clusters which is very sensitive to the 90°domain wall motion. Furthermore, the change of MAe energy and hardness had nearly a linear relationship, but the change of MAE energy was more significant than the change of the hardness. Therefore, MAe may be considered as a very useful technique for the nondestructive evaluation of irradiation damage.

복합용도건물 유형에 따른 에너지평준화에 관한 연구

이준호,홍원화 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.19 No.3

The restriction of fossil fuel consumption by UNFCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) brought nation-level policies to cut down energy consumption. It is in great need to revaluate the efficiency of the current architectural tendency towards multi-use and large-size buildings which causes the increase of consumption. The present research is to find energy-saving models by three steps, examining consumption characteristics of single-use buildings, by which assuming model buildings and supposing energy consumption patterns according to mixed-use types. The ratio of 2 mixed uses with energy saving characteristics were established as 5:5, which were designed as Housing+Office and Housing+Hospital. The optimum mix ratios of the 2 models were derived, as a result, 4:6 in winter season and 9:1 in summer season. The analysis is a basic step of simulated mix-use building and its mix ratio and is to be used as reference for the decision of mix ratio for presupposing energy consumption.

원자로 용접부의 국부적 미세조직 변화에 따른 동적탄성계수 측정

정용무,김주학,홍준화,정현규 한국비파괴검사학회 2000 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.20 No.5

원자로 재료인 SA 508 Class 3 강용접부 및 열영향부 모사 시험편에 대해서 초음파공명분광법으로 동적탄성계수를 측정하였다. 등방성 탄성계수를 가정하여 초기 추정 탄성 계수, c11, c12 및 c44 로부터 장방형 시편의 공명 주파수를 계산하였으며 계산된 주파수와 초음파공명분광법으로 측정된 주파수를 비교, 반복 수렴 절차를 거쳐 정밀한 탄성계수를 구했다. 열처리 조건의 차이 및 미세 조직의 차이에 따라 영률 및 전단 계수의 차이가 확실하게 나타났다. 미세한 베이나이트 조직에서의 영률 및 전단 계수는 조대한 마르텐사이트 조직보다 높았으며 이러한 경향은 미세 경도 시험 등의 다른 실험 결과와도 일치하였다. The dynamic elastic constants of the simulated weld HAZ(heat-affected zone) of SA 508 Class 3 reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel were investigated by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS). The resonance frequencies of rectangular parallelepiped samples were calculated from the initial estimates of elastic stiffness c11, c12 and c44 with an assumption of isotropic property, dimension and density. Through the comparison of calculated resonant frequencies with the measured resonant frequencies by RUS, very accurate elastic constants of SA 508 Class 3 steel were determined by iteration and convergence processes. Clear differences of Youngs modulus and shear modulus of shown from samples with different thermal cycles and microstructures. Youngs modulus and shear modulus of samples with fine-grained bainite were higher than those with coarse-grained tempered martensite. This tendency was confirmed from other results such as micro-hardness test.

2007년 대한감염학회 권장 성인 예방접종 권장안

강진한,김홍빈,손장욱,이상오,정문현,정희진,최영화,최정현,최준용,최희정 대한감염학회 2008 감염과 화학요법 Vol.40 No.1

In 2007, the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases recommended an immunization schedule for adults residing in Korea. This recommendation includes four categories: standard immunization for healthy persons, supplementary immunization for persons with underlying illnesses, recommendations for health-care personnel and for international travelers. The Standard Immunization Schedule consists of universal vaccination (tetanus-diphtheria/tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Td/Tdap); hepatitis A vaccine for persons aged 20s; human papilloma virus vaccine for women under 26 years old; meningococcal vaccine for military recruits and college students in dormitories; influenza vaccination for persons aged 50 years or more and pregnant women; and pneumococcal vaccination for persons aged 65 years or more) and catch-up vaccination (hepatitis A vaccine for persons aged 30s; hepatitis B vaccine, varicella and MMR vaccines for persons who have uncertain specific immunities). The Supplementary Immunization Schedule recommends 4 vaccines, i.e., pneumococcal, influenza, meningococcal, and Haemophilus influenzae type b, appropriate to the underlying illnesses, and confirmation of the presence of antibodies to hepatitis A and hepatitis B. The Recommendation for Health-Care Personnel includes universal vaccination (influenza and pertussis) and catch-up vaccination (hepatitis B, measles-mumps-rubella and varicella for seronegative health-care personnel). The Recommended Immunization for International Travelers focuses reinforcement of vaccinations for healthy persons and includes certain immunizations necessary for international travel (yellow fever, meningococcal, plaque, tick-borne encephalitis, and cholera). These guidelines can be seen at www.ksid.or.kr.

압력용기강의 천이온도 영역에서 파괴인성 평가에 RKR Model의 적용

양원준,李奉相,洪俊和,許武榮 대한금속재료학회 2002 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.40 No.4

Fracture toughness of a SA 533 B-1 steel was characterized in ductile-brittle transition temperature region by means of a RKR-type model. The original RKR model has been used to predict the plane strain fracture toughness(K_IC) behaviors in lower shelf region by assuming two material parameters, ie, the critical fracture stress and the characteristic distance. In this study, the fracture surface of every specimen was thoroughly investigated using scanning electron microscope to locate the actual cleavage initiation and to measure the cleavage initiation distance(CID) from the initial crack. The local fracture stress(σ^*_f) of material was determined from the elastic-plastic stress field at the measured cleavage initiation location in the notched and precracked specimen. The local fracture stress of the precracked specimens was much higher than that of the notched specimen. The measured CIDs were strongly dependent on the test temperature and also on the fracture toughness. Based on the observations, it is found that, in the RKR-type cleavage fracture models, the characteristic distance should not be treated as a constant material parameter in the ductile-brittle transition region where the cleavage initiation controls the overall fracture process.

타타늄의 열처리 조건에 따른 동전위 양극분극특성 및 표면 미세구조 변화

주동현,이용렬,정영화,양홍서,박상원,이도재,송호준,박영준 大韓齒科器材學會 2002 대한치과재료학회지 Vol.29 No.2

The corrosion resistance of metallic implants is essential for successful implant osseointegration. Moreover, the implant surface should have appropriate surface roughness for the attachment of the osteoblast and collagen fibrils. When titanium is exposed to air a thermodynamically very stable oxide film is formed at once. This oxide is very thin and yet it protects the metal from corrosion instantaneously. However, the oxide would not be ideal, and it would be supposed that the state of oxide film would be various by the different conditions when it is formed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the electrochemical properties and surface microstructural changes of titanium after passivation treatment or exposure to high heat (in vacuum or in air). ASTM grade 2 commercially pure titanium (Ti) disks of 10㎜ diameter were wet ground and polished with 240 and 600 grit SiC, and then ultrasonically cleaned with distilled water and ethanol. Cleansed as-received samples (As-R group) were passivated with 30% nitric acid solution at 50℃ for 15 minutes to make the Pas group. The Std-V samples were made by treating the Ti disks in vacuum quartz tube (10^-8 Torr) at 530℃ for 40 min for stress relieving, followed by annealing at 700℃ for 90 min, and then slow cooling to room temperature. The Std-A samples undergo identical procedure as the Std-V group except that it is done in air. For 530℃-V samples, Ti disks were heated at 530℃ for 40 minutes and slow cooled to room temperature. The 1000℃-V samples were produced by heating Std-V specimens again at 1000℃ for 2 hr, followed by cooling to room temperature. 530℃-A and 1000℃-A samples were also prepared. Potentiodynamic anodic polarization measurement, SEM, AFM and XRD analysis were performed to evaluate the effects of the various treatments. The difference in the mean values of E_corr between groups showed statistically significant difference (P<0.05), but that of I_corr did not show significance (P>0.05). When Ti surface was passivated there was a shift of corrosion potential (E_corr) in the noble direction and a lower corrosion current density (I_corr) value. Std-A samples showed most noble E_corr value among the tested groups. 530℃-V samples showed more noble E-corr than other tested groups except Std-A group. 1000℃-V samples showed more noble E-corr than those of Std-V sample. In the case of Std-, 530℃- and 1000℃-groups, -A sub-groups showed better corrosion resistant characteristics than -V sub-groups in regard to E-corr and I_corr values. In the SEM observations, the surfaces of the As-R samples showed only scratch line on smooth surface. In Pas samples, thick oxide layer covered the surface under high magnification observation. 530℃-A samples were covered by oxide granules, and Std-A samples had 25~50 nm-thick acicular oxides. The 1000℃-A samples were covered by coarse oxide crystals with a granule diameter of 0.1~0.6 μm having a gross appearance of milky white color, which was identified by XRD as a rutile. On the other hand, 1000℃-V samples showed an Widmansta¨tten structrue of which the orientation of the lattice is formed along crystallographic planes of the parent crystals. On the AFM observation, 530℃-A samples showed RMS roughness of 79.38 nm which is 5 times rougher than those of the As-R samples. Std-A sample had a roughness of 330.47 nm which is about 20-times rougher than that of the As-R sample. 1000℃-A samples were covered by coarse granular oxides and the roughness were about 0.56 μm. Vacuum sub-group samples showed a more smooth surface than air sub-group samples, and the oxide film was more dense. Due to variability of the surface treatment and heat treatment conditions, the process of the oxide formation seems to be affected thereby making the corrosion properties and surface micro-morphology different. However, more various electrochemical analysis together with surface analysis, and an investigation for the effects of those on the osteoblast cell adhesion and calcium phosphate apposition are needed for the improvement of the osseointegration rates of the titanium implants.

중성자에 조사된 원자로 압력용기 재료의 Barkhausen 노이즈에 관한 연구

옥치일,김장환,박덕근,홍준화,이종규 韓國非破壞檢査學會 1998 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.18 No.6

원자로 압력용기 재료인 SA508 steel을 온도 70℃와 대기압하에서 최고 10 n/㎠까지 중성자를 조사시켜 조사량에 따른 자기이력곡선과 Barkhausen noise amplitude(BNA), Barkhausen noise energy(BNE) 및 미세경도 변화를 측정하여 이들 사이의 상관관계를 구하였다. 중성자 조사에 의하여 자기이력곡선은 변화가 없었으며, BNA, BNE 및 경도는 중성자 조사량에 따라 세 단계의 변화를 보였으며, 중성자 조사량이 10 n/㎠에서는 급격히 변하여 이들 사이의 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 BNA와 BNE가 중성자 조사에 의한 재료의 미세 구조 결함을 조사하는데 비파괴적인 방법으로 가능성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. Hysteresis loop, Barkhausen noise(BN), and hardness were measured in the neutron irradiated RPV steel for various fluence, irradiated dose up to 10 n/㎠. The coercivity, remanence and maximum induction of neutron irradiated samples did not change significantly, but the BNA and BNE were decreased as the neutron irradiation increased. The changes of BNE and BNA were characterized by three stages with respect to neutron dose. The BNA and BNE were decreased with an increase of neutron dose to 10 n/㎠, and remained nearly constant up to 10 n/㎠, then were decreased rapidly with an increase of the neutron dose above 10 n/㎠. On the other hand, the hardness was observed revesely with the change of BNA and BNE.

원자로압력용기장 용접열영향부의 미세조직 변화가 Magnetic Barkhausen Noise 거동에 미치는 영향

김주학,윤의박,문종걸,박덕근,홍준화 韓國非破壞檢査學會 1998 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.18 No.4

최근 자기적 특성의 변화가 재료의 미세조직적 상태에 민감하다는 보고가 있다. 재료의 미세조직은 상(phase), 결정립의 크기, 석출물 등의 다양한 인자로 구성되며, 본 연구에서는 이러한 인자들을 이용하여 재료의 특성과 Barkhausen noise(BN)의 관계를 연관시키기 위한 시도를 하였다. ASTM A 508 Gr.3 원자로압력용기강을 대상으로 용접열영향부의 미세조직적인 변화를 일곱가지 대표적인 영역으로 구분하였고, 각 영역에서의 미세조직과 기계적특성의 변화를 파악한 후, 각 조건별로 BN을 측정하였다. 통상의 보자력이나 잔류자화 같은 자기적 성질은 큰 변화가 없었지만, BN은 미세조직의 상태에 따라 현격한 변화를 보였다. 결정립과 석출물의 크기가 증가함에 따라 BN은 증가하였고, tempered martensite 보다는 tempered bainite 조직에서 높은 BN을 나타냈다. Recent study has demonstrated that some magnetic properties are sensitive to the microstructural state of material. The ASTM A 508 Gr. 3 reactor pressure vessel steel has various microstructural changes including martensitic and bainitic phases, and various sizes of grain and precipitates in the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ). To correlate the microstructural state with Barkhausen noise (BN), specimens were prepared through simulating various weld thermal cycles using a thermal simulator. The conventional magnetic properties, i.e. coercive force, remanence and maximum induction, did not change significantly. whereas the BN amplitude and energy during a magnetization cycle changed markedly with microstructural state. The BN increased with increasing grain and carbide sizes, and the tempered bainite structure showed higher BN parameter than tempered martensite.

S-485 : Chemotherapy in population including elderly patients with recurrent or advanced soft tissue sarcoma

( Hong Jun Kim ),( In Keun Choi ),( Se Ryeon Lee ),( Seung Tae Kim ),( Hwa Jung Sung ),( Kyong Hwa Park,),( Sang Cheul Oh ),( Jae Hong Seo ),( Sang Won Shin ),( Yeul Hong Kim ),( Jun Suk Kim ) 대한내과학회 2013 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2013 No.1

Introduction: Recent study reported that 38 percent of new patients with soft tissue sarcoma were aged more than 65 years. However, few studies reported clinical outcomes after chemotherapy in elderly patients with recurrent or advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Elderly patients hesitate to receive chemotherapy. But, an equal response to chemotherapy is expected in elderly patients as in young patients. Hence, we aimed to study the clinical results of chemotherapy in elderly patients with recurrent or advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Patients and Methods: 97 patients were admitted for chemotherapy at the Korea University Anam, Guro, and Ansan Hospital s between 2003.3 and 2012.4. Patients were treated with an appropriate chemotherapy regimen. Results: The median age of the patients in the entire group was 52 years. Patients received a median of 4 cycles of chemotherapy. The median overall survival for the entire group was 61 months (95% CI: 29.3-92.7 months). 33 patients were identified as elderly patients aged 60 years or older. In the elderly group, the most common type of soft tissue sarcoma was leiomyosarcoma (21.2%). The median number of chemotherapy cycles was three and median survival was 15 months in the elderly group. In the elderly group, one patient had a complete response. There were four partial responses. 14 patients had progressive disease. In the subgroup analysis, 51 of 64 patients (79.75%) in the non-elderly group were responders, while 19 of 33 patients (57.6%) in elderly group responders were responders (Chi-square test p=0.03). However, there was no statistically significant difference in survival between the elderly and non-elderly groups (p=0.11, log-rank test). Disease burden and response to chemotherapy were predictive of survival in elderly patients with recurrent or advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Conclusions: Taking only an age-based decision for systemic chemotherapy seems not to be reasonable in elderly patients with recurrent or advanced soft tissue sarcoma. A judicious decision needs to be taken for selecting the candidate for chemotherapy in elderly patients with recurrent or advanced soft tissue sarcoma after considering the benefit and toxicity of chemotherapy.