방정환 어린이 운동이 윤동주 삶과 문학에 끼친 영향

이주영 ( Lee¸ Ju-young ) 방정환연구소 2020 방정환연구 Vol.3 No.-

윤동주 문학답사를 하다가 사진 한 장을 보았다. 1928년 8월 7일 북간도 명동촌 이북인 선바위 정상에서 찍은 사진이다. <명동기독소년회> 창립 1주년을 기념하는 행사를 찍은 사진이다. 윤동주가 방정환 어린이 운동 영향을 이렇게 받았구나 하는 생각이 들었다. 방정환(1899.11.9.∼1931.7.23.)은 어린이 운동을 크게 세 가지 방법으로 동시 진행하였다. 첫째가 소년회 조직과 지원이었다. 소년회는 종교단체에서 만든 것과 사회단체에서 만든 것과 지역사회에서 만든 것이 있었다. 천도교소년회, 기독교소년회, 불교소년회는 종교단체에서 만든 것이다. 두 번째가 소년회 회원들을 공부시키기 위한 교재 만들기 운동이었다. 방정환은 『어린이』를 만들어 소년회 회원들에게 ‘좋은 정신’을 기를 수 있는 교육 교재로 활용하였다. 세 번째가 이런 두 가지 일을 할 수 있는 어린이 운동가를 찾아내고 키워내고 조직하는 일이었다. 윤동주가 어릴 때 이러한 소년회 활동을 하였다는 사실을 발견함으로써 그 영향에 대한 논의를 할 수 있게 되었다. 명동학교는 독립운동 기지를 건설하기 위해 북간도로 이주한 주민들이 만든 학교였다. 신학문을 가르칠 교사로 서울에서 모셔온 분이 독립운동 단체인 신민회 교육단 실무 담당자였던 정재면이었다. <신민회>는 안창호를 지도자로 이동휘, 양기탁, 김구, 이준, 전덕기를 비롯한 기독교인들이 중심이 되어 상동교회에서 만든 독립운동 단체였다. 따라서 서울에서 일어난 소년회 운동을 쉽게 받아들일 수 있었을 것이다. 그러나 명동촌과 명동학교와 윤동주에 관해 구술하거나 기록한 사람들이 많았는데도 소년회 활동에 대한 기록은 없었다. 이 사진이 남아 있기 때문에 소년회 활동을 활발하게 했다는 것을 증명할 수 있게 되었으니 참으로 기적같은 일이라고 할 수 있다. 명동학교 4학년 때 동주는 벌써 서울에서 나오는 소년소녀들을 위한 월간잡지를 구독했다. 한 집에서 태어난 송몽규는 『어린이』, 윤동주는 『아이생활』을 구독했고, 둘이다 읽은 잡지를 동리 아이들이 받아서 읽었다. 5학년이 되면서 동주와 몽규가 『새명동』이라는 잡지를 만들었다. 소년회에서 직접 잡지를 만드는 활동은 방정환이 어린이 운동을 펼치면서 적극 권장했던 활동이다. 방정환은 ‘어린이는 모두 시인이다’라면서 소년회 회원들에게 시 쓰기를 적극 권유하였고, 그러한 권유로 동시작가로 등단해서 활동한 사람들이 많다. 윤동주도 동시를 꾸준히 쓰면서 시인의 꿈을 키웠고, 당시 명동에서 발행되던 『가톨릭소년』을 무대로 「병아리」(1936.11.)를 발표하고, 「빗자루」(1936.12.), 「오줌싸개 지도」(1937.1.), 「무얼 먹구 사나」(1937.3.), 「거짓부리」(1937.10.) 등을 집중적으로 발표하며 동시 작가로서 활동하기 시작했다. 방정환 어린이 운동 핵심인 소년회 활동을 했던 사람들이 얼마나 되고, 그들에게 어떤 영향을 끼쳤는지에 대한 연구는 아직 없다. 앞으로 이렇게 작은 흔적들을 찾아서 모으다 보면 더 많은 영향을 확인할 수 있을 것 같다. 독자들도 혹시 그런 흔적을 발견하면 알려주기 바란다. 방정환 어린이 운동이 우리 겨레 역사에 어떤 영향을 주었는지, 한 사람에게 어떤 영향을 주었는지 살펴서 새로운 역사를 쓸 수 있는 자료가 될 수 있을 것이다. I saw a picture of Yun Dong-Ju while I was doing a literary survey. The picture was taken on a mountain in Myeong-dong Village, Bukgan-do, on August 7, 1928. The photo marks the first anniversary of the foundation of the “Myeongdong Christian Boys’ Association”. I thought Yun Dong-Ju was influenced by the Bang Jung-Hwan Children’s Movement. Bang Jung-Hwan developed three child movements. First, organization of Children society, Second, the making of the textbook for Children, finally, the fostering of the chilndren’s leader. Yun Dong-Ju was a boy band member when he was young. The scene where Yun Dong-ju was found in the group shot of the “Myeongdong Christian Boys’ Association.” Yun Dong-Ju made a magazine called ‘New Myeongdong’(새명동) in Myeong-dong, published a poem in “Catholic Boy”(가톨릭소년) and published a work in “Boy”(소년), which was also made by Yun Seok-Joong. Yun Dong-Ju’s boyhood activities are similar to those led by Bang Jung-Hwan. The core of the Bang Jung-Hwan Children’s Movement was the organization of the Juvenile Society and the voluntary activities of the boys. From now on, we should look for small traces of juvenile activities. We need to continue to investigate how the Bang Jung-Hwan children’s movement influenced our history and how it affected one person.

<포의교집(布衣交集)>의 ‘초옥(楚玉) 서사’ 구성 과정 연구

이주영(Lee Ju young) 한국고전연구학회 2017 한국고전연구 Vol.0 No.36

이 논문은 <포의교집>의 서사를 ‘초옥에 관한 서사’라고 규정하고, 그것이 구성되는 과정을 탐색하였다. 초옥은 적극적으로 자신의 욕망을 표출하고 실현하고자 하는 인물이다. 그녀는 진정한 선비와 포의지교(布衣之交)를 맺고 자신의 시재(詩才)를 인정받기를 열망한다. 이 열망은 역사서와 유교 경전(經典), 시집, 전기(傳奇)소설 등 한문(漢文) 교양에 의해 형성된 것이다. 궁녀로서의 이력과 허난설헌(許蘭雪軒) 같은 여성 시인에 대한 선망이 그녀의 내면에 영향을 끼치고 정체성을 형성했다. 초옥과 이생의 사귐에는 주변인들의 전언(傳言)과 풍문(風聞)이 개입한다. 이를 통해 초옥의 시재(詩才), 초옥의 언행, 초옥을 둘러싼 사건의 전말이 드러난다. 외모와 재주가 빼어난 초옥은 사람들의 시선과 말 속에서 이미지가 규정되고 구성되며, 이를 통해 ‘초옥에 관한 이야기’가 만들어진다. 그런데 전언과 풍문에는 진실과 거짓이 섞여 있으며, 이생은 초옥에 대한 거짓말을 믿어버리기도 한다. 주변인들은 주인공들이 어떤 선택을 하도록 부추기기도 하고 이들의 관계에 직접 개입하여 사건을 일으키기도 한다. 장사선(張士先)은 이 중 가장 큰 역할을 하는 인물이다. 초옥은 유부녀의 처지로 이생과는 거리낌없이 사귀었으면서도 젊고 부유한 중약의 구애는 거절하고 남편에게 항거해 자살까지 시도한다. 초옥에 대한 소문은 서울 시정(市井)에서 유명한 이야기가 된다. 이생과 초옥은 고종(高宗)과 민비(閔妃)의 가례(嘉禮)를 준비하던 예조(禮曺)의 뜰에서 재회한다. 유부녀임에도 불구하고 여령(女伶)으로 뽑혀와 정절을 빼앗길 처지에 놓인 초옥을 이생이 구해준다. 초옥은 많은 사람들 앞에서 기생들과의 문답을 통해 이생과의 만남에 대한 자신의 입장을 밝힌다. 사람들은 초옥의 외모와 재주, 태도를 칭찬하고 감화(感化)된다. 그러나 이 직후 서양 오랑캐의 침입, 즉 병인양요(丙寅洋擾)의 혼란 속에 초옥의 소식이 끊기게 된다. 이러한 특징은 1864년 6월부터 1866년 6월 사이의 서울이라는 독특한 시공간적 배경과 관련이 있다. 이 시기는 500년을 이어온 조선이 내부의 체제 정비와 서구(西歐)의 침략에 의해 변화를 겪던 시기이다. ‘초옥 서사’는 이러한 변화와 맞물려 지난 시기 조선을 지탱해오던 가치관에 균열이 생긴 것을 드러내는데, 이 작품의 창작은 ‘초옥 이야기’의 또 다른 형식으로의 전언과 풍문에 해당하는 것이다. This study defines the narration of <Po-eui-gyo-jip(布衣交集)> as that about Cho-ok(楚玉) and investigated the process to compose it. Cho-ok is the character who tries to actively expose and achieve her desire. She has been aspiring to have ‘Po-eui-ji-gyo(布衣之交)’ with a true classical scholar and hoped that her materials of poetry will be recognized. This aspiration has been formed by the Chinese classics such as histories, Confucian scriptures, collections of poems and romance novel(傳奇小說). Her envy for female poets such - for example, Heo Nan-seol-heon(許蘭雪軒) - as well as her history as a maid of honor influenced her inner world and formed her identity. The friendship between Cho-ok and Lee-Saeng(李生) is intervened by messages and rumors of surrounding people. Through this, her materials of poetry, the characters words and behaviors and whole story about Cho-ok are disclosed. The images of Cho-ok, who is outstanding for appearance and talent, are defined and composed by the perspectives and words of people. However, both the message and rumor include the truth and falsehood, and Lee-Saeng sometimes believes falsehoods about Cho-ok. The surrounding people incites the characters to make a selection, directly intervenes their relationship, and cause incidents. Jang Sa-Seon(張士先) plays the biggest role among them. Even though Cho-ok dates Lee-Saeng as a married woman, she rejects the courtship of Jung-Yak(仲約) and attempts to commit a suicide, resisting against her husband. The rumor about Cho-ok becomes a famous story in the Seoul. Lee-Saeng and Cho-ok meet again at the garden of the Ministry of Rites(禮曺) preparing for the wedding ceremony of Emperor Gojong(高宗) and Queen Min(閔). In spite of her status as a married woman, Lee-Saeng, whose standing is raised, saves Cho-ok, who is about to lose her chastity after being selected as a Yeonyeong(女伶) . In front of many people, Cho-ok makes her position clearly related to Lee-Saeng through questions and answers with giseng(妓生)s. But in the invasion of the Western barbarians , namely the chaos of Byengin Yangyo(丙寅洋擾), only unproved rumors about Cho-ok circulate. This is related to the unique spatiotemporal background of Seoul between Jun. 1864 and Jun. 1866. This period is in the changes by the Western invasion as well as the interior system maintenance of Chosŏn Dynasty with the history of 500 years. The Cho-ok narration in compliance with these changes reveals the crack of the values that supported Chosŏn Dynasty, and the creation of this work as a novel style of story about Cho-ok corresponds to messages and rumors.

심혈관계 질환으로 관상질환 집중치료실에 입원한 환자들의 혜후 측정을 위한 APACHEⅢ점수 체계의 임상적 유용성

이공섭,이창선,최현주,홍종서,강지향,김도형,이민영,오인균,김병엽,김상억,김학찬,한승혜,이재용,지영우,안경주 대한순환기학회 2000 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.30 No.8

간세포암의 고주파 열치료 후 천자침 경로를 통한 전이 1례

조영완,박석주,진한영,김준영,이재익,강명주,박정하,윤정희,박성재,지삼룡,이연재,이상혁,설상영 인제대학교 2006 仁濟醫學 Vol.27 No.-

Radiofrequency ablation(RFA), as a form of minimally invasive therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma, has become an important treatment modality. Because of limitation of surgery, RFA has become standard therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in some situations. But there are some complications of RFA such as bleeding, infection, hematoma, adjacent organ thermal damage including intestinal perforation, needle track seeding, and so on. There are few reports in the literature that systematically evaluate the incidence of needle tract seeding and its associated risk factors. And only 2 cases of needle tract seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma after RFA were reported in Korea. We report a case of needle tract seeding of hepatocellular carcinoma after RFA.

소음인(少陰人) 태음병(太陰病) 심하비증(心下?證)의 병증약리(病證藥理) 고찰

서영광,이지원,이준희,최원철,이의주,고병희,Seo, Young-Kwang,Lee, Ji-Won,Lee, Jun-Hee,Choi, Won-Cheol,Lee, Eui-Ju,Kho, Byung-Hee 사상체질의학회 2010 사상체질의학회지 Vol.22 No.3

1. Objective: Gastric Stuffiness (心下?證) in the Soeumin Taeeum symptomatology (少陰人 太陰病) in Sasang Constitutional Medicine shows an interesting evolutionary process. Originally found in the texts of Sanghanlun (傷寒論), the perspectives regarding the symptoms of Gastric Stuffiness were expanded by many medical scholars and Lee Jema. To comprehend the Jema's concept of Taeeum symptomatology and utilize his prescription clinically, it deserves to study on the Gastric Stuffiness in Donguisuseowon (東醫壽世保元). 2. Methods: Many texts including Sanghanlun (傷寒論) and Dongeuibogam (東醫寶鑑) were reviewed in order to track the evolutionary process concerning the symptoms of Gastric Stuffiness. Also, Lee Jema's works including the different versions of Donguisuseowon (東醫壽世保元) were reviewed to examine the development of Lee's concepts regarding the Gastric Stuffiness in the Soeumin Taeeum symptomatology. 3. Results and Conclusions: 1) Most of the previous concepts on Gastric Stuffiness were generally similar to those found in Sanghanlun, especially in that they addressed Yang deficiency of the middle triple energizeer as the central pathogenic process. 2) Lee Jema's views on the epigastric discomfort in the Soeumin Taeeum symptomatology evoloved over time and culminated in the finalized pathology and therapeutics appearing in his last work, the Shinchuk version of Donguisuseowon (東醫壽世保元). 3) 4 kinds of prescription which invented by Lee Jema to treat the Gastric Stuffiness in the Soeumin Taeeum symptomatology can be matched to the prescription of Sanghanlun respectively. However through evolutionary process of Jema's prescriptions, the indication of them expanded: not only to treat Gastric Stuffiness but to diverse symptoms of Soeumin.

In situ 고상 에피택시 방법에 의한 CoSi₂/Si(111)구조의 형성

이정주,강민성,김현수,최치규,이운환,이종덕,이영백,김건호,이정용 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1996 基礎科學硏究 Vol.9 No.2

초고진공에서 공상에피택시(solid-phase epiyaxy, SPE) 방법으로 CoSi₂를 Si(111)기판 위에 에피택시 성장시켰다. 2MeV⁴He++ ion후방산란 분광기와 사중결정 x-선 회절기 및 고분해 투과전자 현미경을 이용하여 성장된 CoSi₂의 상과 조성, 결정성, 그리고 계면의 미시구조를 조사하였다. 초고진공상태의 실온에서 Si(111)-7X7기판에 Co를 약 20 ~50 ?? 중착한 후 SPE에 의하여 실리사이드를 형성시키는 경우 600℃에서는 B-형의 CoSi₂가, 그리고 700℃에서는 A형의 CoSi₂가 선택적으로 에피택시 성장하였으며, 정합성은 B-CoSi₂[110]//Si[110] and CoSi₂(111)//Si(111)이, 그리고 700℃에서는 A-CoSi₂[110]//Si[110], CoSi₂(002)//Si(002)을 나타내었다. Epitaxial films of CoSi₂were grown on Si(111) substrates by in situ solid-phase epitaxy in a ultrahigh vacuum. The phase, the chemical composition, the crystallinity, and the microstructure of the Silicide/Si interface were investigated by 2-MeV⁴He++ ion-backscattering spectrometry, quadruple crystal X-ray diffractometry, and high-resolution transmission eletron micorscopy. High-quality films of either B-type or A-type CoSi₂ could be grown selectively on Si(111) substrates by depositing ~ 20 ~ 50 ?? of Co on a Si(111)-7X7 substrate followed by in situ annealing at 600℃ or 700℃ for 10 min. The matching face relationships are CoSi₂[110]//Si[110] and CoSi₂(111)//Si(111) by B-type CoSi₂ and CoSi₂[110]//Si[110]//Si[110] and CoSi₂(002)//Si(002) for A-type CoSi₂.

Rheological Approaches to Classify the Mixed Gel Network of $\kappa$-Carrageenan/Agar

Lee, Seung-Ju,Kim, Young-Ho,Hwang, Jae-Kwan Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2007 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.16 No.2

The type of mixed gel network of $\kappa$-carrageenan/agar was determined by applying rheological principles. Apparent Young's modulus of the mixed gels was mathematically analyzed with (a) simply adding the moduli of two component gels, (b) phase-separated type's upper and lower bound models, (c) interpenetrating type's logarithmic model. The experimental data fitted the estimates from the operation (a). Whereas, as for the models (b), the experimental values in the agar-rich region fitted the estimates of the upper bound model, but in the $\kappa$-carrageenan-rich region slightly deviated from those of the lower bound model. It reflected an evidence of a phase-separated type, although it was not typical, that there must be data good-fit in the agar-rich and $\kappa$-carrageenan-rich regions with the upper and lower bound models, respectively. Experimental values disagreed with estimates of the model (c). Gel time was analyzed to evince the phase-separated type. As agar concentrations increased at a fixed amount of $\kappa$-carrageenan, gel time gradually decreased and then sharply increased and decreased again. The pattern of such change in gel time also represented a typical behavior of phase-separated type's mixed gels.

Contribution of stress and coping strategies to problematic Internet use in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders

Lee, Ju-Yeon,Chung, Young-Chul,Song, Je-Heon,Lee, Yo-Han,Kim, Jae-Min,Shin, Il-Seon,Yoon, Jin-Sang,Kim, Sung-Wan Elsevier 2018 Comprehensive psychiatry Vol.87 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Introduction</B></P> <P>Internet use is already high and increasing rapidly among people with psychotic disorders, but there have been few studies on problematic Internet use (PIU) among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of PIU and identify the factors associated with PIU among patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>A cross-sectional survey was performed that included 368 outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: 317 with schizophrenia, 22 with schizoaffective disorder, 9 with schizophreniform disorder, and 20 with other schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders. The severity of psychotic symptoms and levels of personal and social functioning were assessed by the Clinician-rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity (CRDPSS) scale and the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale, respectively. PIU was evaluated using Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Additionally, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Rosenberg Selfesteem Scale (RSES), and Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) Inventory were administered.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>PIU was identified in 81 (22.0%) of the 368 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Subjects with PIU were significantly younger and more likely to be male. Scores on the HADS, PSS, and dysfunctional coping dimension of the Brief COPE Inventory were significantly higher, and RSES scores were significantly lower, in the PIU group. Logistic regression analysis indicated that PIU in patients was significantly associated with scores on the PSS and dysfunctional coping dimension of the Brief COPE Inventory.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and PIU were significantly more likely to have high levels of perceived stress and dysfunctional coping strategies. Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders who also engage in PIU may benefit from interventions that help them to develop appropriate skills for coping with stress.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders showed a high prevalence (22.0%) of problematic internet use (PIU). </LI> <LI> High levels of perceived stress rather than psychopathology itself contributes to the development of PIU in stabilized patients with schizophrenia. </LI> <LI> Our results indicate that managing stress and developing coping strategies are important for the prevention of PIU among this group of patients. </LI> </UL> </P>

전신마취 후 발생한 악성고열증 환자의 치료 경험

이근무,정승환,이정한,정순호,최영균,김영재,신치만,박주열,이영민 白中央醫療院 2005 仁濟醫學 Vol.26 No.1

Malignant hyperthermia is the disorder of calcium regulation within skeletal muscle associated predominantly with anesthesia. It is triggered by volatile anesthetics and depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. We experienced a case of malignant hyperthermia. 50 years old female patient was transferred to our emergency room that she was developed tachyarrhythmia and high fever. She was taken arthroscopic examination under the general anesthesia with enflurane and succinylcholine. We suspected malignant hyperthermia and promptly treated her with dantrolene sodium. She was developed disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and acute renal failure then we were intensive care to her. She was discharged without sequela. We experienced successful management of malignant hyperthermia.

방문간호 관리에 따른 고혈압 환자의 자가간호 행위 이행의 차이

이주영,김현리,김영희 충남대학교 간호과학연구소 2006 충남대 간호학술지 Vol.9 No.1

Purpose : This study was to examine the difference of self-care behavior in clients with hypertension by visiting nursing service. Method : The participants in this study were 222 people with hypertension who were seen at a public health center in D city and 86 people with hypertension who were seen at a private general hospital and private clinic in D city. A tool developed by Lee(1995) was used for self-care behavior. Data collection was done for 4 weeks from May 1 to 31, 2004 in public health center and 6 weeks from August 5 to September 15, 2004 in private general hospital and private clinic using interviews with questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed with x^(2)-test and t-test using the SPSS 10.0 program. Result : The group which had the visiting nursing service had better self-care ability than the group that did not have the visiting nursing service(t=-2.414, p=0.016).